Jugoinfo
* 1985-2000. E' MORTO UN SIMBOLO DELL'AGONIA DEL KOSOVO JUGOSLAVO
* ETHNIC ALBANIANS FIRE AT FRENCH KFOR POINT
* LORD ROBINSON: "IN KOSOVO LA SITUAZIONE E' MOLTO POSITIVA, I TRENI
VIAGGIANO, I CONTADINI RACCOLGONO LE MESSI..."
NATO's New Agenda: More Progress than Meets the Eye
Remarks by The Rt. Hon. Lord Robertson of Port Ellen
Secretary General of NATO
6 Sept. 2000, The SACLANT Symposium Reykjavik, Iceland
* COLONY KOSOVO, WHERE COPS DO-GOODERS AND PRIVATEERS
RUN THE SHOW
By Christian Parenti (8-29-00)
* The lies of war crimes mass graves (by Kevin Ovenden)
* KLA commanders trained in Albania (By LULZIM COTA)
ALTRI DOCUMENTI SEGNALATI:
> http://www.rockfordinstitute.org/NewsST092200.htm
Friday, September 22, 2000
GREATER ALBANIA IN THE MAKING?
Srdja Trifkovic
> http://www.suc.org/news/ilustrovana_politika/2.html
2134, 19 Dec 1999
Siptarska veza i mafijaski rat
Borba klanova u Zagrebu
La guerra dei clan a Zagabria
Mafia albanese e la guerra delle mafie in Croazia !
> http://www.repubblica.it/online/mondo/fossa/soldato/soldato.html
> http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/americas/newsid_927000/927323.stm
BBC News
Saturday, 16 September, 2000, 08:29 GMT 09:29 UK
US servicemen 'beat Kosovo civilians'
---
1985-2000. E' MORTO UN SIMBOLO DELL'AGONIA DEL KOSOVO JUGOSLAVO
Djordje Martinovic, metafora dell'agonia dei serbi del
Kosovo, e' morto il 6 settembre scorso nel villaggio di
Citluk, presso Krusevac. Era diventato noto all'opinione
pubblica il 4 maggio del 1985, quando fu diffusa la
notizia che l'impiegato della Casa dell'Esercito Djordje
Martinovic di Gnjilane (in Kosmet) era stato impalato il
primo maggio sul suo terreno in localita' Jaruga, a 2
chilometri da Gnjilane.
Il crimine era stato compiuto da terroristi schipetari.
In cima al palo era stata posta una bottiglia che e'
rimasta conficcata nel ventre della vittima. Martinovic
e' stato operato all'Ospedale di Pristina, poi e' stato
trasferito all'Ospedale militare di Belgrado, e dopo a
Londra, dove e' stato operato due volte, con un dispaccio
clinico secondo il quale "non e' possibile che abbia
infierito su se stesso da solo", come era stato insinuato
da certi mezzi di informazione.
(da "OKO", settimanale belgradese, 15/9/2000. La vicenda,
mai riportata nelle cronache ne' nelle retrospettive sul
problema kosovaro in Italia, che fanno sempre iniziare
la storia del Kosmet con il discorso di Milosevic del
1989, era stata tuttavia menzionata sul nostro "Dossier
Kosovo" apparso sul mensile Nuova Unita' nel 1998)
Djordje Martinovic, metafora stradanja Srba na Kosmetu,
preminuo je 6. septembra u selu Citluk kod Krusevca.
Postao je poznat svetskoj javnosti 4. maja 1985. kad je
objavljena informacija da je sluzbenik Doma JNA u Gnjilanu
Djordje Martinovic nabijen na kolac 1. maja na svojoj
njivi Jaruga, dva kilometra od Gnjilana. Ovo zlodelo
su izvrsili siptarski teroristi. Na vrhu kolca bila
je flasa, koja je ostala u otrobi zrtve. Operisan je
u pristinskoj bolnici, potom je prebacen na VMA, pa u
London, gde je dva puta operisan, uz saopstenje da
"samopovredjivanje nije moguce", o cemu je bilo
insinuacija u javnosti.
---
ETHNIC ALBANIANS FIRE AT FRENCH KFOR POINT
KOSOVSKA MITROVICA, September 30 (Tanjug) Ethnic Albanian
terrorists opened fire on Thursday evening at the French KFOR point in
the
village of Banje inhabited mostly by Serbs, Serbian sources confirmed to
Tanjug in Mitrovica.
Two grenades were fired at the French from the direction of the
Albanian village of Rudnik in the vicinity of Banje.
There were no killed or wounded in the incident, and the French
conducted a search in the village of Rudnik and found a large quantity
of
arms that belonged to the "KLA," which was transformed by Kouchner into
the
socalled Kosovo protection corps.
French KFOR members arrested on the spot a number of ethnic
Albanians and because they refuse to release them, ethnic Albanians have
blocked the regional road Kosovska MitrovicaPec near the village of
Rudnik,
making impossible the passage of KFOR vehicles.
---
>Below are excerpts from the official text of a speech by George Robertson
>in Iceland.
>
>Subjects are:
>Kosovo
>Partnership for Peace
>NATO Enlargement
>EU-NATO co-operation
>UN and NATO
>Increasing military spending
>
>
>
>NATO's New Agenda:
>More Progress than Meets the Eye
>Remarks by The Rt. Hon. Lord Robertson of Port Ellen
>Secretary General of NATO
>6 Sept. 2000
>The SACLANT Symposium Reykjavik, Iceland
>
>
>[KOSOVO]
>Let us go through the current NATO agenda, starting with Kosovo. If we
>stand back for a moment to look at the overall picture, it is actually very
>positive
>Just two years ago, most people in Kosovo feared for their lives and their
>property. At the height of the crisis, 80 percent of the population had
>fled their homes to avoid wanton ethnic violence.
>Today, the vast majority live in peace, and have renewed hope for the
>future. Today, for the first time in at least a decade, there are
>administrative structures in place that include all ethnic groups, not one.
>And in just a few weeks, there will be truly free elections in Kosovo for
>the first time in collective memory.
>Refugees have gone back and rebuilt their homes. Schools - even those
>flattened by Serb paramilitaries - have come back to life. Trains are
>running. Farmers are bringing in the harvest. Imagine what the situation
>could have become, and look at what it is today.
>Of course, there is much work to be done, and it will not be easy. There
>will be more violence, more accusations of discrimination, more boycotts
>and more standoffs.
>But the real news story is not the protest outside a mine, or the tragic
>and regrettable killing of an ethnic Serb. The news story is that in
>Kosovo, NATO, the other KFOR contributors, and the UN Administration are
>building hope and the rule of law out of what had been the rule of terror.
>Our goal is still to build a Kosovo that allows all of its people to share
>in the peace, freedom and democracy that we, and they, consider to be their
>right. And we are making progress. It is an opportunity we don't intend to
>miss.
>Just as we are making visible progress in Kosovo, we can already look back
>on considerable achievement in Bosnia-Herzegovina. As we approach the 11
>November elections there, we're truly turning a corner.
>Already in the robustly contested local elections earlier this year, more
>moderate politicians were elected to office than ever before - and the
>trend is set to continue this autumn.
>Refugees are returning in record numbers, and several municipalities -
>previously hostile to such returns - are now working with the international
>community to accept the returnees.
>Defence budgets and the Entity Armed Forces are being cut, as they should
>be. Bosnia-Herzegovina is even sending a multi-ethnic Olympic team to the
>Games in Sydney.
>The headlines of five years ago in Bosnia-Herzegovina were surely not
these. (...)
---
The San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 23, 2000
(reprinted in http://www.tenc.net
COLONY KOSOVO, WHERE COPS DO-GOODERS AND PRIVATEERS
RUN THE SHOW
By Christian Parenti (8-29-00)
CLOGGED WITH ALMOST 800,000 souls, Pristina, Kosovo, a city of tower
blocks rising from a parched valley floor, now holds twice the
population for which it was built. The air reeks of exhaust and burning
garbage. Ceaseless hot winds blow litter and clouds of gritty dust from
the huge mountain of mine tailings that lies a dozen miles due west. At
night one still hears the snap of gunfire and, the next day, rumors of
another unsolved murder.
Despite the city's modernist aesthetic (the place was rebuilt from
scratch after an earthquake in 1963), Pristina has no public
transportation or refuse collection. All the most impressive modernist
buildings downtown have been reduced to bombed-out relics. Throngs of
cell phone-wielding crowds and streams of new Mercedes and Audis choke
the streets below the charred towers. Water and electrical services are
intermittent, yet several cybercafés and brothels operate around the
clock.
Welcome to ground zero of NATO's reincarnation as what Secretary of
State Madeline Albright has called "a force for peace from the Middle
East to Central Africa." Billed as the greatest humanitarian
intervention since WWII, the U.N.-NATO occupation of Kosovo doesn't look
so noble up close. Rather than a multiethnic democracy, Kosovo is
shaping up to be a violent, corrupt, free-market colony.
'HUMANITARIAN' IMPERIALISM
Kosovar Albanians may talk about "their country," but the foreign-aid
workers in official white SUVs make the real decisions. After NATO's
78-day bombing, the United Nations Mission in Kosovo(UNMIK) was created
as an "interim administration." The U.N., in turn, has opened Kosovo to
a kaleidoscopic jumble of governmental and nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) ranging from Oxfam to obscure evangelical ministries.
At the apex of it all sits Bernard Krouchner, the Secretary General's
Special Representative in Kosovo. Founder of Médecins Sans Frontières
and a former socialist, Krouchner took a sharp right turn in the 1980s
when he championed the use of Western (particularly American) military
intervention as the path to human rights. Krouchner's left-wing critics
who argue that American and European corporate power and military aid
are the main causes of human rights violations internationally see
Krouchner as a Clinton-Blair "third way" hypocrite. Meanwhile, many
mainstream right-wing commentators see the short, thin Frenchman as a
publicity-seeking autocrat.
In Kosovo, Krouchner's responsibilities range from censoring the local
press when it offends him to appointing all local government personnel
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/chuss/unandthe.htm to schmoozing
with international donors.
Adding muscle to Krouchner's administrative decisions such as
unilaterally ditching the Yugoslavian dinar for the mark are about 4,000
so called UNMIK police, many of whom are transplanted American cops. For
the heavy lifting, Krouchner can count on the 40,000 international
soldiers that make up KFOR, the Kosovo Implementation Force.
Along with putting down the occasional ethnic riot, protecting convoys
of refugees, and guarding the few small Serb enclaves remaining in
Kosovo, http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/simca.htm KFOR and the
UNMIK police occasionally uncover caches of weapons belonging to the
officially disarmed Kosovo Liberation Army.
http://emperors-clothes.com/news/u.htm#disarm
Such operations are usually followed up with robust KFOR statements
reaffirming their commitment to "building a multiethnic society."
Yet, strangely, the ethnic cleansing this time Albanian against Serb
and Roma (Gypsy) never stops.
VIOLENCE STILL
"This place is a shit hole. All the young people I meet, I tell 'em: get
out! Go to another country," booms Doc Giles, a tanned, muscled American
cop who speaks in a thick, south-Jersey accent. A longtime narc-officer
from hyperviolent Camden, N.J., Giles has spent the last year working
homicide in Pristina with UNMIK. The pack on his bike sports a "Daniel
Faulkner: fallen not forgotten" button. (Faulkner was the cop whom death
row inmate and journalist Mumia Abu-Jamal may or may not have murdered
18 years ago in Philadelphia.)
Giles's maggot's-eye view of interethnic relations is sobering: "Look,
all the perps are oo-che-kaa," Giles says, using the Albanian form for
the Kosovo Liberation Army's acronym. "They're fucking gangsters. I
don't care what anyone says they're an organized crime structure. And
all the judges are either scared or pro-KLA. They're like: you shot a
89-year-old Serb grandmother? Good for you. Get out of jail."
Of the province's 276 judges, only two are Serb, so Albanian hit squads
operate with near total impunity. Among their favorite targets during
the last year have been Orthodox churches and monasteries, more than 85
of which have been burned, looted, or demolished, according to both the
U.N. and a detailed report by the Serbian Orthodox Church.
After hearing one of Giles's rants about KLA death squads and
15-year-old Maldovan girls "turned out" as prostitutes
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/jared/susan.htm, you'd almost agree
with his prescription: "What they should've done was put this place
under martial law, get a bunch of American cops from cities like Philly,
Dallas, and Denver to come in here and just kick the shit out of
everyone
for a few months. Then turn it over to your NGOs, or whatever."
Terrified merchants also tell stories of KLA thuggery.
http://emperors-clothes.com/news/reporter.htm "Ten percent. They take
10 percent of everything you make. And you pay or it's kaput," says a
nervous restaurateur in Prizren, an ancient town near the Albanian
border. He's a Kosovar Turk whose great-grandparents probably moved here
during the twilight of the Ottoman Empire, but he says that when he gets
enough money, he's taking his two children to Canada.
PRIVATIZATION
While Giles and his comrades recycle Albanian "perps" through a
nonworking judicial system, the U.N.'s paper pushers and its partner
organizations are hard at work trying to turn Kosovo into a free-market
paradise.
"We must privatize so as to secure investment and new technology. There
is no alternative," says Dianna Stefanova,
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/chuss/opening.htm director of the
European Agency for Reconstruction's office on privatization, which is
working under the auspices of UNMIK and Krouchner.
But the industries located in Kosovo are not UNMIK's to privatize. Nor
does the wording of Security Council resolution 1244 the document
defining the U.N.'s role in Kosovo give UNMIK the power to sell off
local industries. And when Krouchner made his pitch for mass
privatization to the Security Council in late June, he met with stiff
opposition from the Russians.
Oddly, despite the U.N.-NATO occupation, resolution 1244 recognizes
Kosovo as an integral province of Yugoslavia and does not empower the
U.N. to privatize. To get around this, Krouchner has devised a creative
bit of legerdemain: the U.N. isn't actually selling off assets; it's
just offering 10- and 15-year leases to foreign transnationals. The
first industry to go was the huge Sharr Cement factory, leased to the
Swiss firm Holderbank. "Sharr could produce all the cement for
reconstruction, and even export," says Roy Dickinson, a privatization
specialist with the European Agency for Reconstruction.
The next assets on the block are a series of vineyards and wine
cooperatives, but the ultimate prize is the gargantuan Trepca mining and
metallurgical complex that sprawls across northern Kosovo and into the
mountains of southern Serbia.
http://emperors-clothes.com/analysis/inthewee.htm
Since Roman times, foreign armies have targeted these massive mineral
deposits. Hitler took Trepca in 1941, and thereafter the mines some of
the richest in the world supplied German munitions factories with 40
percent of their lead inputs.
Trepca contains all of Yugoslavia's nickel deposits and three-quarters
of its other mineral wealth; during the 1990s the 42 mines and attendant
factories were one of Yugoslavia's leading export industries.
The Belgrade government and a private Greek bank that has also invested
in the mines insist that Trepca shall not change hands. The U.N. isn't
so sure. "The question of who gets what will be settled by a panel of
judges that UNMIK is still setting up," says a coy Stefanova. In the
meantime UNMIK is drawing up plans to downsize local industries and
streamline enterprise to appeal to foreign investors. But there's
another piece in the equation: who controls the land above the mines?
That, of course, brings us back to the issue of ethnic cleansing.
BALKAN BELFAST
The swift and shallow river Ibar, bisecting the town of Mitrovic, is the
front line in an unfinished war that pits Albanians against Serbs and
Roma. All non-Albanians have been expelled from south of the Ibar and
all Albanians driven from its northern bank.
[Emperor's Clothes note: Regarding the area North of the Ib,
the statement is incorrect, according to Oliver Ivanovic, a key leader
on the North shore. He insists that a large Albanian community remains,
and though relations are cold the Serbs have no desire to drive these
people out; quite the contrary.]
http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/avictory.htm
Thus crossing into north Mitrovic is much like entering Serbia: the
language, the music, and the beer are all Serbian, and people use the
dinar. This is also the heart of the Trepca complex.
Here, despite occupation by French troops
http://emperors-clothes.com/analysis/whyisthe.htm the Belgrade
government still pays salaries and pensions and still provides health
care.
And if even a fraction of U.N. and KFOR accusations are true, then some
of the hard men with mobile phones who lounge at the Dolce Vita Cafe on
the banks of the Ibar are probably undercover cops from Serbia (some of
whom, you will recall, have been indicted by the International Tribunal
on War Crimes at the Hague and could be arrested by KFOR).
"We're in a prison, and under attack," a young Serb named Branislav
says. "If I cross that bridge, I'll be killed."
This, it seems, is the future: an ethnically "pure" and therefore
"stable" Albanian Kosovo in the south, hosting huge NATO installations
like the sprawling 775-acre American base Bondsteel, with its 4000 G.I.s
on the plains of southeast Kosovo. In the north, on the other hand,
astride some small part of the Trepca mines and in a few other spots,
Serb and Roma ghettos will remain, possibly as parts of Serbia. And in
the places where these communities overlap there will be trouble and,
therefore, a plausible reason for the West to maintain a long-term
military presence.
[Reprinted from the The San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 23, 2000]
---
The lies of war crimes mass graves
by Kevin Ovenden
KOSOVO. THREE men in a car hurl a grenade at a group of children playing
basketball and then
speed off.
Nine children are left injured. All are lucky to be alive. This gruesome
scene is not from early last
year. It happened last week in the village of Crkvena Vodica, and the
victims were Serb, not
Albanian. The Guardian gave just two paragraphs to the story on
Saturday.
Shootings, bombings, kidnappings, murders and intimidation have forced
most of Kosovo's
pre-war Serb and Roma Gypsy populations to flee. The Guardian and the
rest of the press
justified NATO's intervention as the only way to stop "ethnic cleansing"
against Albanians. Well,
NATO now occupies Kosovo and ethnic cleansing is continuing, this time
against non-Albanians
and those who defend them. On Friday a bomb damaged a building which
houses the offices of
Ibrahim Rugova's Democratic League of Kosovo, and of the authority
representing Serbs in
Kosovo. But, say the Guardian, foreign secretary Robin Cook, and NATO
chief George Robertson,
such killings are as nothing compared with the atrocities committed by
Serb forces in Kosovo.
Remember the claims by NATO governments during the war about obscene
atrocities and
"genocide" by Serbs in Kosovo? US defence secretary William Cohen said
as the bombing
intensified in March that 100,000 Albanian men of military age were
missing, adding, "They may
have been murdered."
The media dutifully repeated the wartime propaganda. Even the left of
Labour paper Action for
Solidarity ["Shachtmanist entryists" in Blair's party] quoted "100,000
Young Men Slaughtered".
Opponents of the war faced vilification, particularly at the hands of
allegedly liberal journalists
who backed the bombing. John Sweeney, journalist on the Guardian's
sister paper, the Observer,
accused anti-war campaigner John Pilger of being an apologist for mass
murder.
Remit
Sweeney predicted that those against the war would hang their heads in
shame when the war
ended and "tens of thousands of bodies are discovered in mass graves".
Investigators for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia reported last week.
After a year of examining hundreds of sites they discovered less than
3,000 bodies of civilians in
the whole of Kosovo.
That figure fits the estimate by the International Committee of the Red
Cross earlier this year of
about 2,400 Albanian dead. The tribunal's findings are significant.
It is a pro-Western body. Its remit excludes investigating NATO war
crimes. It is allowed to retry
someone found innocent until it gets a conviction. Its rules of evidence
favour the prosecution.
And much of its $93 million budget comes from private sources, notably
US billionaire George
Soros.
Yet its investigators say they have not found mass graves. Rather,
according to Benedicte
Giaever of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe,
"What we have are
consistent small numbers-two here, five there, ten here, seven there."
Shot
The tribunal refuses to say how many of those people were shot at close
range - executed - and
how many were killed by long range fire or explosions, what NATO refers
to as "collateral
damage" when its bombs kill civilians.
"Those of us who opposed the war are absolutely vindicated. We were
right to challenge NATO's
claims because this will happen again," said Phillip Knightley, author
and anti-war campaigner.
Serbian forces did commit atrocities in Kosovo but on nothing like the
scale NATO and the media
claimed-and mainly after NATO started bombing.
Audrey Gillan was one of the few journalists to say this at the time.
She described again in the
Guardian on Monday how journalists were under instructions from their
editors at the time to
come up with the most grotesque atrocity stories.
Basic procedures, such as checking facts or taking account of the
distressed state of Albanian
refugees, went out the window. The Guardian now blames NATO governments
for misleading the
public over the scale of the horror and the success of the bombing,
conveniently whitewashing the
media's role.
It still backs the bombing "in spite of the lies". It gives no apology
for spreading those lies or for
refusing space to anti-war campaigners. "Liberal bombers" such as
Sweeney and Jonathan
Freedland have yet to admit they were wrong. They are quite prepared to
churn out the same stuff
the next time the West goes to war.
Who exactly should be hanging their heads in shame?
from:
Socialist Worker [London weekly], No. 1711, 26 August 2000
http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/
---
> From Antiwar.com (25. 8. 2000)
>
>
>
> KLA commanders trained in Albania
>
> Wednesday, 23 August 2000 12:45 (ET)
>
>
> KLA commanders trained in Albania
> By LULZIM COTA
>
> TIRANA, Albania, Aug. 23 (UPI) - Senior Kosovo Liberation Army
commanders
> trained in Albania starting in 1991, KLA deputy chief of staff Colonel
> Dilaver Goxhaj, said in interview published here on Wednesday "The
organized
> military training of Kosovo men continued until 1993 when Albania's police
> arrested Adem Jashari for illegal possession of weapons," Goxhaj said in
the
> interview with the daily Shekulli.
>
> Jashari, the first KLA commander, was killed together with 56 relatives,
> including children, when the Yugoslav army shelled his home in Prekaz, in
> March 1998. The incident inspired a rapid rise in the size of the KLA
which,
> according to Goxhaj, numbered 19,800 fighters before NATO air strikes
on
> Yugoslavia began on March 24, 1999.
>
> Goxhaj was born in Gjirokastra, south Albania, close to Greek border
and
> educated at a military school. Until 1993 Goxhaj was an instructor in the
> use of anti aircraft guns at the Albanian Military Academy. He joined the
> KLA in September 1998 and became deputy chief of staff. In Kosovo he was
> known as Commander Shpetim Golemi. Now back in Albania, he did not say
> whether he will return to Kosovo.
>
> The KLA set up a staff in December 1993, Goxhaj said, after "intensive
> preparation in Albania and a propaganda campaign in Kosovo and abroad."
> Another Albanian military expert, who had taught Jashari the use of
infantry
> weapons, confirmed Goxhaj story.
>
> According to Goxhaj's interview, there was close cooperation between the
> KLA, NATO and Albania's army in exchanging information about Yugoslav army
> movements, techniques and coordinates. Goxhaj confirms NATO had informed
> them when the air strikes were to begin. "We were in the KLA headquarters
in
> Kostrec village when Hashim Thaci, our chief commander, phoned from
Brussels
> and said 'today at 20 hours NATO will start air strikes."
>
> "NATO asked us to mark Serb army targets, their position, number,
> ammunition, the presence of anti-aircraft guns and their distance from
> civilians." NATO agreed to bomb only when civilian populations or KLA
forces
> were at least a kilometer from the Serb positions, Goxhaj said. All cases
of
> NATO hitting civilians or KLA forces, he said, followed from its aircraft
> finding targets for themselves and not as a result of information provided
> by the KLA.
>
> KLA forces doubled in size during the Kosovo fighting, Goxhai said. Some
> 10,000 Kosovo men and women joined after the Serbs began ethnic cleansing
> operations and another 11,000 volunteers came from the United States and
> Europe.
>
> Between November 28, 1997, when the KLA publicly announced its
existence,
> and June 20, 1999, when fighting ended, 2,000 members were killed and
4,800
> injured, he said. There were 12,000 civilian victims and 10,000 injured
> during the same period. Goxhaj's figures are lower than NATO reports on
the
> Kosovo conflict.
>
> Goxhaj thanked the military hospital in Tirana for saving many KLA lives
> and an Albanian helicopter brigade for transporting the injured to the
> hospital. Before and during the conflict, Albania denied Belgrade
> accusations that it allowed the KLA training camps on its territory. After
> the conflict, Fatos Nano, Albanian premier during the conflict, admitted
> Albania's help to the KLA and said there had been contacts between KLA
> leaders and American officials including Richard Holbrook, currently U.S.
> ambassador to the United Nations.
>
> --
> Copyright 2000 by United Press International.
> All rights reserved.
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
* ETHNIC ALBANIANS FIRE AT FRENCH KFOR POINT
* LORD ROBINSON: "IN KOSOVO LA SITUAZIONE E' MOLTO POSITIVA, I TRENI
VIAGGIANO, I CONTADINI RACCOLGONO LE MESSI..."
NATO's New Agenda: More Progress than Meets the Eye
Remarks by The Rt. Hon. Lord Robertson of Port Ellen
Secretary General of NATO
6 Sept. 2000, The SACLANT Symposium Reykjavik, Iceland
* COLONY KOSOVO, WHERE COPS DO-GOODERS AND PRIVATEERS
RUN THE SHOW
By Christian Parenti (8-29-00)
* The lies of war crimes mass graves (by Kevin Ovenden)
* KLA commanders trained in Albania (By LULZIM COTA)
ALTRI DOCUMENTI SEGNALATI:
> http://www.rockfordinstitute.org/NewsST092200.htm
Friday, September 22, 2000
GREATER ALBANIA IN THE MAKING?
Srdja Trifkovic
> http://www.suc.org/news/ilustrovana_politika/2.html
2134, 19 Dec 1999
Siptarska veza i mafijaski rat
Borba klanova u Zagrebu
La guerra dei clan a Zagabria
Mafia albanese e la guerra delle mafie in Croazia !
> http://www.repubblica.it/online/mondo/fossa/soldato/soldato.html
> http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/americas/newsid_927000/927323.stm
BBC News
Saturday, 16 September, 2000, 08:29 GMT 09:29 UK
US servicemen 'beat Kosovo civilians'
---
1985-2000. E' MORTO UN SIMBOLO DELL'AGONIA DEL KOSOVO JUGOSLAVO
Djordje Martinovic, metafora dell'agonia dei serbi del
Kosovo, e' morto il 6 settembre scorso nel villaggio di
Citluk, presso Krusevac. Era diventato noto all'opinione
pubblica il 4 maggio del 1985, quando fu diffusa la
notizia che l'impiegato della Casa dell'Esercito Djordje
Martinovic di Gnjilane (in Kosmet) era stato impalato il
primo maggio sul suo terreno in localita' Jaruga, a 2
chilometri da Gnjilane.
Il crimine era stato compiuto da terroristi schipetari.
In cima al palo era stata posta una bottiglia che e'
rimasta conficcata nel ventre della vittima. Martinovic
e' stato operato all'Ospedale di Pristina, poi e' stato
trasferito all'Ospedale militare di Belgrado, e dopo a
Londra, dove e' stato operato due volte, con un dispaccio
clinico secondo il quale "non e' possibile che abbia
infierito su se stesso da solo", come era stato insinuato
da certi mezzi di informazione.
(da "OKO", settimanale belgradese, 15/9/2000. La vicenda,
mai riportata nelle cronache ne' nelle retrospettive sul
problema kosovaro in Italia, che fanno sempre iniziare
la storia del Kosmet con il discorso di Milosevic del
1989, era stata tuttavia menzionata sul nostro "Dossier
Kosovo" apparso sul mensile Nuova Unita' nel 1998)
Djordje Martinovic, metafora stradanja Srba na Kosmetu,
preminuo je 6. septembra u selu Citluk kod Krusevca.
Postao je poznat svetskoj javnosti 4. maja 1985. kad je
objavljena informacija da je sluzbenik Doma JNA u Gnjilanu
Djordje Martinovic nabijen na kolac 1. maja na svojoj
njivi Jaruga, dva kilometra od Gnjilana. Ovo zlodelo
su izvrsili siptarski teroristi. Na vrhu kolca bila
je flasa, koja je ostala u otrobi zrtve. Operisan je
u pristinskoj bolnici, potom je prebacen na VMA, pa u
London, gde je dva puta operisan, uz saopstenje da
"samopovredjivanje nije moguce", o cemu je bilo
insinuacija u javnosti.
---
ETHNIC ALBANIANS FIRE AT FRENCH KFOR POINT
KOSOVSKA MITROVICA, September 30 (Tanjug) Ethnic Albanian
terrorists opened fire on Thursday evening at the French KFOR point in
the
village of Banje inhabited mostly by Serbs, Serbian sources confirmed to
Tanjug in Mitrovica.
Two grenades were fired at the French from the direction of the
Albanian village of Rudnik in the vicinity of Banje.
There were no killed or wounded in the incident, and the French
conducted a search in the village of Rudnik and found a large quantity
of
arms that belonged to the "KLA," which was transformed by Kouchner into
the
socalled Kosovo protection corps.
French KFOR members arrested on the spot a number of ethnic
Albanians and because they refuse to release them, ethnic Albanians have
blocked the regional road Kosovska MitrovicaPec near the village of
Rudnik,
making impossible the passage of KFOR vehicles.
---
>Below are excerpts from the official text of a speech by George Robertson
>in Iceland.
>
>Subjects are:
>Kosovo
>Partnership for Peace
>NATO Enlargement
>EU-NATO co-operation
>UN and NATO
>Increasing military spending
>
>
>
>NATO's New Agenda:
>More Progress than Meets the Eye
>Remarks by The Rt. Hon. Lord Robertson of Port Ellen
>Secretary General of NATO
>6 Sept. 2000
>The SACLANT Symposium Reykjavik, Iceland
>
>
>[KOSOVO]
>Let us go through the current NATO agenda, starting with Kosovo. If we
>stand back for a moment to look at the overall picture, it is actually very
>positive
>Just two years ago, most people in Kosovo feared for their lives and their
>property. At the height of the crisis, 80 percent of the population had
>fled their homes to avoid wanton ethnic violence.
>Today, the vast majority live in peace, and have renewed hope for the
>future. Today, for the first time in at least a decade, there are
>administrative structures in place that include all ethnic groups, not one.
>And in just a few weeks, there will be truly free elections in Kosovo for
>the first time in collective memory.
>Refugees have gone back and rebuilt their homes. Schools - even those
>flattened by Serb paramilitaries - have come back to life. Trains are
>running. Farmers are bringing in the harvest. Imagine what the situation
>could have become, and look at what it is today.
>Of course, there is much work to be done, and it will not be easy. There
>will be more violence, more accusations of discrimination, more boycotts
>and more standoffs.
>But the real news story is not the protest outside a mine, or the tragic
>and regrettable killing of an ethnic Serb. The news story is that in
>Kosovo, NATO, the other KFOR contributors, and the UN Administration are
>building hope and the rule of law out of what had been the rule of terror.
>Our goal is still to build a Kosovo that allows all of its people to share
>in the peace, freedom and democracy that we, and they, consider to be their
>right. And we are making progress. It is an opportunity we don't intend to
>miss.
>Just as we are making visible progress in Kosovo, we can already look back
>on considerable achievement in Bosnia-Herzegovina. As we approach the 11
>November elections there, we're truly turning a corner.
>Already in the robustly contested local elections earlier this year, more
>moderate politicians were elected to office than ever before - and the
>trend is set to continue this autumn.
>Refugees are returning in record numbers, and several municipalities -
>previously hostile to such returns - are now working with the international
>community to accept the returnees.
>Defence budgets and the Entity Armed Forces are being cut, as they should
>be. Bosnia-Herzegovina is even sending a multi-ethnic Olympic team to the
>Games in Sydney.
>The headlines of five years ago in Bosnia-Herzegovina were surely not
these. (...)
---
The San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 23, 2000
(reprinted in http://www.tenc.net
COLONY KOSOVO, WHERE COPS DO-GOODERS AND PRIVATEERS
RUN THE SHOW
By Christian Parenti (8-29-00)
CLOGGED WITH ALMOST 800,000 souls, Pristina, Kosovo, a city of tower
blocks rising from a parched valley floor, now holds twice the
population for which it was built. The air reeks of exhaust and burning
garbage. Ceaseless hot winds blow litter and clouds of gritty dust from
the huge mountain of mine tailings that lies a dozen miles due west. At
night one still hears the snap of gunfire and, the next day, rumors of
another unsolved murder.
Despite the city's modernist aesthetic (the place was rebuilt from
scratch after an earthquake in 1963), Pristina has no public
transportation or refuse collection. All the most impressive modernist
buildings downtown have been reduced to bombed-out relics. Throngs of
cell phone-wielding crowds and streams of new Mercedes and Audis choke
the streets below the charred towers. Water and electrical services are
intermittent, yet several cybercafés and brothels operate around the
clock.
Welcome to ground zero of NATO's reincarnation as what Secretary of
State Madeline Albright has called "a force for peace from the Middle
East to Central Africa." Billed as the greatest humanitarian
intervention since WWII, the U.N.-NATO occupation of Kosovo doesn't look
so noble up close. Rather than a multiethnic democracy, Kosovo is
shaping up to be a violent, corrupt, free-market colony.
'HUMANITARIAN' IMPERIALISM
Kosovar Albanians may talk about "their country," but the foreign-aid
workers in official white SUVs make the real decisions. After NATO's
78-day bombing, the United Nations Mission in Kosovo(UNMIK) was created
as an "interim administration." The U.N., in turn, has opened Kosovo to
a kaleidoscopic jumble of governmental and nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) ranging from Oxfam to obscure evangelical ministries.
At the apex of it all sits Bernard Krouchner, the Secretary General's
Special Representative in Kosovo. Founder of Médecins Sans Frontières
and a former socialist, Krouchner took a sharp right turn in the 1980s
when he championed the use of Western (particularly American) military
intervention as the path to human rights. Krouchner's left-wing critics
who argue that American and European corporate power and military aid
are the main causes of human rights violations internationally see
Krouchner as a Clinton-Blair "third way" hypocrite. Meanwhile, many
mainstream right-wing commentators see the short, thin Frenchman as a
publicity-seeking autocrat.
In Kosovo, Krouchner's responsibilities range from censoring the local
press when it offends him to appointing all local government personnel
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/chuss/unandthe.htm to schmoozing
with international donors.
Adding muscle to Krouchner's administrative decisions such as
unilaterally ditching the Yugoslavian dinar for the mark are about 4,000
so called UNMIK police, many of whom are transplanted American cops. For
the heavy lifting, Krouchner can count on the 40,000 international
soldiers that make up KFOR, the Kosovo Implementation Force.
Along with putting down the occasional ethnic riot, protecting convoys
of refugees, and guarding the few small Serb enclaves remaining in
Kosovo, http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/simca.htm KFOR and the
UNMIK police occasionally uncover caches of weapons belonging to the
officially disarmed Kosovo Liberation Army.
http://emperors-clothes.com/news/u.htm#disarm
Such operations are usually followed up with robust KFOR statements
reaffirming their commitment to "building a multiethnic society."
Yet, strangely, the ethnic cleansing this time Albanian against Serb
and Roma (Gypsy) never stops.
VIOLENCE STILL
"This place is a shit hole. All the young people I meet, I tell 'em: get
out! Go to another country," booms Doc Giles, a tanned, muscled American
cop who speaks in a thick, south-Jersey accent. A longtime narc-officer
from hyperviolent Camden, N.J., Giles has spent the last year working
homicide in Pristina with UNMIK. The pack on his bike sports a "Daniel
Faulkner: fallen not forgotten" button. (Faulkner was the cop whom death
row inmate and journalist Mumia Abu-Jamal may or may not have murdered
18 years ago in Philadelphia.)
Giles's maggot's-eye view of interethnic relations is sobering: "Look,
all the perps are oo-che-kaa," Giles says, using the Albanian form for
the Kosovo Liberation Army's acronym. "They're fucking gangsters. I
don't care what anyone says they're an organized crime structure. And
all the judges are either scared or pro-KLA. They're like: you shot a
89-year-old Serb grandmother? Good for you. Get out of jail."
Of the province's 276 judges, only two are Serb, so Albanian hit squads
operate with near total impunity. Among their favorite targets during
the last year have been Orthodox churches and monasteries, more than 85
of which have been burned, looted, or demolished, according to both the
U.N. and a detailed report by the Serbian Orthodox Church.
After hearing one of Giles's rants about KLA death squads and
15-year-old Maldovan girls "turned out" as prostitutes
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/jared/susan.htm, you'd almost agree
with his prescription: "What they should've done was put this place
under martial law, get a bunch of American cops from cities like Philly,
Dallas, and Denver to come in here and just kick the shit out of
everyone
for a few months. Then turn it over to your NGOs, or whatever."
Terrified merchants also tell stories of KLA thuggery.
http://emperors-clothes.com/news/reporter.htm "Ten percent. They take
10 percent of everything you make. And you pay or it's kaput," says a
nervous restaurateur in Prizren, an ancient town near the Albanian
border. He's a Kosovar Turk whose great-grandparents probably moved here
during the twilight of the Ottoman Empire, but he says that when he gets
enough money, he's taking his two children to Canada.
PRIVATIZATION
While Giles and his comrades recycle Albanian "perps" through a
nonworking judicial system, the U.N.'s paper pushers and its partner
organizations are hard at work trying to turn Kosovo into a free-market
paradise.
"We must privatize so as to secure investment and new technology. There
is no alternative," says Dianna Stefanova,
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/chuss/opening.htm director of the
European Agency for Reconstruction's office on privatization, which is
working under the auspices of UNMIK and Krouchner.
But the industries located in Kosovo are not UNMIK's to privatize. Nor
does the wording of Security Council resolution 1244 the document
defining the U.N.'s role in Kosovo give UNMIK the power to sell off
local industries. And when Krouchner made his pitch for mass
privatization to the Security Council in late June, he met with stiff
opposition from the Russians.
Oddly, despite the U.N.-NATO occupation, resolution 1244 recognizes
Kosovo as an integral province of Yugoslavia and does not empower the
U.N. to privatize. To get around this, Krouchner has devised a creative
bit of legerdemain: the U.N. isn't actually selling off assets; it's
just offering 10- and 15-year leases to foreign transnationals. The
first industry to go was the huge Sharr Cement factory, leased to the
Swiss firm Holderbank. "Sharr could produce all the cement for
reconstruction, and even export," says Roy Dickinson, a privatization
specialist with the European Agency for Reconstruction.
The next assets on the block are a series of vineyards and wine
cooperatives, but the ultimate prize is the gargantuan Trepca mining and
metallurgical complex that sprawls across northern Kosovo and into the
mountains of southern Serbia.
http://emperors-clothes.com/analysis/inthewee.htm
Since Roman times, foreign armies have targeted these massive mineral
deposits. Hitler took Trepca in 1941, and thereafter the mines some of
the richest in the world supplied German munitions factories with 40
percent of their lead inputs.
Trepca contains all of Yugoslavia's nickel deposits and three-quarters
of its other mineral wealth; during the 1990s the 42 mines and attendant
factories were one of Yugoslavia's leading export industries.
The Belgrade government and a private Greek bank that has also invested
in the mines insist that Trepca shall not change hands. The U.N. isn't
so sure. "The question of who gets what will be settled by a panel of
judges that UNMIK is still setting up," says a coy Stefanova. In the
meantime UNMIK is drawing up plans to downsize local industries and
streamline enterprise to appeal to foreign investors. But there's
another piece in the equation: who controls the land above the mines?
That, of course, brings us back to the issue of ethnic cleansing.
BALKAN BELFAST
The swift and shallow river Ibar, bisecting the town of Mitrovic, is the
front line in an unfinished war that pits Albanians against Serbs and
Roma. All non-Albanians have been expelled from south of the Ibar and
all Albanians driven from its northern bank.
[Emperor's Clothes note: Regarding the area North of the Ib,
the statement is incorrect, according to Oliver Ivanovic, a key leader
on the North shore. He insists that a large Albanian community remains,
and though relations are cold the Serbs have no desire to drive these
people out; quite the contrary.]
http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/avictory.htm
Thus crossing into north Mitrovic is much like entering Serbia: the
language, the music, and the beer are all Serbian, and people use the
dinar. This is also the heart of the Trepca complex.
Here, despite occupation by French troops
http://emperors-clothes.com/analysis/whyisthe.htm the Belgrade
government still pays salaries and pensions and still provides health
care.
And if even a fraction of U.N. and KFOR accusations are true, then some
of the hard men with mobile phones who lounge at the Dolce Vita Cafe on
the banks of the Ibar are probably undercover cops from Serbia (some of
whom, you will recall, have been indicted by the International Tribunal
on War Crimes at the Hague and could be arrested by KFOR).
"We're in a prison, and under attack," a young Serb named Branislav
says. "If I cross that bridge, I'll be killed."
This, it seems, is the future: an ethnically "pure" and therefore
"stable" Albanian Kosovo in the south, hosting huge NATO installations
like the sprawling 775-acre American base Bondsteel, with its 4000 G.I.s
on the plains of southeast Kosovo. In the north, on the other hand,
astride some small part of the Trepca mines and in a few other spots,
Serb and Roma ghettos will remain, possibly as parts of Serbia. And in
the places where these communities overlap there will be trouble and,
therefore, a plausible reason for the West to maintain a long-term
military presence.
[Reprinted from the The San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 23, 2000]
---
The lies of war crimes mass graves
by Kevin Ovenden
KOSOVO. THREE men in a car hurl a grenade at a group of children playing
basketball and then
speed off.
Nine children are left injured. All are lucky to be alive. This gruesome
scene is not from early last
year. It happened last week in the village of Crkvena Vodica, and the
victims were Serb, not
Albanian. The Guardian gave just two paragraphs to the story on
Saturday.
Shootings, bombings, kidnappings, murders and intimidation have forced
most of Kosovo's
pre-war Serb and Roma Gypsy populations to flee. The Guardian and the
rest of the press
justified NATO's intervention as the only way to stop "ethnic cleansing"
against Albanians. Well,
NATO now occupies Kosovo and ethnic cleansing is continuing, this time
against non-Albanians
and those who defend them. On Friday a bomb damaged a building which
houses the offices of
Ibrahim Rugova's Democratic League of Kosovo, and of the authority
representing Serbs in
Kosovo. But, say the Guardian, foreign secretary Robin Cook, and NATO
chief George Robertson,
such killings are as nothing compared with the atrocities committed by
Serb forces in Kosovo.
Remember the claims by NATO governments during the war about obscene
atrocities and
"genocide" by Serbs in Kosovo? US defence secretary William Cohen said
as the bombing
intensified in March that 100,000 Albanian men of military age were
missing, adding, "They may
have been murdered."
The media dutifully repeated the wartime propaganda. Even the left of
Labour paper Action for
Solidarity ["Shachtmanist entryists" in Blair's party] quoted "100,000
Young Men Slaughtered".
Opponents of the war faced vilification, particularly at the hands of
allegedly liberal journalists
who backed the bombing. John Sweeney, journalist on the Guardian's
sister paper, the Observer,
accused anti-war campaigner John Pilger of being an apologist for mass
murder.
Remit
Sweeney predicted that those against the war would hang their heads in
shame when the war
ended and "tens of thousands of bodies are discovered in mass graves".
Investigators for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia reported last week.
After a year of examining hundreds of sites they discovered less than
3,000 bodies of civilians in
the whole of Kosovo.
That figure fits the estimate by the International Committee of the Red
Cross earlier this year of
about 2,400 Albanian dead. The tribunal's findings are significant.
It is a pro-Western body. Its remit excludes investigating NATO war
crimes. It is allowed to retry
someone found innocent until it gets a conviction. Its rules of evidence
favour the prosecution.
And much of its $93 million budget comes from private sources, notably
US billionaire George
Soros.
Yet its investigators say they have not found mass graves. Rather,
according to Benedicte
Giaever of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe,
"What we have are
consistent small numbers-two here, five there, ten here, seven there."
Shot
The tribunal refuses to say how many of those people were shot at close
range - executed - and
how many were killed by long range fire or explosions, what NATO refers
to as "collateral
damage" when its bombs kill civilians.
"Those of us who opposed the war are absolutely vindicated. We were
right to challenge NATO's
claims because this will happen again," said Phillip Knightley, author
and anti-war campaigner.
Serbian forces did commit atrocities in Kosovo but on nothing like the
scale NATO and the media
claimed-and mainly after NATO started bombing.
Audrey Gillan was one of the few journalists to say this at the time.
She described again in the
Guardian on Monday how journalists were under instructions from their
editors at the time to
come up with the most grotesque atrocity stories.
Basic procedures, such as checking facts or taking account of the
distressed state of Albanian
refugees, went out the window. The Guardian now blames NATO governments
for misleading the
public over the scale of the horror and the success of the bombing,
conveniently whitewashing the
media's role.
It still backs the bombing "in spite of the lies". It gives no apology
for spreading those lies or for
refusing space to anti-war campaigners. "Liberal bombers" such as
Sweeney and Jonathan
Freedland have yet to admit they were wrong. They are quite prepared to
churn out the same stuff
the next time the West goes to war.
Who exactly should be hanging their heads in shame?
from:
Socialist Worker [London weekly], No. 1711, 26 August 2000
http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/
---
> From Antiwar.com (25. 8. 2000)
>
>
>
> KLA commanders trained in Albania
>
> Wednesday, 23 August 2000 12:45 (ET)
>
>
> KLA commanders trained in Albania
> By LULZIM COTA
>
> TIRANA, Albania, Aug. 23 (UPI) - Senior Kosovo Liberation Army
commanders
> trained in Albania starting in 1991, KLA deputy chief of staff Colonel
> Dilaver Goxhaj, said in interview published here on Wednesday "The
organized
> military training of Kosovo men continued until 1993 when Albania's police
> arrested Adem Jashari for illegal possession of weapons," Goxhaj said in
the
> interview with the daily Shekulli.
>
> Jashari, the first KLA commander, was killed together with 56 relatives,
> including children, when the Yugoslav army shelled his home in Prekaz, in
> March 1998. The incident inspired a rapid rise in the size of the KLA
which,
> according to Goxhaj, numbered 19,800 fighters before NATO air strikes
on
> Yugoslavia began on March 24, 1999.
>
> Goxhaj was born in Gjirokastra, south Albania, close to Greek border
and
> educated at a military school. Until 1993 Goxhaj was an instructor in the
> use of anti aircraft guns at the Albanian Military Academy. He joined the
> KLA in September 1998 and became deputy chief of staff. In Kosovo he was
> known as Commander Shpetim Golemi. Now back in Albania, he did not say
> whether he will return to Kosovo.
>
> The KLA set up a staff in December 1993, Goxhaj said, after "intensive
> preparation in Albania and a propaganda campaign in Kosovo and abroad."
> Another Albanian military expert, who had taught Jashari the use of
infantry
> weapons, confirmed Goxhaj story.
>
> According to Goxhaj's interview, there was close cooperation between the
> KLA, NATO and Albania's army in exchanging information about Yugoslav army
> movements, techniques and coordinates. Goxhaj confirms NATO had informed
> them when the air strikes were to begin. "We were in the KLA headquarters
in
> Kostrec village when Hashim Thaci, our chief commander, phoned from
Brussels
> and said 'today at 20 hours NATO will start air strikes."
>
> "NATO asked us to mark Serb army targets, their position, number,
> ammunition, the presence of anti-aircraft guns and their distance from
> civilians." NATO agreed to bomb only when civilian populations or KLA
forces
> were at least a kilometer from the Serb positions, Goxhaj said. All cases
of
> NATO hitting civilians or KLA forces, he said, followed from its aircraft
> finding targets for themselves and not as a result of information provided
> by the KLA.
>
> KLA forces doubled in size during the Kosovo fighting, Goxhai said. Some
> 10,000 Kosovo men and women joined after the Serbs began ethnic cleansing
> operations and another 11,000 volunteers came from the United States and
> Europe.
>
> Between November 28, 1997, when the KLA publicly announced its
existence,
> and June 20, 1999, when fighting ended, 2,000 members were killed and
4,800
> injured, he said. There were 12,000 civilian victims and 10,000 injured
> during the same period. Goxhaj's figures are lower than NATO reports on
the
> Kosovo conflict.
>
> Goxhaj thanked the military hospital in Tirana for saving many KLA lives
> and an Albanian helicopter brigade for transporting the injured to the
> hospital. Before and during the conflict, Albania denied Belgrade
> accusations that it allowed the KLA training camps on its territory. After
> the conflict, Fatos Nano, Albanian premier during the conflict, admitted
> Albania's help to the KLA and said there had been contacts between KLA
> leaders and American officials including Richard Holbrook, currently U.S.
> ambassador to the United Nations.
>
> --
> Copyright 2000 by United Press International.
> All rights reserved.
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
POLITICAMENTE SCORRETTI
Osservatorio Etico Ambientale wrote:
>
> VI CONTESTO QUESTA CILEGINA perché Alessandro Curzi,
> HA DETTO LA VERITÀ !!!
>
> Siete attenti a criticare gli altri, e nello stesso momento siete carenti del
> senso di auto critica !!
>
> Siete politicamente scorretti !
>
> In poche parole, voi tutti siete per una Dittatura che si chiama: Dittatura
> del Proletariato !?
> Io sono di origine jugoslava e in ex-Yugoslavia non c'è stata mai la Dittatura
> del Proletariato ! C'è stata la Dittatura, però, la Dittatura
> del CKMP Yugoslavije [Comitato Centrale del Partito Comunista]!!! Il resto è
> stata solo una illusione: i operai non hanno avuto mai la voce in capitolo: la
> famosa autogestione " fabbriche agli operai", era solo sulla carta e nei mass
> media ! Gli operai non avevano diritto di contestare assolutamente niente,
> altrimenti chi lo faceva subiva delle persecuzioni di vario tipo ! Il
> Sindacato era di fatto una struttura virtuale ! Non hanno mai curato gli
> interessi degli operai, mentre la "borghesia rossa" del Comitato Centrale del
> Partito Comunista Yugoslavo faceva bello e cattivo tempo !!! Si sanno queste
> cose molto bene, è inutile nascondersi dietro un dito !
>
> Chi non era iscritto nel Partito Comunista non poteva fare nessun passo nella
> vita, malgrado la capacità e qualità che avevano le persone ! Quasi tutto
> funzionava sulla raccomandazione e familiarissimo ... chi non condivideva tale
> politica fu perseguitato con l'accusa di essere dissidente, o traditore o
> fascista o mercenario delle "forze nefaste occidentali" ...
>
> PIACE O NO, questa è la verità !
>
> Chi dice diversamente semplicemente è: o un ignorante o è un essere in mala
> fede che difende interessi chissà quali !!!
>
> Da parte nostra possiamo solo salutare le parole del
> Compagno Direttore Alessandro Curzi !!
>
> BRAVO CURZI, BEN'DETTO !!!
>
> Voi in Italia avete tanti di quelli problemi e "pani sporchi", [per esempio:
> avete ancora le leggi fascista in vigore], che di certo non potete criticare
> il popolo yugolsavo e le loro legittime scelte !!!
>
> Il voto del popolo yugoslavo è una svolta millenaria e di certo non
> permetteranno a nessuno di confiscare la Vittoria storica ! Noi non abbiamo
> dimenticato cosa è successo nel famoso 1948. quando regime di Staglin ci
> voleva sotto il suo ombrello. Sono stati per primi proprio i comunisti
> italiani di allora ad appoggiare Staglin ... !!
>
> Se vi piace così tanto la Dittatura di qualsiasi tipo perché non mettete Slobo
> Milosevic, Mira Markovic, Vojislav Seselj, Zjugunov e Zirinowschi
> nel vostro Montecitorio ?!
>
> Ma per favore, fate un aggiornamento della vostra geografia mentale ?!
>
> Un altra cosa, dovete moderare il vostro linguaggio:"...con le pezze al culo
> ..." è una espressione di peggior giornalismo, compreso pure quel giornalismo
> italiano noto come giornalismo inquisitorio pieno di bugie, menzogne e
> disinformazione lanciate a insabbiare ogni progresso delle
> forze veramente sane !!!!
>
> Mi state deludeno, mi dispiace !!!!
>
> Ciao a tutti,
>
> Danica Razlag
> http://stop-u238.i.am
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> Date: Sat, 30 Sep 00 12:47PM MET DST
> From: Coordinamento Romano per la Jugoslavia <crj@...>
> To: crj <crj@...>
> Subject: Ciliegina numero 206 BIS
>
> DEMOCRAZIA O DITTATURA?
>
> Subject: Re: Ciliegina numero 206
> Date: Sat, 30 Sep 2000 12:12:35 +0200
> From: "sorgiorgio"
> To: <alessandro.curzi@...>, "crj"
>
> Caro Compagno Direttore Alessandro Curzi,
> hai torto! In Jugoslavia, purtroppo, c'è la democrazia. Quando c'era la
> Dittatura, la Dittatura del Proletariato,
> le cose andavano molto meglio.
> Vedi la Russia adesso c'è la democrazia e sono con le pezze al culo.
> Cordiali saluti
>
Gentile signora Danica,
kao prvo, mi od CRJ nismo samo italijani, ima i jugoslavena, i to znaci
OD CIJELE SFRJ-e.
La RFS di Jugoslavia poteva certo essere meglio di quello che e' stata,
fatto sta che - proprio in base ai discutibili criteri di democrazia da
lei richiamati - era assai piu' "democratica" del resto dei paesi a
"socialismo reale". La conseguenza di questa "democraticita'", tanto
apprezzata allora anche dalla nostra "sinistra" che oggi vi bombarda, e'
stato lo sfascio del paese, caduto in mano alle forze "democratiche"
filooccidentali, nazionaliste borghesi e secessioniste.
Lei scrive: "chi non condivideva tale politica fu perseguitato con
l'accusa di essere dissidente, o traditore o fascista o mercenario delle
'forze nefaste occidentali'". Magari avesse ragione! Dissidenti,
traditori, fascisti e mercenari al soldo dell'occidente erano veramente
un pericolo che purtroppo fu preso sottogamba, come e' dimostrato dal
fatto che quando queste canaglie hanno preso il potere - da Jansa a
Tudjman a Izetbegovic a Djukanovic a Thaci - la RFSJ e' precipitata in
un bagno di sangue.
Per quanto riguarda il libero voto del popolo jugoslavo, siete voi che
non lo state rispettando: infatti - come blocco DOS - avete partecipato
alle elezioni, eravate presenti come scrutatori in tutti i seggi, avete
lavorato nella commissione elettorale centrale insieme ai rappresentanti
di tutti i candidati. ED AVETE VINTO: quasi la maggioranza assoluta!
Allora, perche' non volete andare al ballottaggio? Con l'appoggio di
Seselj, di Djukanovic e di chissa' chi altro otterreste una maggioranza
schiacciante!
Perche' non volete andare al ballottaggio?
Perche' ve lo dicono gli USA, dai quali ricevete miliardi di dollari,
che vogliono gettare discredito sul sistema politico della RF di
Jugoslavia per condurre ad uno sfascio ulteriore, incominciando dalla
secessione del Montenegro, che e' gia' un feudo della mafia albanese.
S jugoslavenkim pozdravima
CRJ
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
Osservatorio Etico Ambientale wrote:
>
> VI CONTESTO QUESTA CILEGINA perché Alessandro Curzi,
> HA DETTO LA VERITÀ !!!
>
> Siete attenti a criticare gli altri, e nello stesso momento siete carenti del
> senso di auto critica !!
>
> Siete politicamente scorretti !
>
> In poche parole, voi tutti siete per una Dittatura che si chiama: Dittatura
> del Proletariato !?
> Io sono di origine jugoslava e in ex-Yugoslavia non c'è stata mai la Dittatura
> del Proletariato ! C'è stata la Dittatura, però, la Dittatura
> del CKMP Yugoslavije [Comitato Centrale del Partito Comunista]!!! Il resto è
> stata solo una illusione: i operai non hanno avuto mai la voce in capitolo: la
> famosa autogestione " fabbriche agli operai", era solo sulla carta e nei mass
> media ! Gli operai non avevano diritto di contestare assolutamente niente,
> altrimenti chi lo faceva subiva delle persecuzioni di vario tipo ! Il
> Sindacato era di fatto una struttura virtuale ! Non hanno mai curato gli
> interessi degli operai, mentre la "borghesia rossa" del Comitato Centrale del
> Partito Comunista Yugoslavo faceva bello e cattivo tempo !!! Si sanno queste
> cose molto bene, è inutile nascondersi dietro un dito !
>
> Chi non era iscritto nel Partito Comunista non poteva fare nessun passo nella
> vita, malgrado la capacità e qualità che avevano le persone ! Quasi tutto
> funzionava sulla raccomandazione e familiarissimo ... chi non condivideva tale
> politica fu perseguitato con l'accusa di essere dissidente, o traditore o
> fascista o mercenario delle "forze nefaste occidentali" ...
>
> PIACE O NO, questa è la verità !
>
> Chi dice diversamente semplicemente è: o un ignorante o è un essere in mala
> fede che difende interessi chissà quali !!!
>
> Da parte nostra possiamo solo salutare le parole del
> Compagno Direttore Alessandro Curzi !!
>
> BRAVO CURZI, BEN'DETTO !!!
>
> Voi in Italia avete tanti di quelli problemi e "pani sporchi", [per esempio:
> avete ancora le leggi fascista in vigore], che di certo non potete criticare
> il popolo yugolsavo e le loro legittime scelte !!!
>
> Il voto del popolo yugoslavo è una svolta millenaria e di certo non
> permetteranno a nessuno di confiscare la Vittoria storica ! Noi non abbiamo
> dimenticato cosa è successo nel famoso 1948. quando regime di Staglin ci
> voleva sotto il suo ombrello. Sono stati per primi proprio i comunisti
> italiani di allora ad appoggiare Staglin ... !!
>
> Se vi piace così tanto la Dittatura di qualsiasi tipo perché non mettete Slobo
> Milosevic, Mira Markovic, Vojislav Seselj, Zjugunov e Zirinowschi
> nel vostro Montecitorio ?!
>
> Ma per favore, fate un aggiornamento della vostra geografia mentale ?!
>
> Un altra cosa, dovete moderare il vostro linguaggio:"...con le pezze al culo
> ..." è una espressione di peggior giornalismo, compreso pure quel giornalismo
> italiano noto come giornalismo inquisitorio pieno di bugie, menzogne e
> disinformazione lanciate a insabbiare ogni progresso delle
> forze veramente sane !!!!
>
> Mi state deludeno, mi dispiace !!!!
>
> Ciao a tutti,
>
> Danica Razlag
> http://stop-u238.i.am
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> Date: Sat, 30 Sep 00 12:47PM MET DST
> From: Coordinamento Romano per la Jugoslavia <crj@...>
> To: crj <crj@...>
> Subject: Ciliegina numero 206 BIS
>
> DEMOCRAZIA O DITTATURA?
>
> Subject: Re: Ciliegina numero 206
> Date: Sat, 30 Sep 2000 12:12:35 +0200
> From: "sorgiorgio"
> To: <alessandro.curzi@...>, "crj"
>
> Caro Compagno Direttore Alessandro Curzi,
> hai torto! In Jugoslavia, purtroppo, c'è la democrazia. Quando c'era la
> Dittatura, la Dittatura del Proletariato,
> le cose andavano molto meglio.
> Vedi la Russia adesso c'è la democrazia e sono con le pezze al culo.
> Cordiali saluti
>
Gentile signora Danica,
kao prvo, mi od CRJ nismo samo italijani, ima i jugoslavena, i to znaci
OD CIJELE SFRJ-e.
La RFS di Jugoslavia poteva certo essere meglio di quello che e' stata,
fatto sta che - proprio in base ai discutibili criteri di democrazia da
lei richiamati - era assai piu' "democratica" del resto dei paesi a
"socialismo reale". La conseguenza di questa "democraticita'", tanto
apprezzata allora anche dalla nostra "sinistra" che oggi vi bombarda, e'
stato lo sfascio del paese, caduto in mano alle forze "democratiche"
filooccidentali, nazionaliste borghesi e secessioniste.
Lei scrive: "chi non condivideva tale politica fu perseguitato con
l'accusa di essere dissidente, o traditore o fascista o mercenario delle
'forze nefaste occidentali'". Magari avesse ragione! Dissidenti,
traditori, fascisti e mercenari al soldo dell'occidente erano veramente
un pericolo che purtroppo fu preso sottogamba, come e' dimostrato dal
fatto che quando queste canaglie hanno preso il potere - da Jansa a
Tudjman a Izetbegovic a Djukanovic a Thaci - la RFSJ e' precipitata in
un bagno di sangue.
Per quanto riguarda il libero voto del popolo jugoslavo, siete voi che
non lo state rispettando: infatti - come blocco DOS - avete partecipato
alle elezioni, eravate presenti come scrutatori in tutti i seggi, avete
lavorato nella commissione elettorale centrale insieme ai rappresentanti
di tutti i candidati. ED AVETE VINTO: quasi la maggioranza assoluta!
Allora, perche' non volete andare al ballottaggio? Con l'appoggio di
Seselj, di Djukanovic e di chissa' chi altro otterreste una maggioranza
schiacciante!
Perche' non volete andare al ballottaggio?
Perche' ve lo dicono gli USA, dai quali ricevete miliardi di dollari,
che vogliono gettare discredito sul sistema politico della RF di
Jugoslavia per condurre ad uno sfascio ulteriore, incominciando dalla
secessione del Montenegro, che e' gia' un feudo della mafia albanese.
S jugoslavenkim pozdravima
CRJ
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
106th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. R. 1064
AN ACT
To authorize a coordinated program to promote the development of
democracy in Serbia and Montenegro.
HR 1064 EH
106th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. R. 1064
AN ACT
To authorize a coordinated program to promote the development of
democracy in Serbia and Montenegro.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) SHORT TITLE- This Act may be cited as the `Serbia Democratization
Act of
2000'.
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS- The table of contents for this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
TITLE I--SUPPORT FOR THE DEMOCRATIC FORCES
Sec. 101. Findings and policy.
Sec. 102. Assistance to promote democracy and civil society in
Yugoslavia.
Sec. 103. Authority for radio and television broadcasting.
Sec. 104. Development of political contacts relating to the Republic of
Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.
TITLE II--ASSISTANCE TO THE VICTIMS OF OPPRESSION
Sec. 201. Findings.
Sec. 202. Sense of the Congress.
Sec. 203. Assistance.
TITLE III--`OUTER WALL' SANCTIONS
Sec. 301. `Outer Wall' sanctions.
Sec. 302. International financial institutions not in compliance with
`Outer
Wall' sanctions.
TITLE IV--OTHER MEASURES AGAINST YUGOSLAVIA
Sec. 401. Blocking assets in the United States.
Sec. 402. Suspension of entry into the United States.
Sec. 403. Prohibition on strategic exports to Yugoslavia.
Sec. 404. Prohibition on loans and investment.
Sec. 405. Prohibition of military-to-military cooperation.
Sec. 406. Multilateral sanctions.
Sec. 407. Exemptions.
Sec. 408. Waiver; termination of measures against Yugoslavia.
Sec. 409. Statutory construction.
TITLE V--MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Sec. 501. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
Sec. 502. Sense of the Congress with respect to ethnic Hungarians of
Vojvodina.
Sec. 503. Ownership and use of diplomatic and consular properties.
Sec. 504. Transition assistance.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES- The term `appropriate
congressional committees' means the Committee on Foreign Relations of
the
Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of
Representatives.
(2) COMMERCIAL EXPORT- The term `commercial export' means the sale of an
agricultural commodity, medicine, or medical equipment by a United
States
seller to a foreign buyer in exchange for cash payment on market terms
without benefit of concessionary financing, export subsidies, government
or
government-backed credits or other nonmarket financing arrangements.
(3) INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA OR
TRIBUNAL-
The term `International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia' or
the
`Tribunal' means the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of
Persons
Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law
Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991, as
established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 827 of May 25,
1993.
(4) YUGOSLAVIA- The term `Yugoslavia' means the so-called Federal
Republic
of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), and the term `Government of
Yugoslavia' means the central government of Yugoslavia.
TITLE I--SUPPORT FOR THE DEMOCRATIC FORCES
SEC. 101. FINDINGS AND POLICY.
(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:
(1) The President of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milosevic, has consistently
engaged in undemocratic methods of governing.
(2) Yugoslavia has passed and implemented a law strictly limiting
freedom of
the press and has acted to intimidate and prevent independent media from
operating inside Yugoslavia.
(3) Although the Yugoslav and Serbian constitutions provide for the
right of
citizens to change their government, citizens of Serbia in practice are
prevented from exercising that right by the Milosevic regime's
domination of
the mass media and manipulation of the electoral process.
(4) The Yugoslav and Serbian governments have orchestrated attacks on
academics at institutes and universities throughout the country in an
effort
to prevent the dissemination of opinions that differ from official state
propaganda.
(5) The Yugoslav and Serbian governments hinder the formation of
nonviolent,
democratic opposition through restrictions on freedom of assembly and
association.
(6) The Yugoslav and Serbian governments use control and intimidation to
control the judiciary and manipulate the country's legal framework to
suit
the regime's immediate political interests.
(7) The Government of Serbia and the Government of Yugoslavia, under the
direction of President Milosevic, have obstructed the efforts of the
Government of Montenegro to pursue democratic and free-market policies.
(8) At great risk, the Government of Montenegro has withstood efforts by
President Milosevic to interfere with its government.
(9) The people of Serbia who do not endorse the undemocratic actions of
the
Milosevic government should not be the target of criticism that is
rightly
directed at the Milosevic regime.
(b) POLICY; SENSE OF THE CONGRESS-
(1) POLICY- It is the policy of the United States to encourage the
development of a government in Yugoslavia based on democratic principles
and
the rule of law and that respects internationally recognized human
rights.
(2) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that--
(A) the United States should actively support the democratic forces in
Yugoslavia, including political parties and independent trade unions, to
develop a legitimate and viable alternative to the Milosevic regime;
(B) all United States Government officials, including individuals from
the
private sector acting on behalf of the United States Government, should
meet
regularly with representatives of democratic forces in Yugoslavia and
minimize to the extent practicable any direct contacts with officials of
the
Yugoslav or Serbian governments, and not meet with any individual
indicted
by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,
particularly President Slobodan Milosevic; and
(C) the United States should emphasize to all political leaders in
Yugoslavia the importance of respecting internationally recognized human
rights for all individuals residing in Yugoslavia.
SEC. 102. ASSISTANCE TO PROMOTE DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN
YUGOSLAVIA.
(a) ASSISTANCE FOR THE SERBIAN DEMOCRATIC FORCES-
(1) PURPOSE OF ASSISTANCE- The purpose of assistance under this
subsection
is to promote and strengthen institutions of democratic government and
the
growth of an independent civil society in Serbia, including ethnic
tolerance
and respect for internationally recognized human rights.
(2) AUTHORIZATION FOR ASSISTANCE- To carry out the purpose of paragraph
(1),
the President is authorized to furnish assistance and other support for
the
activities described in paragraph (3).
(3) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED- Activities that may be supported by assistance
under paragraph (2) include the following:
(A) Democracy building.
(B) The development of nongovernmental organizations.
(C) The development of independent Serbian media.
(D) The development of the rule of law, to include a strong, independent
judiciary, the impartial administration of justice, and transparency in
political practices.
(E) International exchanges and advanced professional training programs
in
skill areas central to the development of civil society and a market
economy.
(F) The development of all elements of the democratic process, including
political parties and the ability to administer free and fair elections.
(G) The development of local governance.
(H) The development of a free-market economy.
(4) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS-
(A) IN GENERAL- There is authorized to be appropriated to the President
$50,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2000, and ending
September
30, 2001, to be made available for activities in support of the
democratization of the Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo) pursuant to
this subsection.
(B) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS- Amounts appropriated pursuant to subparagraph
(A)
are authorized to remain available until expended.
(b) PROHIBITION ON ASSISTANCE TO GOVERNMENT OF YUGOSLAVIA OR OF SERBIA-
In
carrying out subsection (a), the President should take all necessary
steps
to ensure that no funds or other assistance is provided to the
Government of
Yugoslavia or to the Government of Serbia, except for purposes permitted
under this title.
(c) ASSISTANCE TO GOVERNMENT OF MONTENEGRO-
(1) IN GENERAL- The President may provide assistance to the Government
of
Montenegro, unless the President determines, and so reports to the
appropriate congressional committees, that the leadership of the
Government
of Montenegro is not committed to, or is not taking steps to promote,
democratic principles, the rule of law, or respect for internationally
recognized human rights.
(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS- Unless the President makes the
determination, and so reports to the appropriate congressional
committees,
under paragraph (1), there is authorized to be appropriated to the
President
$55,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2000, and ending
September
30, 2001, to be made available for activities for or in the Republic of
Montenegro for purposes described in subsection (a), as well as to
support
ongoing political and economic reforms, and economic stabilization in
support of democratization.
SEC. 103. AUTHORITY FOR RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING.
(a) IN GENERAL- The Broadcasting Board of Governors shall further the
open
communication of information and ideas through the increased use of
radio
and television broadcasting to Yugoslavia in both the Serbo-Croatian and
Albanian languages.
(b) IMPLEMENTATION- Radio and television broadcasting under subsection
(a)
shall be carried out by the Voice of America and, in addition, radio
broadcasting under that subsection shall be carried out by RFE/RL,
Incorporated. Subsection (a) shall be carried out in accordance with all
the
respective Voice of America and RFE/RL, Incorporated, standards to
ensure
that radio and television broadcasting to Yugoslavia serves as a
consistently reliable and authoritative source of accurate, objective,
and
comprehensive news.
(c) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION- The implementation of subsection (a) may not
be
construed as a replacement for the strengthening of indigenous
independent
media called for in section 102(a)(3)(C). To the maximum extent
practicable,
the two efforts (strengthening independent media and increasing
broadcasts
into Serbia) shall be carried out in such a way that they mutually
support
each other.
SEC. 104. DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL CONTACTS RELATING TO THE REPUBLIC OF
SERBIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO.
(a) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that
political
contacts between United States officials and those individuals who, in
an
official or unofficial capacity, represent a genuine desire for
democratic
governance in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro
should
be developed through regular and well publicized meetings.
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS- There is authorized to be
appropriated
to the Secretary of State $350,000 for fiscal year 2001 for a voluntary
contribution to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) and the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly--
(1) to facilitate contacts by those who, in an official or unofficial
capacity, represent a genuine desire for democratic governance in the
Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, with their
counterparts
in other countries; and
(2) to encourage the development of a multilateral effort to promote
democracy in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.
TITLE II--ASSISTANCE TO THE VICTIMS OF OPPRESSION
SEC. 201. FINDINGS.
Congress finds the following:
(1) Beginning in February 1998 and ending in June 1999, the armed forces
of
Yugoslavia and the Serbian Interior Ministry police force engaged in a
brutal crackdown against the ethnic Albanian population in Kosovo.
(2) As a result of the attack by Yugoslav and Serbian forces against the
Albanian population of Kosovo, more than 10,000 individuals were killed
and
1,500,000 individuals were displaced from their homes.
(3) The majority of the individuals displaced by the conflict in Kosovo
was
left homeless or was forced to find temporary shelter in Kosovo or
outside
the country.
(4) The activities of the Yugoslav armed forces and the police force of
the
Serbian Interior Ministry resulted in the widespread destruction of
agricultural crops, livestock, and property, as well as the poisoning of
wells and water supplies, and the looting of humanitarian goods provided
by
the international community.
SEC. 202. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS.
It is the sense of the Congress that--
(1) the Government of Yugoslavia and the Government of Serbia bear
responsibility to the victims of the conflict in Kosovo, including
refugees
and internally displaced persons, and for property damage in Kosovo;
(2) under the direction of President Milosevic, neither the Government
of
Yugoslavia nor the Government of Serbia provided the resources to assist
innocent, civilian victims of oppression in Kosovo; and
(3) because neither the Government of Yugoslavia nor the Government of
Serbia fulfilled the responsibilities of a sovereign government toward
the
people in Kosovo, the international community offers the only recourse
for
humanitarian assistance to victims of oppression in Kosovo.
SEC. 203. ASSISTANCE.
(a) AUTHORITY- The President is authorized to furnish assistance under
section 491 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2292) and
the
Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 (22 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.),
as
appropriate, for--
(1) relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction in Kosovo; and
(2) refugees and persons displaced by the conflict in Kosovo.
(b) PROHIBITION- No assistance may be provided under this section to any
organization that has been designated as a foreign terrorist
organization
under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C.
1189).
(c) USE OF ECONOMIC SUPPORT FUNDS- Any funds that have been allocated
under
chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C.
2346
et seq.) for assistance described in subsection (a) may be used in
accordance with the authority of that subsection.
TITLE III--`OUTER WALL' SANCTIONS
SEC. 301. `OUTER WALL' SANCTIONS.
(a) APPLICATION OF MEASURES- The sanctions described in subsections (c)
through (g) shall apply with respect to Yugoslavia until the President
determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees
that
the Government of Yugoslavia has made significant progress in meeting
the
conditions described in subsection (b).
(b) CONDITIONS- The conditions referred to in subsection (a) are the
following:
(1) Agreement on a lasting settlement in Kosovo.
(2) Compliance with the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia
and
Herzegovina.
(3) Implementation of internal democratic reform.
(4) Settlement of all succession issues with the other republics that
emerged from the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia.
(5) Cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia, including the transfer to The Hague of all individuals in
Yugoslavia indicted by the Tribunal.
(c) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS- The Secretary of the Treasury
shall instruct the United States executive directors of the
international
financial institutions to oppose, and vote against, any extension by
those
institutions of any financial assistance (including any technical
assistance
or grant) of any kind to the Government of Yugoslavia.
(d) ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE- The Secretary
of
State should instruct the United States Ambassador to the Organization
for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to oppose and block any
consensus
to allow the participation of Yugoslavia in the OSCE or any organization
affiliated with the OSCE.
(e) UNITED NATIONS- The Secretary of State should instruct the United
States
Permanent Representative to the United Nations--
(1) to oppose and vote against any resolution in the United Nations
Security
Council to admit Yugoslavia to the United Nations or any organization
affiliated with the United Nations; and
(2) to actively oppose and, if necessary, veto any proposal to allow
Yugoslavia to assume the membership of the former Socialist Federal
Republic
of Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly or any other
organization affiliated with the United Nations.
(f) NATO- The Secretary of State should instruct the United States
Permanent
Representative to the North Atlantic Council to oppose and vote against
the
extension to Yugoslavia of membership or participation in the
Partnership
for Peace program or any other organization affiliated with NATO.
(g) SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN COOPERATION INITIATIVE- The Secretary of State
should
instruct the United States Representatives to the Southeast European
Cooperation Initiative (SECI) to actively oppose the participation of
Yugoslavia in SECI.
(h) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that--
(1) the President should not restore full diplomatic relations with
Yugoslavia until the President has determined and so reported to the
appropriate congressional committees that the Government of Yugoslavia
has
met the conditions described in subsection (b); and
(2) the President should encourage all other European countries to
diminish
their level of diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
(i) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION DEFINED- In this section, the
term
`international financial institution' includes the International
Monetary
Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the
International Development Association, the International Finance
Corporation, the Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency, and the
European
Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
SEC. 302. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS NOT IN COMPLIANCE WITH
`OUTER WALL' SANCTIONS.
It is the sense of the Congress that, if any international financial
institution (as defined in section 301(i)) approves a loan or other
financial assistance to the Government of Yugoslavia over the opposition
of
the United States, then the Secretary of the Treasury should withhold
from
payment of the United States share of any increase in the paid-in
capital of
such institution an amount equal to the amount of the loan or other
assistance.
TITLE IV--OTHER MEASURES AGAINST YUGOSLAVIA
SEC. 401. BLOCKING ASSETS IN THE UNITED STATES.
(a) BLOCKING OF ASSETS- All property and interests in property,
including
all commercial, industrial, or public utility undertakings or entities,
of
or in the name of the Government of Serbia or the Government of
Yugoslavia
that are in the United States, that come within the United States, or
that
are or come within the possession or control of United States persons,
including their overseas branches, are blocked.
(b) PROHIBITED TRANSFERS- Payments or transfers of any property or any
transactions involving the transfer of anything of economic value by any
United States person to the Government of Serbia, the Government of
Yugoslavia, or any person or entity acting for or on behalf of, or owned
or
controlled, directly or indirectly, by any of those governments,
persons, or
entities, are prohibited.
(c) EXERCISE OF AUTHORITIES- The Secretary of the Treasury, in
consultation
with the Secretary of State, shall take such actions, including the
promulgation of regulations, orders, directives, rulings, instructions,
and
licenses, and employ all powers granted to the President by the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act, as may be necessary to
carry
out the purposes of this section, including, but not limited to, taking
such
steps as may be necessary to continue in effect the measures contained
in
Executive Order No. 13088 of June 9, 1998, and Executive Order No. 13121
of
April 30, 1999, and any rule, regulation, license, or order issued
thereunder.
(d) PAYMENT OF EXPENSES- All expenses incident to the blocking and
maintenance of property blocked under subsection (a) shall be charged to
the
owners or operators of such property, and expenses shall not be paid for
from blocked funds.
(e) PROHIBITIONS- The following are prohibited:
(1) Any transaction within the United States or by a United States
person
relating to any vessel in which a majority or controlling interest is
held
by a person or entity in, or operating from, Serbia, regardless of the
flag
under which the vessel sails.
(2)(A) The exportation to Serbia or to any entity operated from Serbia
or
owned and controlled by the Government of Serbia or the Government of
Yugoslavia, directly or indirectly, of any goods, software technology,
or
services, either--
(i) from the United States;
(ii) requiring the issuance of a license by a Federal agency; or
(iii) involving the use of United States registered vessels or aircraft.
(B) Any activity that promotes or is intended to promote exportation
described in subparagraph (A).
(3)(A) Any dealing by a United States person in--
(i) property exported from Serbia; or
(ii) property intended for exportation from Serbia to any country or
exportation to Serbia from any country.
(B) Any activity of any kind that promotes or is intended to promote any
dealing described in subparagraph (A).
(4) The performance by any United States person of any contract,
including a
financing contract, in support of an industrial, commercial, public
utility,
or governmental project in Serbia.
(f) EXCEPTIONS- Nothing in this section shall apply to--
(1) assistance provided under section 102 or section 203 of this Act; or
(2) information or informational materials described in section
203(b)(3) of
the International Emergency Economic Powers Act.
(g) DEFINITION- In this section, the term `United States person' means
any
United States citizen, any alien lawfully admitted for permanent
residence
within the United States, any entity organized under the laws of the
United
States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States.
SEC. 402. SUSPENSION OF ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES.
(a) PROHIBITION- The President shall use his authority under section
212(f)
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(f)) to suspend the
entry into the United States of any alien who--
(1) holds a position in the senior leadership of the Government of
Yugoslavia or the Government of Serbia; or
(2) is a spouse, minor child, or agent of a person inadmissible under
paragraph (1).
(b) SENIOR LEADERSHIP DEFINED- In subsection (a)(1), the term `senior
leadership'--
(1) includes--
(A) the President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, and
government
ministers of Yugoslavia;
(B) the Governor of the National Bank of Yugoslavia; and
(C) the President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, and
government
ministers of the Republic of Serbia; and
(2) does not include the President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime
Ministers,
and government ministers of the Republic of Montenegro.
SEC. 403. PROHIBITION ON STRATEGIC EXPORTS TO YUGOSLAVIA.
(a) PROHIBITION- No computers, computer software, or goods or technology
intended to manufacture or service computers may be exported to or for
use
by the Government of Yugoslavia or by the Government of Serbia, or by
any of
the following entities of either government:
(1) The military.
(2) The police.
(3) The prison system.
(4) The national security agencies.
(b) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION- Nothing in this section shall prevent the
issuance of licenses to ensure the safety of civil aviation and safe
operation of United States-origin commercial passenger aircraft and to
ensure the safety of ocean-going maritime traffic in international
waters.
SEC. 404. PROHIBITION ON LOANS AND INVESTMENT.
(a) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FINANCING- No loan, credit guarantee,
insurance, financing, or other similar financial assistance may be
extended
by any agency of the United States Government (including the
Export-Import
Bank and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation) to the Government
of
Yugoslavia or the Government of Serbia.
(b) TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY- No funds made available by law may be
available for activities of the Trade and Development Agency in or for
Serbia.
(c) THIRD COUNTRY ACTION- The Secretary of State is urged to encourage
all
other countries, particularly European countries, to suspend any of
their
own programs providing support similar to that described in subsection
(a)
or (b) to the Government of Yugoslavia or the Government of Serbia,
including by rescheduling repayment of the indebtedness of either
government
under more favorable conditions.
(d) PROHIBITION ON PRIVATE CREDITS-
(1) IN GENERAL- Except as provided in paragraph (2), no national of the
United States may make or approve any loan or other extension of credit,
directly or indirectly, to the Government of Yugoslavia or to the
Government
of Serbia or to any corporation, partnership, or other organization that
is
owned or controlled by either the Government of Yugoslavia or the
Government
of Serbia.
(2) EXCEPTION- Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a loan or extension of
credit for any housing, education, or humanitarian benefit to assist the
victims of oppression in Kosovo.
SEC. 405. PROHIBITION OF MILITARY-TO-MILITARY COOPERATION.
The United States Government (including any agency or entity of the
United
States) shall not provide assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 or the Arms Export Control Act (including the provision of Foreign
Military Financing under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act or
international military education and training under chapter 5 of part II
of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961) or provide any defense articles or
defense services under those Acts, to the armed forces of the Government
of
Yugoslavia or of the Government of Serbia.
SEC. 406. MULTILATERAL SANCTIONS.
It is the sense of the Congress that the President should continue to
seek
to coordinate with other countries, particularly European countries, a
comprehensive, multilateral strategy to further the purposes of this
title,
including, as appropriate, encouraging other countries to take measures
similar to those described in this title.
SEC. 407. EXEMPTIONS.
(a) EXEMPTION FOR KOSOVO- None of the restrictions imposed by this Act
shall
apply with respect to Kosovo, including with respect to governmental
entities or administering authorities or the people of Kosovo.
(b) EXEMPTION FOR MONTENEGRO- None of the restrictions imposed by this
Act
shall apply with respect to Montenegro, including with respect to
governmental entities of Montenegro, unless the President determines and
so
certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the
leadership of
the Government of Montenegro is not committed to, or is not taking steps
to
promote, democratic principles, the rule of law, or respect for
internationally recognized human rights.
SEC. 408. WAIVER; TERMINATION OF MEASURES AGAINST YUGOSLAVIA.
(a) GENERAL WAIVER AUTHORITY- Except as provided in subsection (b), the
requirement to impose any measure under this Act may be waived for
successive periods not to exceed 12 months each, and the President may
provide assistance in furtherance of this Act notwithstanding any other
provision of law, if the President determines and so certifies to the
appropriate congressional committees in writing 15 days in advance of
the
implementation of any such waiver that--
(1) it is important to the national interest of the United States; or
(2) significant progress has been made in Yugoslavia in establishing a
government based on democratic principles and the rule of law, and that
respects internationally recognized human rights.
(b) EXCEPTION- The President may implement the waiver under subsection
(a)
for successive periods not to exceed 3 months each without the 15 day
advance notification under that subsection--
(1) if the President determines that exceptional circumstances require
the
implementation of such waiver; and
(2) the President immediately notifies the appropriate congressional
committees of his determination.
(c) TERMINATION OF RESTRICTIONS- The restrictions imposed by this title
shall be terminated if the President determines and so certifies to the
appropriate congressional committees that the Government of Yugoslavia
is a
government that is committed to democratic principles and the rule of
law,
and that respects internationally recognized human rights.
SEC. 409. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.
(a) IN GENERAL- None of the restrictions or prohibitions contained in
this
Act shall be construed to limit humanitarian assistance (including the
provision of food and medicine), or the commercial export of
agricultural
commodities or medicine and medical equipment, to Yugoslavia.
(b) SPECIAL RULE- Nothing in subsection (a) shall be construed to permit
the
export of an agricultural commodity or medicine that could contribute to
the
development of a chemical or biological weapon.
TITLE V--MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
SEC. 501. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA.
(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:
(1) United Nations Security Council Resolution 827, which was adopted
May
25, 1993, established the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of
international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former
Yugoslavia since January 1, 1991.
(2) United Nations Security Council Resolution 827 requires full
cooperation
by all countries with the Tribunal, including the obligation of
countries to
comply with requests of the Tribunal for assistance or orders.
(3) The Government of Yugoslavia has disregarded its international
obligations with regard to the Tribunal, including its obligation to
transfer or facilitate the transfer to the Tribunal of any person on the
territory of Yugoslavia who has been indicted for war crimes or other
crimes
against humanity under the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.
(4) The Government of Yugoslavia publicly rejected the Tribunal's
jurisdiction over events in Kosovo and has impeded the investigation of
representatives from the Tribunal, including denying those
representatives
visas for entry into Yugoslavia, in their efforts to gather information
about alleged crimes against humanity in Kosovo under the jurisdiction
of
the Tribunal.
(5) The Tribunal has indicted President Slobodan Milosevic for--
(A) crimes against humanity, specifically murder, deportations, and
persecutions; and
(B) violations of the laws and customs of war.
(b) POLICY- It shall be the policy of the United States to support fully
and
completely the investigation of President Slobodan Milosevic by the
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for genocide,
crimes against humanity, war crimes, and grave breaches of the Geneva
Convention.
(c) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- Subject to subsection (b), it is the sense of
the
Congress that the United States Government should gather all information
that the intelligence community (as defined in section 3(4) of the
National
Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a(4)) collects or has collected to
support an investigation of President Slobodan Milosevic for genocide,
crimes against humanity, war crimes, and grave breaches of the Geneva
Convention by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia
(ICTY) and that the Department of State should provide all appropriate
information to the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICTY under procedures
established by the Director of Central Intelligence that are necessary
to
ensure adequate protection of intelligence sources and methods.
(d) REPORT TO CONGRESS- Not less than 180 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter for the succeeding
5-year period, the President shall submit a report, in classified form
if
necessary, to the appropriate congressional committees that describes
the
information that was provided by the Department of State to the Office
of
the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia for the purposes of subsection (c).
SEC. 502. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS WITH RESPECT TO ETHNIC HUNGARIANS OF
VOJVODINA.
(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds that--
(1) approximately 350,000 ethnic Hungarians, as well as several other
minority populations, reside in the province of Vojvodina, part of
Serbia,
in traditional settlements in existence for centuries;
(2) this community has taken no side in any of the Balkan conflicts
since
1990, but has maintained a consistent position of nonviolence, while
seeking
to protect its existence through the meager opportunities afforded under
the
existing political system;
(3) the Serbian leadership deprived Vojvodina of its autonomous status
at
the same time as it did the same to the province of Kosovo;
(4) this population is subject to continuous harassment, intimidation,
and
threatening suggestions that they leave the land of their ancestors; and
(5) during the past 10 years this form of ethnic cleansing has already
driven 50,000 ethnic Hungarians and members of other minority
communities
out of the province of Vojvodina.
(b) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that the
President should--
(1) condemn harassment, threats, and intimidation against any ethnic
group
in Yugoslavia as the usual precursor of violent ethnic cleansing;
(2) express deep concern over the reports on recent threats,
intimidation,
and even violent incidents against the ethnic Hungarian inhabitants of
the
province of Vojvodina;
(3) call on the Secretary of State to regularly monitor the situation of
the
Hungarian ethnic group in Vojvodina; and
(4) call on the NATO allies of the United States, during any negotiation
on
the future status of Kosovo, also to pay substantial attention to
establishing satisfactory guarantees for the rights of the people of
Vojvodina, and, in particular, of the ethnic minorities in the province.
SEC. 503. OWNERSHIP AND USE OF DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PROPERTIES.
(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:
(1) The international judicial system, as currently structured, lacks
fully
effective remedies for the wrongful confiscation of property and for
unjust
enrichment from the use of wrongfully confiscated property by
governments
and private entities at the expense of the rightful owners of the
property.
(2) Since the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia
until March and June 1999, when the United States Government took
custody,
the Government of Yugoslavia exclusively used, and benefited from the
use
of, properties located in the United States that were owned by the
Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
(3) Until the United States Government took custody, the Governments of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia,
and Slovenia were blocked by the Government of Yugoslavia from using, or
benefiting from the use of, any property located in the United States
that
was previously owned by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
(4) The occupation and use by officials of Yugoslavia of that property
without prompt, adequate, and effective compensation under the
applicable
principles of international law to the Governments of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and
Slovenia is unjust and unreasonable.
(b) POLICY ON NEGOTIATIONS REGARDING PROPERTIES- It is the policy of the
United States to insist that the Government of Yugoslavia has a
responsibility to, and should, actively and cooperatively engage in good
faith negotiations with the Governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia,
the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Slovenia for resolution
of
the outstanding property issues resulting from the dissolution of the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including the disposition of
the
following properties located in the United States:
(1) 2222 Decatur Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(2) 2410 California Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(3) 1907 Quincy Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(4) 3600 Edmonds Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(5) 2221 R Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(6) 854 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY.
(7) 730 Park Avenue, New York, NY.
(c) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS ON RETURN OF PROPERTIES- It is the sense of
the
Congress that, if the Government of Yugoslavia refuses to engage in good
faith negotiations on the status of the properties listed in subsection
(b),
the President should take steps to ensure that the interests of the
Governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav
Republic
of Macedonia, and Slovenia are protected in accordance with
international
law.
SEC. 504. TRANSITION ASSISTANCE.
(a) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that once the
regime of President Slobodan Milosevic has been replaced by a government
that is committed to democratic principles and the rule of law, and that
respects internationally recognized human rights, the President of the
United States should support the transition to democracy in Yugoslavia
by
providing immediate and substantial assistance, including facilitating
its
integration into international organizations.
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE- The President is authorized to furnish
assistance to Yugoslavia if he determines, and so certifies to the
appropriate congressional committees that the Government of Yugoslavia
is
committed to democratic principles and the rule of law and respects
internationally recognized human rights.
(c) REPORT TO CONGRESS-
(1) DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN- The President shall develop a plan for
providing
assistance to Yugoslavia in accordance with this section. Such
assistance
would be provided at such time as the President determines that the
Government of Yugoslavia is committed to democratic principles and the
rule
of law and respects internationally recognized human rights.
(2) STRATEGY- The plan developed under paragraph (1) shall include a
strategy for distributing assistance to Yugoslavia under the plan.
(3) DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS- The President shall take the necessary steps--
(A) to seek to obtain the agreement of other countries and international
financial institutions and other multilateral organizations to provide
assistance to Yugoslavia after the President determines that the
Government
of Yugoslavia is committed to democratic principles, the rule of law,
and
that respects internationally recognized human rights; and
(B) to work with such countries, institutions, and organizations to
coordinate all such assistance programs.
(4) COMMUNICATION OF PLAN- The President shall take the necessary steps
to
communicate to the people of Yugoslavia the plan for assistance
developed
under this section.
(5) REPORT- Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of
this
Act, the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional
committees a report describing in detail the plan required to be
developed
by paragraph (1).
Passed the House of Representatives September 25, 2000.
Attest:
Clerk.
END
2d Session
H. R. 1064
AN ACT
To authorize a coordinated program to promote the development of
democracy in Serbia and Montenegro.
HR 1064 EH
106th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. R. 1064
AN ACT
To authorize a coordinated program to promote the development of
democracy in Serbia and Montenegro.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) SHORT TITLE- This Act may be cited as the `Serbia Democratization
Act of
2000'.
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS- The table of contents for this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
TITLE I--SUPPORT FOR THE DEMOCRATIC FORCES
Sec. 101. Findings and policy.
Sec. 102. Assistance to promote democracy and civil society in
Yugoslavia.
Sec. 103. Authority for radio and television broadcasting.
Sec. 104. Development of political contacts relating to the Republic of
Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.
TITLE II--ASSISTANCE TO THE VICTIMS OF OPPRESSION
Sec. 201. Findings.
Sec. 202. Sense of the Congress.
Sec. 203. Assistance.
TITLE III--`OUTER WALL' SANCTIONS
Sec. 301. `Outer Wall' sanctions.
Sec. 302. International financial institutions not in compliance with
`Outer
Wall' sanctions.
TITLE IV--OTHER MEASURES AGAINST YUGOSLAVIA
Sec. 401. Blocking assets in the United States.
Sec. 402. Suspension of entry into the United States.
Sec. 403. Prohibition on strategic exports to Yugoslavia.
Sec. 404. Prohibition on loans and investment.
Sec. 405. Prohibition of military-to-military cooperation.
Sec. 406. Multilateral sanctions.
Sec. 407. Exemptions.
Sec. 408. Waiver; termination of measures against Yugoslavia.
Sec. 409. Statutory construction.
TITLE V--MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Sec. 501. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
Sec. 502. Sense of the Congress with respect to ethnic Hungarians of
Vojvodina.
Sec. 503. Ownership and use of diplomatic and consular properties.
Sec. 504. Transition assistance.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES- The term `appropriate
congressional committees' means the Committee on Foreign Relations of
the
Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of
Representatives.
(2) COMMERCIAL EXPORT- The term `commercial export' means the sale of an
agricultural commodity, medicine, or medical equipment by a United
States
seller to a foreign buyer in exchange for cash payment on market terms
without benefit of concessionary financing, export subsidies, government
or
government-backed credits or other nonmarket financing arrangements.
(3) INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA OR
TRIBUNAL-
The term `International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia' or
the
`Tribunal' means the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of
Persons
Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law
Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991, as
established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 827 of May 25,
1993.
(4) YUGOSLAVIA- The term `Yugoslavia' means the so-called Federal
Republic
of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), and the term `Government of
Yugoslavia' means the central government of Yugoslavia.
TITLE I--SUPPORT FOR THE DEMOCRATIC FORCES
SEC. 101. FINDINGS AND POLICY.
(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:
(1) The President of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milosevic, has consistently
engaged in undemocratic methods of governing.
(2) Yugoslavia has passed and implemented a law strictly limiting
freedom of
the press and has acted to intimidate and prevent independent media from
operating inside Yugoslavia.
(3) Although the Yugoslav and Serbian constitutions provide for the
right of
citizens to change their government, citizens of Serbia in practice are
prevented from exercising that right by the Milosevic regime's
domination of
the mass media and manipulation of the electoral process.
(4) The Yugoslav and Serbian governments have orchestrated attacks on
academics at institutes and universities throughout the country in an
effort
to prevent the dissemination of opinions that differ from official state
propaganda.
(5) The Yugoslav and Serbian governments hinder the formation of
nonviolent,
democratic opposition through restrictions on freedom of assembly and
association.
(6) The Yugoslav and Serbian governments use control and intimidation to
control the judiciary and manipulate the country's legal framework to
suit
the regime's immediate political interests.
(7) The Government of Serbia and the Government of Yugoslavia, under the
direction of President Milosevic, have obstructed the efforts of the
Government of Montenegro to pursue democratic and free-market policies.
(8) At great risk, the Government of Montenegro has withstood efforts by
President Milosevic to interfere with its government.
(9) The people of Serbia who do not endorse the undemocratic actions of
the
Milosevic government should not be the target of criticism that is
rightly
directed at the Milosevic regime.
(b) POLICY; SENSE OF THE CONGRESS-
(1) POLICY- It is the policy of the United States to encourage the
development of a government in Yugoslavia based on democratic principles
and
the rule of law and that respects internationally recognized human
rights.
(2) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that--
(A) the United States should actively support the democratic forces in
Yugoslavia, including political parties and independent trade unions, to
develop a legitimate and viable alternative to the Milosevic regime;
(B) all United States Government officials, including individuals from
the
private sector acting on behalf of the United States Government, should
meet
regularly with representatives of democratic forces in Yugoslavia and
minimize to the extent practicable any direct contacts with officials of
the
Yugoslav or Serbian governments, and not meet with any individual
indicted
by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,
particularly President Slobodan Milosevic; and
(C) the United States should emphasize to all political leaders in
Yugoslavia the importance of respecting internationally recognized human
rights for all individuals residing in Yugoslavia.
SEC. 102. ASSISTANCE TO PROMOTE DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN
YUGOSLAVIA.
(a) ASSISTANCE FOR THE SERBIAN DEMOCRATIC FORCES-
(1) PURPOSE OF ASSISTANCE- The purpose of assistance under this
subsection
is to promote and strengthen institutions of democratic government and
the
growth of an independent civil society in Serbia, including ethnic
tolerance
and respect for internationally recognized human rights.
(2) AUTHORIZATION FOR ASSISTANCE- To carry out the purpose of paragraph
(1),
the President is authorized to furnish assistance and other support for
the
activities described in paragraph (3).
(3) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED- Activities that may be supported by assistance
under paragraph (2) include the following:
(A) Democracy building.
(B) The development of nongovernmental organizations.
(C) The development of independent Serbian media.
(D) The development of the rule of law, to include a strong, independent
judiciary, the impartial administration of justice, and transparency in
political practices.
(E) International exchanges and advanced professional training programs
in
skill areas central to the development of civil society and a market
economy.
(F) The development of all elements of the democratic process, including
political parties and the ability to administer free and fair elections.
(G) The development of local governance.
(H) The development of a free-market economy.
(4) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS-
(A) IN GENERAL- There is authorized to be appropriated to the President
$50,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2000, and ending
September
30, 2001, to be made available for activities in support of the
democratization of the Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo) pursuant to
this subsection.
(B) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS- Amounts appropriated pursuant to subparagraph
(A)
are authorized to remain available until expended.
(b) PROHIBITION ON ASSISTANCE TO GOVERNMENT OF YUGOSLAVIA OR OF SERBIA-
In
carrying out subsection (a), the President should take all necessary
steps
to ensure that no funds or other assistance is provided to the
Government of
Yugoslavia or to the Government of Serbia, except for purposes permitted
under this title.
(c) ASSISTANCE TO GOVERNMENT OF MONTENEGRO-
(1) IN GENERAL- The President may provide assistance to the Government
of
Montenegro, unless the President determines, and so reports to the
appropriate congressional committees, that the leadership of the
Government
of Montenegro is not committed to, or is not taking steps to promote,
democratic principles, the rule of law, or respect for internationally
recognized human rights.
(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS- Unless the President makes the
determination, and so reports to the appropriate congressional
committees,
under paragraph (1), there is authorized to be appropriated to the
President
$55,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2000, and ending
September
30, 2001, to be made available for activities for or in the Republic of
Montenegro for purposes described in subsection (a), as well as to
support
ongoing political and economic reforms, and economic stabilization in
support of democratization.
SEC. 103. AUTHORITY FOR RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING.
(a) IN GENERAL- The Broadcasting Board of Governors shall further the
open
communication of information and ideas through the increased use of
radio
and television broadcasting to Yugoslavia in both the Serbo-Croatian and
Albanian languages.
(b) IMPLEMENTATION- Radio and television broadcasting under subsection
(a)
shall be carried out by the Voice of America and, in addition, radio
broadcasting under that subsection shall be carried out by RFE/RL,
Incorporated. Subsection (a) shall be carried out in accordance with all
the
respective Voice of America and RFE/RL, Incorporated, standards to
ensure
that radio and television broadcasting to Yugoslavia serves as a
consistently reliable and authoritative source of accurate, objective,
and
comprehensive news.
(c) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION- The implementation of subsection (a) may not
be
construed as a replacement for the strengthening of indigenous
independent
media called for in section 102(a)(3)(C). To the maximum extent
practicable,
the two efforts (strengthening independent media and increasing
broadcasts
into Serbia) shall be carried out in such a way that they mutually
support
each other.
SEC. 104. DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL CONTACTS RELATING TO THE REPUBLIC OF
SERBIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO.
(a) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that
political
contacts between United States officials and those individuals who, in
an
official or unofficial capacity, represent a genuine desire for
democratic
governance in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro
should
be developed through regular and well publicized meetings.
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS- There is authorized to be
appropriated
to the Secretary of State $350,000 for fiscal year 2001 for a voluntary
contribution to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) and the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly--
(1) to facilitate contacts by those who, in an official or unofficial
capacity, represent a genuine desire for democratic governance in the
Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, with their
counterparts
in other countries; and
(2) to encourage the development of a multilateral effort to promote
democracy in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.
TITLE II--ASSISTANCE TO THE VICTIMS OF OPPRESSION
SEC. 201. FINDINGS.
Congress finds the following:
(1) Beginning in February 1998 and ending in June 1999, the armed forces
of
Yugoslavia and the Serbian Interior Ministry police force engaged in a
brutal crackdown against the ethnic Albanian population in Kosovo.
(2) As a result of the attack by Yugoslav and Serbian forces against the
Albanian population of Kosovo, more than 10,000 individuals were killed
and
1,500,000 individuals were displaced from their homes.
(3) The majority of the individuals displaced by the conflict in Kosovo
was
left homeless or was forced to find temporary shelter in Kosovo or
outside
the country.
(4) The activities of the Yugoslav armed forces and the police force of
the
Serbian Interior Ministry resulted in the widespread destruction of
agricultural crops, livestock, and property, as well as the poisoning of
wells and water supplies, and the looting of humanitarian goods provided
by
the international community.
SEC. 202. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS.
It is the sense of the Congress that--
(1) the Government of Yugoslavia and the Government of Serbia bear
responsibility to the victims of the conflict in Kosovo, including
refugees
and internally displaced persons, and for property damage in Kosovo;
(2) under the direction of President Milosevic, neither the Government
of
Yugoslavia nor the Government of Serbia provided the resources to assist
innocent, civilian victims of oppression in Kosovo; and
(3) because neither the Government of Yugoslavia nor the Government of
Serbia fulfilled the responsibilities of a sovereign government toward
the
people in Kosovo, the international community offers the only recourse
for
humanitarian assistance to victims of oppression in Kosovo.
SEC. 203. ASSISTANCE.
(a) AUTHORITY- The President is authorized to furnish assistance under
section 491 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2292) and
the
Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 (22 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.),
as
appropriate, for--
(1) relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction in Kosovo; and
(2) refugees and persons displaced by the conflict in Kosovo.
(b) PROHIBITION- No assistance may be provided under this section to any
organization that has been designated as a foreign terrorist
organization
under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C.
1189).
(c) USE OF ECONOMIC SUPPORT FUNDS- Any funds that have been allocated
under
chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C.
2346
et seq.) for assistance described in subsection (a) may be used in
accordance with the authority of that subsection.
TITLE III--`OUTER WALL' SANCTIONS
SEC. 301. `OUTER WALL' SANCTIONS.
(a) APPLICATION OF MEASURES- The sanctions described in subsections (c)
through (g) shall apply with respect to Yugoslavia until the President
determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees
that
the Government of Yugoslavia has made significant progress in meeting
the
conditions described in subsection (b).
(b) CONDITIONS- The conditions referred to in subsection (a) are the
following:
(1) Agreement on a lasting settlement in Kosovo.
(2) Compliance with the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia
and
Herzegovina.
(3) Implementation of internal democratic reform.
(4) Settlement of all succession issues with the other republics that
emerged from the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia.
(5) Cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia, including the transfer to The Hague of all individuals in
Yugoslavia indicted by the Tribunal.
(c) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS- The Secretary of the Treasury
shall instruct the United States executive directors of the
international
financial institutions to oppose, and vote against, any extension by
those
institutions of any financial assistance (including any technical
assistance
or grant) of any kind to the Government of Yugoslavia.
(d) ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE- The Secretary
of
State should instruct the United States Ambassador to the Organization
for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to oppose and block any
consensus
to allow the participation of Yugoslavia in the OSCE or any organization
affiliated with the OSCE.
(e) UNITED NATIONS- The Secretary of State should instruct the United
States
Permanent Representative to the United Nations--
(1) to oppose and vote against any resolution in the United Nations
Security
Council to admit Yugoslavia to the United Nations or any organization
affiliated with the United Nations; and
(2) to actively oppose and, if necessary, veto any proposal to allow
Yugoslavia to assume the membership of the former Socialist Federal
Republic
of Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly or any other
organization affiliated with the United Nations.
(f) NATO- The Secretary of State should instruct the United States
Permanent
Representative to the North Atlantic Council to oppose and vote against
the
extension to Yugoslavia of membership or participation in the
Partnership
for Peace program or any other organization affiliated with NATO.
(g) SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN COOPERATION INITIATIVE- The Secretary of State
should
instruct the United States Representatives to the Southeast European
Cooperation Initiative (SECI) to actively oppose the participation of
Yugoslavia in SECI.
(h) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that--
(1) the President should not restore full diplomatic relations with
Yugoslavia until the President has determined and so reported to the
appropriate congressional committees that the Government of Yugoslavia
has
met the conditions described in subsection (b); and
(2) the President should encourage all other European countries to
diminish
their level of diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
(i) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION DEFINED- In this section, the
term
`international financial institution' includes the International
Monetary
Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the
International Development Association, the International Finance
Corporation, the Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency, and the
European
Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
SEC. 302. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS NOT IN COMPLIANCE WITH
`OUTER WALL' SANCTIONS.
It is the sense of the Congress that, if any international financial
institution (as defined in section 301(i)) approves a loan or other
financial assistance to the Government of Yugoslavia over the opposition
of
the United States, then the Secretary of the Treasury should withhold
from
payment of the United States share of any increase in the paid-in
capital of
such institution an amount equal to the amount of the loan or other
assistance.
TITLE IV--OTHER MEASURES AGAINST YUGOSLAVIA
SEC. 401. BLOCKING ASSETS IN THE UNITED STATES.
(a) BLOCKING OF ASSETS- All property and interests in property,
including
all commercial, industrial, or public utility undertakings or entities,
of
or in the name of the Government of Serbia or the Government of
Yugoslavia
that are in the United States, that come within the United States, or
that
are or come within the possession or control of United States persons,
including their overseas branches, are blocked.
(b) PROHIBITED TRANSFERS- Payments or transfers of any property or any
transactions involving the transfer of anything of economic value by any
United States person to the Government of Serbia, the Government of
Yugoslavia, or any person or entity acting for or on behalf of, or owned
or
controlled, directly or indirectly, by any of those governments,
persons, or
entities, are prohibited.
(c) EXERCISE OF AUTHORITIES- The Secretary of the Treasury, in
consultation
with the Secretary of State, shall take such actions, including the
promulgation of regulations, orders, directives, rulings, instructions,
and
licenses, and employ all powers granted to the President by the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act, as may be necessary to
carry
out the purposes of this section, including, but not limited to, taking
such
steps as may be necessary to continue in effect the measures contained
in
Executive Order No. 13088 of June 9, 1998, and Executive Order No. 13121
of
April 30, 1999, and any rule, regulation, license, or order issued
thereunder.
(d) PAYMENT OF EXPENSES- All expenses incident to the blocking and
maintenance of property blocked under subsection (a) shall be charged to
the
owners or operators of such property, and expenses shall not be paid for
from blocked funds.
(e) PROHIBITIONS- The following are prohibited:
(1) Any transaction within the United States or by a United States
person
relating to any vessel in which a majority or controlling interest is
held
by a person or entity in, or operating from, Serbia, regardless of the
flag
under which the vessel sails.
(2)(A) The exportation to Serbia or to any entity operated from Serbia
or
owned and controlled by the Government of Serbia or the Government of
Yugoslavia, directly or indirectly, of any goods, software technology,
or
services, either--
(i) from the United States;
(ii) requiring the issuance of a license by a Federal agency; or
(iii) involving the use of United States registered vessels or aircraft.
(B) Any activity that promotes or is intended to promote exportation
described in subparagraph (A).
(3)(A) Any dealing by a United States person in--
(i) property exported from Serbia; or
(ii) property intended for exportation from Serbia to any country or
exportation to Serbia from any country.
(B) Any activity of any kind that promotes or is intended to promote any
dealing described in subparagraph (A).
(4) The performance by any United States person of any contract,
including a
financing contract, in support of an industrial, commercial, public
utility,
or governmental project in Serbia.
(f) EXCEPTIONS- Nothing in this section shall apply to--
(1) assistance provided under section 102 or section 203 of this Act; or
(2) information or informational materials described in section
203(b)(3) of
the International Emergency Economic Powers Act.
(g) DEFINITION- In this section, the term `United States person' means
any
United States citizen, any alien lawfully admitted for permanent
residence
within the United States, any entity organized under the laws of the
United
States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States.
SEC. 402. SUSPENSION OF ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES.
(a) PROHIBITION- The President shall use his authority under section
212(f)
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(f)) to suspend the
entry into the United States of any alien who--
(1) holds a position in the senior leadership of the Government of
Yugoslavia or the Government of Serbia; or
(2) is a spouse, minor child, or agent of a person inadmissible under
paragraph (1).
(b) SENIOR LEADERSHIP DEFINED- In subsection (a)(1), the term `senior
leadership'--
(1) includes--
(A) the President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, and
government
ministers of Yugoslavia;
(B) the Governor of the National Bank of Yugoslavia; and
(C) the President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, and
government
ministers of the Republic of Serbia; and
(2) does not include the President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime
Ministers,
and government ministers of the Republic of Montenegro.
SEC. 403. PROHIBITION ON STRATEGIC EXPORTS TO YUGOSLAVIA.
(a) PROHIBITION- No computers, computer software, or goods or technology
intended to manufacture or service computers may be exported to or for
use
by the Government of Yugoslavia or by the Government of Serbia, or by
any of
the following entities of either government:
(1) The military.
(2) The police.
(3) The prison system.
(4) The national security agencies.
(b) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION- Nothing in this section shall prevent the
issuance of licenses to ensure the safety of civil aviation and safe
operation of United States-origin commercial passenger aircraft and to
ensure the safety of ocean-going maritime traffic in international
waters.
SEC. 404. PROHIBITION ON LOANS AND INVESTMENT.
(a) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FINANCING- No loan, credit guarantee,
insurance, financing, or other similar financial assistance may be
extended
by any agency of the United States Government (including the
Export-Import
Bank and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation) to the Government
of
Yugoslavia or the Government of Serbia.
(b) TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY- No funds made available by law may be
available for activities of the Trade and Development Agency in or for
Serbia.
(c) THIRD COUNTRY ACTION- The Secretary of State is urged to encourage
all
other countries, particularly European countries, to suspend any of
their
own programs providing support similar to that described in subsection
(a)
or (b) to the Government of Yugoslavia or the Government of Serbia,
including by rescheduling repayment of the indebtedness of either
government
under more favorable conditions.
(d) PROHIBITION ON PRIVATE CREDITS-
(1) IN GENERAL- Except as provided in paragraph (2), no national of the
United States may make or approve any loan or other extension of credit,
directly or indirectly, to the Government of Yugoslavia or to the
Government
of Serbia or to any corporation, partnership, or other organization that
is
owned or controlled by either the Government of Yugoslavia or the
Government
of Serbia.
(2) EXCEPTION- Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a loan or extension of
credit for any housing, education, or humanitarian benefit to assist the
victims of oppression in Kosovo.
SEC. 405. PROHIBITION OF MILITARY-TO-MILITARY COOPERATION.
The United States Government (including any agency or entity of the
United
States) shall not provide assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 or the Arms Export Control Act (including the provision of Foreign
Military Financing under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act or
international military education and training under chapter 5 of part II
of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961) or provide any defense articles or
defense services under those Acts, to the armed forces of the Government
of
Yugoslavia or of the Government of Serbia.
SEC. 406. MULTILATERAL SANCTIONS.
It is the sense of the Congress that the President should continue to
seek
to coordinate with other countries, particularly European countries, a
comprehensive, multilateral strategy to further the purposes of this
title,
including, as appropriate, encouraging other countries to take measures
similar to those described in this title.
SEC. 407. EXEMPTIONS.
(a) EXEMPTION FOR KOSOVO- None of the restrictions imposed by this Act
shall
apply with respect to Kosovo, including with respect to governmental
entities or administering authorities or the people of Kosovo.
(b) EXEMPTION FOR MONTENEGRO- None of the restrictions imposed by this
Act
shall apply with respect to Montenegro, including with respect to
governmental entities of Montenegro, unless the President determines and
so
certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the
leadership of
the Government of Montenegro is not committed to, or is not taking steps
to
promote, democratic principles, the rule of law, or respect for
internationally recognized human rights.
SEC. 408. WAIVER; TERMINATION OF MEASURES AGAINST YUGOSLAVIA.
(a) GENERAL WAIVER AUTHORITY- Except as provided in subsection (b), the
requirement to impose any measure under this Act may be waived for
successive periods not to exceed 12 months each, and the President may
provide assistance in furtherance of this Act notwithstanding any other
provision of law, if the President determines and so certifies to the
appropriate congressional committees in writing 15 days in advance of
the
implementation of any such waiver that--
(1) it is important to the national interest of the United States; or
(2) significant progress has been made in Yugoslavia in establishing a
government based on democratic principles and the rule of law, and that
respects internationally recognized human rights.
(b) EXCEPTION- The President may implement the waiver under subsection
(a)
for successive periods not to exceed 3 months each without the 15 day
advance notification under that subsection--
(1) if the President determines that exceptional circumstances require
the
implementation of such waiver; and
(2) the President immediately notifies the appropriate congressional
committees of his determination.
(c) TERMINATION OF RESTRICTIONS- The restrictions imposed by this title
shall be terminated if the President determines and so certifies to the
appropriate congressional committees that the Government of Yugoslavia
is a
government that is committed to democratic principles and the rule of
law,
and that respects internationally recognized human rights.
SEC. 409. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.
(a) IN GENERAL- None of the restrictions or prohibitions contained in
this
Act shall be construed to limit humanitarian assistance (including the
provision of food and medicine), or the commercial export of
agricultural
commodities or medicine and medical equipment, to Yugoslavia.
(b) SPECIAL RULE- Nothing in subsection (a) shall be construed to permit
the
export of an agricultural commodity or medicine that could contribute to
the
development of a chemical or biological weapon.
TITLE V--MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
SEC. 501. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA.
(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:
(1) United Nations Security Council Resolution 827, which was adopted
May
25, 1993, established the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of
international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former
Yugoslavia since January 1, 1991.
(2) United Nations Security Council Resolution 827 requires full
cooperation
by all countries with the Tribunal, including the obligation of
countries to
comply with requests of the Tribunal for assistance or orders.
(3) The Government of Yugoslavia has disregarded its international
obligations with regard to the Tribunal, including its obligation to
transfer or facilitate the transfer to the Tribunal of any person on the
territory of Yugoslavia who has been indicted for war crimes or other
crimes
against humanity under the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.
(4) The Government of Yugoslavia publicly rejected the Tribunal's
jurisdiction over events in Kosovo and has impeded the investigation of
representatives from the Tribunal, including denying those
representatives
visas for entry into Yugoslavia, in their efforts to gather information
about alleged crimes against humanity in Kosovo under the jurisdiction
of
the Tribunal.
(5) The Tribunal has indicted President Slobodan Milosevic for--
(A) crimes against humanity, specifically murder, deportations, and
persecutions; and
(B) violations of the laws and customs of war.
(b) POLICY- It shall be the policy of the United States to support fully
and
completely the investigation of President Slobodan Milosevic by the
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for genocide,
crimes against humanity, war crimes, and grave breaches of the Geneva
Convention.
(c) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- Subject to subsection (b), it is the sense of
the
Congress that the United States Government should gather all information
that the intelligence community (as defined in section 3(4) of the
National
Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a(4)) collects or has collected to
support an investigation of President Slobodan Milosevic for genocide,
crimes against humanity, war crimes, and grave breaches of the Geneva
Convention by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia
(ICTY) and that the Department of State should provide all appropriate
information to the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICTY under procedures
established by the Director of Central Intelligence that are necessary
to
ensure adequate protection of intelligence sources and methods.
(d) REPORT TO CONGRESS- Not less than 180 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter for the succeeding
5-year period, the President shall submit a report, in classified form
if
necessary, to the appropriate congressional committees that describes
the
information that was provided by the Department of State to the Office
of
the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia for the purposes of subsection (c).
SEC. 502. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS WITH RESPECT TO ETHNIC HUNGARIANS OF
VOJVODINA.
(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds that--
(1) approximately 350,000 ethnic Hungarians, as well as several other
minority populations, reside in the province of Vojvodina, part of
Serbia,
in traditional settlements in existence for centuries;
(2) this community has taken no side in any of the Balkan conflicts
since
1990, but has maintained a consistent position of nonviolence, while
seeking
to protect its existence through the meager opportunities afforded under
the
existing political system;
(3) the Serbian leadership deprived Vojvodina of its autonomous status
at
the same time as it did the same to the province of Kosovo;
(4) this population is subject to continuous harassment, intimidation,
and
threatening suggestions that they leave the land of their ancestors; and
(5) during the past 10 years this form of ethnic cleansing has already
driven 50,000 ethnic Hungarians and members of other minority
communities
out of the province of Vojvodina.
(b) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that the
President should--
(1) condemn harassment, threats, and intimidation against any ethnic
group
in Yugoslavia as the usual precursor of violent ethnic cleansing;
(2) express deep concern over the reports on recent threats,
intimidation,
and even violent incidents against the ethnic Hungarian inhabitants of
the
province of Vojvodina;
(3) call on the Secretary of State to regularly monitor the situation of
the
Hungarian ethnic group in Vojvodina; and
(4) call on the NATO allies of the United States, during any negotiation
on
the future status of Kosovo, also to pay substantial attention to
establishing satisfactory guarantees for the rights of the people of
Vojvodina, and, in particular, of the ethnic minorities in the province.
SEC. 503. OWNERSHIP AND USE OF DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PROPERTIES.
(a) FINDINGS- Congress finds the following:
(1) The international judicial system, as currently structured, lacks
fully
effective remedies for the wrongful confiscation of property and for
unjust
enrichment from the use of wrongfully confiscated property by
governments
and private entities at the expense of the rightful owners of the
property.
(2) Since the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia
until March and June 1999, when the United States Government took
custody,
the Government of Yugoslavia exclusively used, and benefited from the
use
of, properties located in the United States that were owned by the
Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
(3) Until the United States Government took custody, the Governments of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia,
and Slovenia were blocked by the Government of Yugoslavia from using, or
benefiting from the use of, any property located in the United States
that
was previously owned by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
(4) The occupation and use by officials of Yugoslavia of that property
without prompt, adequate, and effective compensation under the
applicable
principles of international law to the Governments of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and
Slovenia is unjust and unreasonable.
(b) POLICY ON NEGOTIATIONS REGARDING PROPERTIES- It is the policy of the
United States to insist that the Government of Yugoslavia has a
responsibility to, and should, actively and cooperatively engage in good
faith negotiations with the Governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia,
the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Slovenia for resolution
of
the outstanding property issues resulting from the dissolution of the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including the disposition of
the
following properties located in the United States:
(1) 2222 Decatur Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(2) 2410 California Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(3) 1907 Quincy Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(4) 3600 Edmonds Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(5) 2221 R Street, NW, Washington, DC.
(6) 854 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY.
(7) 730 Park Avenue, New York, NY.
(c) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS ON RETURN OF PROPERTIES- It is the sense of
the
Congress that, if the Government of Yugoslavia refuses to engage in good
faith negotiations on the status of the properties listed in subsection
(b),
the President should take steps to ensure that the interests of the
Governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav
Republic
of Macedonia, and Slovenia are protected in accordance with
international
law.
SEC. 504. TRANSITION ASSISTANCE.
(a) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS- It is the sense of the Congress that once the
regime of President Slobodan Milosevic has been replaced by a government
that is committed to democratic principles and the rule of law, and that
respects internationally recognized human rights, the President of the
United States should support the transition to democracy in Yugoslavia
by
providing immediate and substantial assistance, including facilitating
its
integration into international organizations.
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE- The President is authorized to furnish
assistance to Yugoslavia if he determines, and so certifies to the
appropriate congressional committees that the Government of Yugoslavia
is
committed to democratic principles and the rule of law and respects
internationally recognized human rights.
(c) REPORT TO CONGRESS-
(1) DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN- The President shall develop a plan for
providing
assistance to Yugoslavia in accordance with this section. Such
assistance
would be provided at such time as the President determines that the
Government of Yugoslavia is committed to democratic principles and the
rule
of law and respects internationally recognized human rights.
(2) STRATEGY- The plan developed under paragraph (1) shall include a
strategy for distributing assistance to Yugoslavia under the plan.
(3) DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS- The President shall take the necessary steps--
(A) to seek to obtain the agreement of other countries and international
financial institutions and other multilateral organizations to provide
assistance to Yugoslavia after the President determines that the
Government
of Yugoslavia is committed to democratic principles, the rule of law,
and
that respects internationally recognized human rights; and
(B) to work with such countries, institutions, and organizations to
coordinate all such assistance programs.
(4) COMMUNICATION OF PLAN- The President shall take the necessary steps
to
communicate to the people of Yugoslavia the plan for assistance
developed
under this section.
(5) REPORT- Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of
this
Act, the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional
committees a report describing in detail the plan required to be
developed
by paragraph (1).
Passed the House of Representatives September 25, 2000.
Attest:
Clerk.
END
URL for this article is http://emperors-clothes.com/analysis/1.htm
The International Monetary Fund And The Yugoslav Elections
by Michel Chossudovsky and Jared Israel (9-28-2000)
www.tenc.net
[Emperor's Clothes]
>"We want to be open colony and open society." G-17 coordinator VESELIN
>VUKOTIC interviewed on "The News Hour with Jim Lehrer", US Public
Television,
>July 14, 1999.
>
>How the International Monetary Fund and World Bank operate: "First, they
>force governments to do away with any social protections - subsidized food
or
>rent, free transportation, free medical care. Second, they force
businesses -
>public and private - into bankruptcy. Then these businesses are taken over
by
>a small clique of leveraged buyout speculators and other powerful foreign
>economic interests. They purchase the businesses at rock bottom prices.
This
>is called "Privatization through Liquidation" which is standard practice in
>the Balkans and Eastern Europe." (From the text below)
>
>Recently there's been a lot of interest in the economists in the Yugoslav
>group G-17. They wrote the Program adopted by the so-called "democratic"
>opposition and its Presidential candidate, Vojislav Kostunica. (For a
>discussion of that Program, see "US Arrogance & Yugoslav Elections" at
>www.emperors-clothes.com/engl.htm )
>
>The G-17 likes to give the impression it is independent and
>Yugoslav-oriented. In fact it is funded mainly through the Washington-based
>Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE). CIPE describes itself
as
>"an affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce." But in fact it is "a core
>institute" of the National Endowment for Democracy which has nothing to do,
>as far as we can tell, with Democracy. Rather, the Endowment was created in
>1983 to solve a problem of Empire. People knew that the CIA bribed
>intellectuals and leaders and set up front groups to carry out US policy:
>
>"When these covert activities surfaced (as they inevitably did), the
fallout
>was devastating." ('Washington Post', Sept. 22, 1991).
>
>This is why Congress created the National Endowment for Democracy.
>
>Allen Weinstein, who planned the Endowment, said:
>
>"A lot of what we do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA."
>('Washington Post', Sept. 21, 1991)
>
>The National Endowment for Democracy (a sort of CIA spin-off) controls and
>pays for the Center for International Private Enterprise which in turn
funds
>the G-17.
>
>Three of the leading members of G-17 are Washington-based staff members of
>the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. They are, Dusan Vujovic,
>Zeliko Bogetic and Branko Milanovic. In addition, G-17 coordinator
Professor
>Veselin Vukotic has worked closely with the World Bank. He was in charge of
>the World Bank "bankruptcy program" in Yugoslavia during 1989-1990, which
led
>to the devastation of the Yugoslav economy and set the stage for the
breakup
>of Yugoslavia. While on IMF/WB payrolls, they are heavily involved in
>politics in Serbia and Montenegro. Other members of the G-17 consult for
the
>World Bank and attend World Bank-organized meetings.
>
>The "democratic" opposition works with the G-17. It has endorsed the G-17
>Economic program. If it got into power, the G-17 economists would be in
>charge of remaking Yugoslavia. This is not a guess. The opposition Program
>calls for working closely with the International Monetary Fund. The Fund
>always insists that its men run the show. That is not open for negotiation.
>And the IMF's men can conveniently be found among the leading members of
G-17.
>
>On their Website, the G-17 states that their aim is to establish: "...a
>network of experts in all Serbian towns able to create and practically
>implement necessary changes in all fields of social life."
>
>This is not simply a group of economists. It is a network. The
International
>Monetary Fund and World Bank are using this network to impose their
policies
>on Yugoslavia. Meanwhile they tell everyone the fiction that G-17 is a
>home-grown alternative.
>
>G-17 Coordinator Mladjan Dinkic is right now on his way to Bulgaria to draw
>up a "Letter Of Intent" with his colleagues at the International Monetary
>Fund. This will be the first step toward enforcing IMF "economic medicine."
>"We hope they will accept it," Dinkic said to a Pacifica Radio reporter.
>
>Economic Medicine Worse than Russia and Ukraine
>
>What happens when the IMF takes over a country?
>
>One of writers, Prof. Chossudovsky, studies the International Monetary Fund
>and World Bank and what their policies do to countries. . The G-17 Economic
>Program contains the same measures they forced on Russia, the Ukraine,
>Bulgaria and Peru, and many others. The results: social and economic
>devastation.
>
>But Yugoslavia has resisted NATO's attack on its national sovereignty. So
the
>IMF will hit Yugoslavia with even harder economic medicine.
>
>Forced Bankruptcies and Mass Misery
>
>G-17 economists like to talk about "free markets" and "privatization." But
in
>fact their International Monetary Fund wrecks countries.
>
>First, they force governments to do away with any social protections -
>subsidized food or rent, free transportation, free medical care. Out the
>window.
>
>Second, they use economic manipulation and new laws to force businesses -
>public and private - into bankruptcy. Then these businesses are taken over
by
>a small clique of leveraged buyout speculators and other powerful foreign
>economic interests. They purchase the businesses at rock bottom prices.
This
>is called "Privatization through Liquidation" and it is standard practice
in
>the Balkans and Eastern Europe.
>
>A case in point: Yugoslavia, 1989
>
>The elder statesman of the G-17 is Professor Veselin Vukotic. Presently he
is
>one of the economic brains behind Montenegrin secessionism.
>
>But what was he doing before the breakup of Yugoslavia?
>
>In 1989 he was appointed Minister of Privatization under Yugoslav Premier
>Ante Markovic.
>
>Yugoslavs have bitter memories of 1989-1991. But do they "put a human face"
>on the nightmare? Perhaps people think the economic disaster resulted from
>"market mechanisms" or "incompetent government." In fact it resulted from a
>World Bank plan.
>
>People in Ante Markovic's government pulled the strings. In 1989-90,
>Professor Vukotic worked with his Cabinet colleagues and an army of Western
>lawyers and consultants. They imposed the Financial Operations Act. It was
a
>World Bank plan.
>
>Under this law, companies were carefully selected for bankruptcy or
>liquidation. They were forced to meet impossible conditions. In this way,
the
>World Bank, through the Ministry of Privatization headed by Professor
Vukotic
>orchestrated the breakup of fifty percent of Yugoslav industry. World Bank
>data confirms that under his direction more than 1100 industrial firms were
>wiped out from January 1989 to September 1990
>
>And that was only the beginning.
>
>Over 614,000 industrial workers were laid off out of 2.7 million. The areas
>hardest hit were: Serbia, including Kosovo, and Bosnia-Herzegovina and
>Macedonia. Real wages did a nose-dive. Social programs collapsed.
>Unemployment shot up.
>
>And now this same Professor Vukotic, a key man in the G-17, wants to return
>to power. When the IMF gets its jaws on a country it forces the government
to
>work under people who have already served the IMF and World Bank before.,
>People like Professor Vukotic. Vukotic could finish the job he started in
>1989 under the World Bank, a job ironically discontinued when economic
>sanctions were imposed in 1992. (Bulgaria would probably be better off
today
>if it had been hit with sanctions instead of with the International
Monetary
>Fund!)
>
>Giving Montenegrin Property to Foreign Speculators
>
>While Prof. Vukotic hopes to regain cabinet status in a "democratic"
>opposition government in Yugoslavia he has also been working closely with
the
>secessionist government of Montenegro. Montenegrin President Milo
Djukanovic,
>his former student, had put him in charge of the privatization program
which
>is auctioning off state property in Montenegro.
>
>Recently we found a US Commerce Department advertisement on the internet.
The
>title is: " Montenegro: Seeks Privatization Fund Managers."
>
>The advertisement explains that these Managers are needed in Montenegro,
>where US officials are "providing technical support" for so-called
>privatization. The managers would control "funds" that would take over
>ownership of what is now public property. The Managers could "restructure"
>these privatized companies - lay off the workers and sell the most valuable
>components. The Commerce department promises that this "should be quite
>profitable." Note how brazenly the U.S. Commerce Department celebrates
>turning Montenegrin property into foreign profit.
>
>Kosovo
>
>Professor Vukotic has also been vocal on the political and economic status
of
>Kosovo. Last June NATO marched into Kosovo, and the UCK (or Kosovo
Liberation
>Army) along with them. Wherever they went, they drove loyal Yugoslav
citizens
>from their homes, stole or destroyed their property and threatened them
with
>death. By June 26, the expulsions were at a peak.
>
>While Kosovo was devastated, Professor Vukotic said: "Kosovo should also
have
>its own currency." That's virtually the same as saying Kosovo should be a
>separate country. ('Associated Press,' June 26, 1999)
>
>The Deutschmark was adopted as legal tender and almost the entire banking
>system in Kosovo was handed over to Germanys Commerzbank A.G. And the G-17
>economists applaud
>
>The G-17 on the IMF-World Bank Payroll
>
>One of the most prominent members of the G-17 is Dr. Dusan Vujovic, a
senior
>economist at the World Bank. He acts as a link between the G-17 and
>Washington. He has been very active overseeing "reforms" in so-called
>"transition countries". In August 2000, Vujovic was put in charge of
>negotiating one of the World Bank's most deadly economic packages. It was
>imposed on the Ukraine, already devastated by earlier IMF-World Bank
reforms.
>
>What happened to the Ukraine? The Ukraine disaster started in the fall of
>1994. Prime Minister Vitali Masol signed an agreement with the
International
>Monetary Fund. In exchange for accepting "economic shock treatment" Ukraine
>got a 360 million dollar loan. That's a very small amount for a country..
>"Reforms" began in mid-October, 1994. The IMF ordered the Ukrainian
>authorities to end State controls over the currency exchange rate. This led
>to the collapse of the currency. The price of bread shot up overnight -
300%.
>Electricity- up 600%. Public transportation - up 900%.
>
>The population was forced to buy necessities based on "dollarized" prices.
>Meanwhile people were earning less than ten dollars a month. Credit was
>frozen. With electricity prices sky high and no credit, public and private
>industries were destroyed. The international speculators moved in like
sharks
>in a frenzy.
>
>Then in November 1994, World Bank negotiators were sent in to further
>"advise" the government. This time they overhauled Ukraine's agriculture.
The
>grain market was deregulated. This allowed the US to dump grain surpluses
on
>the Ukraine market. Ukraine went from being a grain exporter to begging for
>Food Aid from the European Union and the U.S. Thanks to the International
>Monetary Fund, Ukraine is now a starving political protectorate of the US
and
>Germany. And remember, Ukraine never did anything to offend the U.S.. It
>didn't rebel for 10 years, like Yugoslavia.
>
>The Case of Bulgaria
>
>Another key member of the G-17 is Dr. Zeliko Bogetic who holds a senior
>position at the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary
Fund
>has been the doctor in many economic cures. The patient always dies. In
>1994-96, Bogetic participated on behalf of the IMF in forcing a structural
>adjustment program (SAP) on Bulgaria. All social defenses - price controls,
>subsidized food, housing and medical care - were stripped away.
>
>The program led to mass poverty and terrible suffering. By 1997, old age
>pensions (according to World Bank sources) had collapsed to two dollars a
>month. The World Bank admits that 90 percent of Bulgarians now live below
the
>poverty line but, they announce, much economic progress is being made.
>Perhaps when all the Bulgarians are dead they will announce the achievement
>of perfection.
>
>In early 2000, Bogetic was dispatched by the International Monetary Fund to
>Podgorica, Montenegro to advise the pro-secessionist government of
President
>Milo Djukanovic. Bogetic was to help set up a currency board modeled on
that
>of Bosnia under the Dayton Accord. Bogetic's advice was to stop using the
>Dinar, the Yugoslav currency. He said that under no circumstances should
>Montenegro establish a Central Bank. Now remember, the Djukanovic
government
>in Montenegro says it wants "independence" from Yugoslavia. But a Central
>Bank is the requirement for real independence. No, said Bogetic, that is
the
>"worst possible solution". So this "independence" really means "colony"!
>
>
>Bogetic would be the likely candidate for Yugoslav Central Bank Governor if
>the "democratic" opposition were to win. He'd do the same thing he's doing
in
>Montenegro. He'd establish a colonial style currency board linked to the
>Deutschmark. Then monetary policy would be controlled by the country's
>creditors. This would be a excellent for the creditors but very bad for the
>common people including local businessmen and farmers. It would make it
>impossible to finance economic reconstruction through the mobilization of
>Yugoslavia's own domestic resources. The country would be in a
straightjacket.
>
>If the "democratic opposition" came to power they have said they will
>introduce International Monetary Fund medicine. That's what they say in
their
>Program. But would this be the same medicine that the IMF have prescribed
for
>Russia, Bulgaria and Ukraine?
>
>Russia, Bulgaria and Ukraine cooperated fully with Washington. As nations,
>they never resisted being turned into colonies. Was the West merciful?
>Consider Russia. During the first year that the reforms were applied, which
>was 1992, wages collapsed by 86 percent. And in many of the countries of
the
>Balkans and Eastern Europe, economic activity has been cut in half. And
these
>are cooperative countries. As everyone knows, the U.S. is very annoyed with
>Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia has not been a good slave. It has not kissed the
hand
>of the bombers.
>
>History shows that if the International Monetary Fund gets hold of a
country
>that has been rebellious the treatment is vicious. And we are not talking
>about major rebels, like Yugoslavia. We are talking about very moderate
>rebels, like Peru.
>
>In Peru, the government of President Alan Garcia (1985-1990) refused to do
>some of what the International Monetary Fund ordered. In 1985, it decided
to
>pay international debts at a reduced rate. It instituted an economic
program
>that would help (instead of destroying) the economy.
>
>The International Monetary Fund Responds
>
>The country was immediately put on a black list by the . This disrupted
>Peru's foreign trade. It damaged the economy. It produced discontent.
>
>Enter Professor Alberto Fujimori. It was the 1990 elections. With help from
>Washington, Peru was having economic problems. Many people wanted change.
>Professor Fujimori was unknown. People felt he was "honest" and
"promising".
>He led a tiny party that had never held power. He was the winner in the
1990
>elections.
>
>Once in office, Fujimori caved in to the International Monetary Fund's
>demands. What followed was the most deadly economic "reform" in Latin
>American history. From one day to the next, the price of fuel increased by
31
>times (2,968 per cent). The price of bread increased more than twelve times
>(1,150 per cent).
>
>People could no longer afford to boil water. A cholera epidemic broke out.
>The social consequences were devastating. An agricultural worker in August
>1990 was paid $7.50 a month (US). That was enough to buy two hamburgers and
a
>drink at McDonalds. Consumer prices in Lima were higher than New York. Real
>earnings dropped by 60 per cent. By mid-1991 the standard of living had
>declined by 85 per cent compared to the levels in the 1970s.And this was
the
>just beginning of ten years of deadly reforms under Fujimori.
>
>And remember, Peru didn't really do anything. Just resisted a few
>International Monetary Fund Measures. But Yugoslavia? Yugoslavia resisted
>colonial domination by Germany during World War II and now by the U.S.A.
>
>Washington and Berlin would like nothing more than to make Yugoslavia an
>example of what happens when you resist. That is, they would like to make
it
>a "model" protectorate.
>
>Haven't the U.S. and Germany made this perfectly clear in Kosovo? A
>gangster-fascist regime with links to the drug trade has been installed.
And
>Western leaders are fully aware of the horror they have wrought in Kosovo.
UN
>Secretary General Kofi Annan received a special report about this. The
report
>was discussed by the British newspaper, The Observer':
>
>"Murder, torture and extortion: these are the extraordinary charges made
>against the UN's own Kosovo Protection Corps in a confidential United
Nations
>report written for Secretary-General Kofi Annan.
>
>"The KPC stands accused in the document, drawn up on 29 February, of
>'criminal activities - killings, ill-treatment/torture, illegal policing,
>abuse of authority, intimidation, breaches of political neutrality and
>hate-speech'. " (quoted in "How Will You Plead at your Trial, Mr. Annan?"
at
>http://emperors-clothes.com/news/howwill.htm )
>
>What would Washington do if it's G-17 employees got hold of Yugoslavia?
They
>would institute the most extreme economic "reforms". Prices would go sky
>high. Farmers would lose their land. Businesses would be bought up and
closed
>down.
>
>This kind of suffering produces ethnic tension. Washington would whip this
up
>by sending in their UCK (KLA) terrorists. Why does Washington keep the UCK
in
>power in Kosovo? Because they want to use them again. For what? They are
>incapable of fighting a real army. What are they good for?
>
>They are good for driving 350,000 unarmed civilians from their homes,
>kidnapping hundreds of people, killing hundreds or perhaps thousands. They
>can be used again in Serbia north of Kosovo - if the US gives them the nod.
>
>A Washington-controlled government would bring in NATO troops to "help keep
>order." The troops would never leave. The hunt for imaginary war criminals
>would go on, a thousand times worse than it is in the Bosnian Serb
Republic.
>Croatians, Bosnian Muslims and ethnic Albanians who fled to Serbia to
escape
>fascist persecution would be put on the list of phony war criminals. All
>loyal Yugoslavs would have to pay for their (imaginary) crimes so that
>"healing can begin."
>
>Every effort would be made to humiliate the people, to break their spirit,
>and to eliminate potential leaders of resistance.
>
>The example of post-war relations between the US and Vietnam is
informative.
>When the Vietnam War ended, the US government ordered an embargo which
>seriously hurt Vietnam, socially and economically. A few years ago,
>Washington agreed to lift the embargo following a secret agreement under
the
>Paris Club of official creditors. Vietnam agreed to pay the debts of the
>former South Vietnamese government. This was a puppet regime set up by
>Washington. It had gone into debt borrowing money from the US, money which
>was mainly used to buy weapons from the US to kill Vietnamese. And now
>Vietnam must repay Washington this odious debt.
>
>While Kostunica presents himself as a nationalist critical of NATO, he also
>wants to "normalise" Yugoslavia's relationship to the IMF and the OSCE. But
>these are "sister institutions", they work together in one big family. NATO
>is the "military arm" of Western financial interests. It does not operate
>independently but works in close consultation with Wall Street and the IMF.
>In Bosnia and Kosovo, NATO military repression is coordinated with actions
of
>the IMF and the World Bank.
>
>Under the IMF, the country would be transformed into a protectorate.
>"Economic warfare" would devastate the society. The Yugoslav people have
done
>remarkable work rebuilding what was destroyed by the NATO bombing last
year.
>But the IMF working through G-17 economists would work to liquidate
national
>industry . (We have seen a sample of this in Kosovo with the Trepca mining
>complex. It was handed over on a silver platter to the powerful "Washington
>Group", a US based construction, mining and defence contractor. The local
>employees have been discharged,)
>
>This economic assault would tend to increase ethnic tensions, providing
>opportunities for provocateurs. NATO could use the excuse of "age old
ethnic
>hatreds" to bring troops into the country. Meanwhile, as indicated in the
>G-17 Program, the IMF would order cuts in military spending. With a
weakened
>army it would be much more difficult to deal with the influx of Kosovo
>Liberation Army terrorists.
>
>Of course, the Yugoslav people could and undoubtedly would organize to
oppose
>these measures. But people should be aware that this can be the result of
>letting the International Monetary Fund get a grip on Yugoslavia.
>
>***
>
>Michel Chossudovsky is Professor of Economics at the University of Ottawa.
He
>is author of "The Globalization of Poverty, Impacts of IMF and World Bank
>Reforms," TWN, Penang and Zed Books, London, 1997. His special expertise is
>studying the consequences of the intervention by Western dominated economic
>institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank in Third World and former
>Socialist countries.
>
>Jared Israel, the editor of Emperor's Clothes, was a leader of the student
>antiwar movement in the 1960s. The Yugoslav resistance to U.S. government
>bullying inspired him to return to antiwar activity. He has written about
the
>struggle in the Balkans in newspapers around the world.
>
>To read articles by Chossudovsky or Israel go to
>http://emperors-clothes.com/artbyauth.html and click on "c" or "i"
>
>***
>
>If you find emperors-clothes useful, we can use your help...
>
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>
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>
>www.tenc.net
>[Emperor's Clothes]
>
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
The International Monetary Fund And The Yugoslav Elections
by Michel Chossudovsky and Jared Israel (9-28-2000)
www.tenc.net
[Emperor's Clothes]
>"We want to be open colony and open society." G-17 coordinator VESELIN
>VUKOTIC interviewed on "The News Hour with Jim Lehrer", US Public
Television,
>July 14, 1999.
>
>How the International Monetary Fund and World Bank operate: "First, they
>force governments to do away with any social protections - subsidized food
or
>rent, free transportation, free medical care. Second, they force
businesses -
>public and private - into bankruptcy. Then these businesses are taken over
by
>a small clique of leveraged buyout speculators and other powerful foreign
>economic interests. They purchase the businesses at rock bottom prices.
This
>is called "Privatization through Liquidation" which is standard practice in
>the Balkans and Eastern Europe." (From the text below)
>
>Recently there's been a lot of interest in the economists in the Yugoslav
>group G-17. They wrote the Program adopted by the so-called "democratic"
>opposition and its Presidential candidate, Vojislav Kostunica. (For a
>discussion of that Program, see "US Arrogance & Yugoslav Elections" at
>www.emperors-clothes.com/engl.htm )
>
>The G-17 likes to give the impression it is independent and
>Yugoslav-oriented. In fact it is funded mainly through the Washington-based
>Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE). CIPE describes itself
as
>"an affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce." But in fact it is "a core
>institute" of the National Endowment for Democracy which has nothing to do,
>as far as we can tell, with Democracy. Rather, the Endowment was created in
>1983 to solve a problem of Empire. People knew that the CIA bribed
>intellectuals and leaders and set up front groups to carry out US policy:
>
>"When these covert activities surfaced (as they inevitably did), the
fallout
>was devastating." ('Washington Post', Sept. 22, 1991).
>
>This is why Congress created the National Endowment for Democracy.
>
>Allen Weinstein, who planned the Endowment, said:
>
>"A lot of what we do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA."
>('Washington Post', Sept. 21, 1991)
>
>The National Endowment for Democracy (a sort of CIA spin-off) controls and
>pays for the Center for International Private Enterprise which in turn
funds
>the G-17.
>
>Three of the leading members of G-17 are Washington-based staff members of
>the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. They are, Dusan Vujovic,
>Zeliko Bogetic and Branko Milanovic. In addition, G-17 coordinator
Professor
>Veselin Vukotic has worked closely with the World Bank. He was in charge of
>the World Bank "bankruptcy program" in Yugoslavia during 1989-1990, which
led
>to the devastation of the Yugoslav economy and set the stage for the
breakup
>of Yugoslavia. While on IMF/WB payrolls, they are heavily involved in
>politics in Serbia and Montenegro. Other members of the G-17 consult for
the
>World Bank and attend World Bank-organized meetings.
>
>The "democratic" opposition works with the G-17. It has endorsed the G-17
>Economic program. If it got into power, the G-17 economists would be in
>charge of remaking Yugoslavia. This is not a guess. The opposition Program
>calls for working closely with the International Monetary Fund. The Fund
>always insists that its men run the show. That is not open for negotiation.
>And the IMF's men can conveniently be found among the leading members of
G-17.
>
>On their Website, the G-17 states that their aim is to establish: "...a
>network of experts in all Serbian towns able to create and practically
>implement necessary changes in all fields of social life."
>
>This is not simply a group of economists. It is a network. The
International
>Monetary Fund and World Bank are using this network to impose their
policies
>on Yugoslavia. Meanwhile they tell everyone the fiction that G-17 is a
>home-grown alternative.
>
>G-17 Coordinator Mladjan Dinkic is right now on his way to Bulgaria to draw
>up a "Letter Of Intent" with his colleagues at the International Monetary
>Fund. This will be the first step toward enforcing IMF "economic medicine."
>"We hope they will accept it," Dinkic said to a Pacifica Radio reporter.
>
>Economic Medicine Worse than Russia and Ukraine
>
>What happens when the IMF takes over a country?
>
>One of writers, Prof. Chossudovsky, studies the International Monetary Fund
>and World Bank and what their policies do to countries. . The G-17 Economic
>Program contains the same measures they forced on Russia, the Ukraine,
>Bulgaria and Peru, and many others. The results: social and economic
>devastation.
>
>But Yugoslavia has resisted NATO's attack on its national sovereignty. So
the
>IMF will hit Yugoslavia with even harder economic medicine.
>
>Forced Bankruptcies and Mass Misery
>
>G-17 economists like to talk about "free markets" and "privatization." But
in
>fact their International Monetary Fund wrecks countries.
>
>First, they force governments to do away with any social protections -
>subsidized food or rent, free transportation, free medical care. Out the
>window.
>
>Second, they use economic manipulation and new laws to force businesses -
>public and private - into bankruptcy. Then these businesses are taken over
by
>a small clique of leveraged buyout speculators and other powerful foreign
>economic interests. They purchase the businesses at rock bottom prices.
This
>is called "Privatization through Liquidation" and it is standard practice
in
>the Balkans and Eastern Europe.
>
>A case in point: Yugoslavia, 1989
>
>The elder statesman of the G-17 is Professor Veselin Vukotic. Presently he
is
>one of the economic brains behind Montenegrin secessionism.
>
>But what was he doing before the breakup of Yugoslavia?
>
>In 1989 he was appointed Minister of Privatization under Yugoslav Premier
>Ante Markovic.
>
>Yugoslavs have bitter memories of 1989-1991. But do they "put a human face"
>on the nightmare? Perhaps people think the economic disaster resulted from
>"market mechanisms" or "incompetent government." In fact it resulted from a
>World Bank plan.
>
>People in Ante Markovic's government pulled the strings. In 1989-90,
>Professor Vukotic worked with his Cabinet colleagues and an army of Western
>lawyers and consultants. They imposed the Financial Operations Act. It was
a
>World Bank plan.
>
>Under this law, companies were carefully selected for bankruptcy or
>liquidation. They were forced to meet impossible conditions. In this way,
the
>World Bank, through the Ministry of Privatization headed by Professor
Vukotic
>orchestrated the breakup of fifty percent of Yugoslav industry. World Bank
>data confirms that under his direction more than 1100 industrial firms were
>wiped out from January 1989 to September 1990
>
>And that was only the beginning.
>
>Over 614,000 industrial workers were laid off out of 2.7 million. The areas
>hardest hit were: Serbia, including Kosovo, and Bosnia-Herzegovina and
>Macedonia. Real wages did a nose-dive. Social programs collapsed.
>Unemployment shot up.
>
>And now this same Professor Vukotic, a key man in the G-17, wants to return
>to power. When the IMF gets its jaws on a country it forces the government
to
>work under people who have already served the IMF and World Bank before.,
>People like Professor Vukotic. Vukotic could finish the job he started in
>1989 under the World Bank, a job ironically discontinued when economic
>sanctions were imposed in 1992. (Bulgaria would probably be better off
today
>if it had been hit with sanctions instead of with the International
Monetary
>Fund!)
>
>Giving Montenegrin Property to Foreign Speculators
>
>While Prof. Vukotic hopes to regain cabinet status in a "democratic"
>opposition government in Yugoslavia he has also been working closely with
the
>secessionist government of Montenegro. Montenegrin President Milo
Djukanovic,
>his former student, had put him in charge of the privatization program
which
>is auctioning off state property in Montenegro.
>
>Recently we found a US Commerce Department advertisement on the internet.
The
>title is: " Montenegro: Seeks Privatization Fund Managers."
>
>The advertisement explains that these Managers are needed in Montenegro,
>where US officials are "providing technical support" for so-called
>privatization. The managers would control "funds" that would take over
>ownership of what is now public property. The Managers could "restructure"
>these privatized companies - lay off the workers and sell the most valuable
>components. The Commerce department promises that this "should be quite
>profitable." Note how brazenly the U.S. Commerce Department celebrates
>turning Montenegrin property into foreign profit.
>
>Kosovo
>
>Professor Vukotic has also been vocal on the political and economic status
of
>Kosovo. Last June NATO marched into Kosovo, and the UCK (or Kosovo
Liberation
>Army) along with them. Wherever they went, they drove loyal Yugoslav
citizens
>from their homes, stole or destroyed their property and threatened them
with
>death. By June 26, the expulsions were at a peak.
>
>While Kosovo was devastated, Professor Vukotic said: "Kosovo should also
have
>its own currency." That's virtually the same as saying Kosovo should be a
>separate country. ('Associated Press,' June 26, 1999)
>
>The Deutschmark was adopted as legal tender and almost the entire banking
>system in Kosovo was handed over to Germanys Commerzbank A.G. And the G-17
>economists applaud
>
>The G-17 on the IMF-World Bank Payroll
>
>One of the most prominent members of the G-17 is Dr. Dusan Vujovic, a
senior
>economist at the World Bank. He acts as a link between the G-17 and
>Washington. He has been very active overseeing "reforms" in so-called
>"transition countries". In August 2000, Vujovic was put in charge of
>negotiating one of the World Bank's most deadly economic packages. It was
>imposed on the Ukraine, already devastated by earlier IMF-World Bank
reforms.
>
>What happened to the Ukraine? The Ukraine disaster started in the fall of
>1994. Prime Minister Vitali Masol signed an agreement with the
International
>Monetary Fund. In exchange for accepting "economic shock treatment" Ukraine
>got a 360 million dollar loan. That's a very small amount for a country..
>"Reforms" began in mid-October, 1994. The IMF ordered the Ukrainian
>authorities to end State controls over the currency exchange rate. This led
>to the collapse of the currency. The price of bread shot up overnight -
300%.
>Electricity- up 600%. Public transportation - up 900%.
>
>The population was forced to buy necessities based on "dollarized" prices.
>Meanwhile people were earning less than ten dollars a month. Credit was
>frozen. With electricity prices sky high and no credit, public and private
>industries were destroyed. The international speculators moved in like
sharks
>in a frenzy.
>
>Then in November 1994, World Bank negotiators were sent in to further
>"advise" the government. This time they overhauled Ukraine's agriculture.
The
>grain market was deregulated. This allowed the US to dump grain surpluses
on
>the Ukraine market. Ukraine went from being a grain exporter to begging for
>Food Aid from the European Union and the U.S. Thanks to the International
>Monetary Fund, Ukraine is now a starving political protectorate of the US
and
>Germany. And remember, Ukraine never did anything to offend the U.S.. It
>didn't rebel for 10 years, like Yugoslavia.
>
>The Case of Bulgaria
>
>Another key member of the G-17 is Dr. Zeliko Bogetic who holds a senior
>position at the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary
Fund
>has been the doctor in many economic cures. The patient always dies. In
>1994-96, Bogetic participated on behalf of the IMF in forcing a structural
>adjustment program (SAP) on Bulgaria. All social defenses - price controls,
>subsidized food, housing and medical care - were stripped away.
>
>The program led to mass poverty and terrible suffering. By 1997, old age
>pensions (according to World Bank sources) had collapsed to two dollars a
>month. The World Bank admits that 90 percent of Bulgarians now live below
the
>poverty line but, they announce, much economic progress is being made.
>Perhaps when all the Bulgarians are dead they will announce the achievement
>of perfection.
>
>In early 2000, Bogetic was dispatched by the International Monetary Fund to
>Podgorica, Montenegro to advise the pro-secessionist government of
President
>Milo Djukanovic. Bogetic was to help set up a currency board modeled on
that
>of Bosnia under the Dayton Accord. Bogetic's advice was to stop using the
>Dinar, the Yugoslav currency. He said that under no circumstances should
>Montenegro establish a Central Bank. Now remember, the Djukanovic
government
>in Montenegro says it wants "independence" from Yugoslavia. But a Central
>Bank is the requirement for real independence. No, said Bogetic, that is
the
>"worst possible solution". So this "independence" really means "colony"!
>
>
>Bogetic would be the likely candidate for Yugoslav Central Bank Governor if
>the "democratic" opposition were to win. He'd do the same thing he's doing
in
>Montenegro. He'd establish a colonial style currency board linked to the
>Deutschmark. Then monetary policy would be controlled by the country's
>creditors. This would be a excellent for the creditors but very bad for the
>common people including local businessmen and farmers. It would make it
>impossible to finance economic reconstruction through the mobilization of
>Yugoslavia's own domestic resources. The country would be in a
straightjacket.
>
>If the "democratic opposition" came to power they have said they will
>introduce International Monetary Fund medicine. That's what they say in
their
>Program. But would this be the same medicine that the IMF have prescribed
for
>Russia, Bulgaria and Ukraine?
>
>Russia, Bulgaria and Ukraine cooperated fully with Washington. As nations,
>they never resisted being turned into colonies. Was the West merciful?
>Consider Russia. During the first year that the reforms were applied, which
>was 1992, wages collapsed by 86 percent. And in many of the countries of
the
>Balkans and Eastern Europe, economic activity has been cut in half. And
these
>are cooperative countries. As everyone knows, the U.S. is very annoyed with
>Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia has not been a good slave. It has not kissed the
hand
>of the bombers.
>
>History shows that if the International Monetary Fund gets hold of a
country
>that has been rebellious the treatment is vicious. And we are not talking
>about major rebels, like Yugoslavia. We are talking about very moderate
>rebels, like Peru.
>
>In Peru, the government of President Alan Garcia (1985-1990) refused to do
>some of what the International Monetary Fund ordered. In 1985, it decided
to
>pay international debts at a reduced rate. It instituted an economic
program
>that would help (instead of destroying) the economy.
>
>The International Monetary Fund Responds
>
>The country was immediately put on a black list by the . This disrupted
>Peru's foreign trade. It damaged the economy. It produced discontent.
>
>Enter Professor Alberto Fujimori. It was the 1990 elections. With help from
>Washington, Peru was having economic problems. Many people wanted change.
>Professor Fujimori was unknown. People felt he was "honest" and
"promising".
>He led a tiny party that had never held power. He was the winner in the
1990
>elections.
>
>Once in office, Fujimori caved in to the International Monetary Fund's
>demands. What followed was the most deadly economic "reform" in Latin
>American history. From one day to the next, the price of fuel increased by
31
>times (2,968 per cent). The price of bread increased more than twelve times
>(1,150 per cent).
>
>People could no longer afford to boil water. A cholera epidemic broke out.
>The social consequences were devastating. An agricultural worker in August
>1990 was paid $7.50 a month (US). That was enough to buy two hamburgers and
a
>drink at McDonalds. Consumer prices in Lima were higher than New York. Real
>earnings dropped by 60 per cent. By mid-1991 the standard of living had
>declined by 85 per cent compared to the levels in the 1970s.And this was
the
>just beginning of ten years of deadly reforms under Fujimori.
>
>And remember, Peru didn't really do anything. Just resisted a few
>International Monetary Fund Measures. But Yugoslavia? Yugoslavia resisted
>colonial domination by Germany during World War II and now by the U.S.A.
>
>Washington and Berlin would like nothing more than to make Yugoslavia an
>example of what happens when you resist. That is, they would like to make
it
>a "model" protectorate.
>
>Haven't the U.S. and Germany made this perfectly clear in Kosovo? A
>gangster-fascist regime with links to the drug trade has been installed.
And
>Western leaders are fully aware of the horror they have wrought in Kosovo.
UN
>Secretary General Kofi Annan received a special report about this. The
report
>was discussed by the British newspaper, The Observer':
>
>"Murder, torture and extortion: these are the extraordinary charges made
>against the UN's own Kosovo Protection Corps in a confidential United
Nations
>report written for Secretary-General Kofi Annan.
>
>"The KPC stands accused in the document, drawn up on 29 February, of
>'criminal activities - killings, ill-treatment/torture, illegal policing,
>abuse of authority, intimidation, breaches of political neutrality and
>hate-speech'. " (quoted in "How Will You Plead at your Trial, Mr. Annan?"
at
>http://emperors-clothes.com/news/howwill.htm )
>
>What would Washington do if it's G-17 employees got hold of Yugoslavia?
They
>would institute the most extreme economic "reforms". Prices would go sky
>high. Farmers would lose their land. Businesses would be bought up and
closed
>down.
>
>This kind of suffering produces ethnic tension. Washington would whip this
up
>by sending in their UCK (KLA) terrorists. Why does Washington keep the UCK
in
>power in Kosovo? Because they want to use them again. For what? They are
>incapable of fighting a real army. What are they good for?
>
>They are good for driving 350,000 unarmed civilians from their homes,
>kidnapping hundreds of people, killing hundreds or perhaps thousands. They
>can be used again in Serbia north of Kosovo - if the US gives them the nod.
>
>A Washington-controlled government would bring in NATO troops to "help keep
>order." The troops would never leave. The hunt for imaginary war criminals
>would go on, a thousand times worse than it is in the Bosnian Serb
Republic.
>Croatians, Bosnian Muslims and ethnic Albanians who fled to Serbia to
escape
>fascist persecution would be put on the list of phony war criminals. All
>loyal Yugoslavs would have to pay for their (imaginary) crimes so that
>"healing can begin."
>
>Every effort would be made to humiliate the people, to break their spirit,
>and to eliminate potential leaders of resistance.
>
>The example of post-war relations between the US and Vietnam is
informative.
>When the Vietnam War ended, the US government ordered an embargo which
>seriously hurt Vietnam, socially and economically. A few years ago,
>Washington agreed to lift the embargo following a secret agreement under
the
>Paris Club of official creditors. Vietnam agreed to pay the debts of the
>former South Vietnamese government. This was a puppet regime set up by
>Washington. It had gone into debt borrowing money from the US, money which
>was mainly used to buy weapons from the US to kill Vietnamese. And now
>Vietnam must repay Washington this odious debt.
>
>While Kostunica presents himself as a nationalist critical of NATO, he also
>wants to "normalise" Yugoslavia's relationship to the IMF and the OSCE. But
>these are "sister institutions", they work together in one big family. NATO
>is the "military arm" of Western financial interests. It does not operate
>independently but works in close consultation with Wall Street and the IMF.
>In Bosnia and Kosovo, NATO military repression is coordinated with actions
of
>the IMF and the World Bank.
>
>Under the IMF, the country would be transformed into a protectorate.
>"Economic warfare" would devastate the society. The Yugoslav people have
done
>remarkable work rebuilding what was destroyed by the NATO bombing last
year.
>But the IMF working through G-17 economists would work to liquidate
national
>industry . (We have seen a sample of this in Kosovo with the Trepca mining
>complex. It was handed over on a silver platter to the powerful "Washington
>Group", a US based construction, mining and defence contractor. The local
>employees have been discharged,)
>
>This economic assault would tend to increase ethnic tensions, providing
>opportunities for provocateurs. NATO could use the excuse of "age old
ethnic
>hatreds" to bring troops into the country. Meanwhile, as indicated in the
>G-17 Program, the IMF would order cuts in military spending. With a
weakened
>army it would be much more difficult to deal with the influx of Kosovo
>Liberation Army terrorists.
>
>Of course, the Yugoslav people could and undoubtedly would organize to
oppose
>these measures. But people should be aware that this can be the result of
>letting the International Monetary Fund get a grip on Yugoslavia.
>
>***
>
>Michel Chossudovsky is Professor of Economics at the University of Ottawa.
He
>is author of "The Globalization of Poverty, Impacts of IMF and World Bank
>Reforms," TWN, Penang and Zed Books, London, 1997. His special expertise is
>studying the consequences of the intervention by Western dominated economic
>institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank in Third World and former
>Socialist countries.
>
>Jared Israel, the editor of Emperor's Clothes, was a leader of the student
>antiwar movement in the 1960s. The Yugoslav resistance to U.S. government
>bullying inspired him to return to antiwar activity. He has written about
the
>struggle in the Balkans in newspapers around the world.
>
>To read articles by Chossudovsky or Israel go to
>http://emperors-clothes.com/artbyauth.html and click on "c" or "i"
>
>***
>
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