Informazione
SULLE BOMBE IN ADRIATICO
------- Forwarded message follows -------
From: Alessandro Marescotti <a.marescotti@...>
Subject: bombe in mare: comunicate a PeaceLink le "dangerous
areas"
Abbiamo ricevuto un foglio con la mappa dei siti marini a rischio di
navigazione.
Un anno fa infatti - al termine della guerra del Kossovo - il governo
italiano scopriva che l'Adriatico era pieno di bombe americane,
sganciate
in mare per alleggerire gli aerei al ritorno dalle missioni, il tutto
senza
alcun permesso del governo italiano ne' comunicazione alle autorita'
nazionali. Cominciavano i lavori di bonifica. Dopo poche settimane la
Nato
assicurava che l'Adriatico era "pulito". "Liberazione" ne dava
l'annuncio,
con scetticismo. E aveva ragione. Infatti chi naviga nell'Adriatico sa
bene
che esistono le "dangerous areas", ossia le aree di pericolo in cui
vengono
cercate le bombe che i cacciabombardieri della Nato hanno sganciato in
mare
per non atterrare carichi di esplosivo. E cosi' e' arrivato a PeaceLink
un
foglio contenente le coordinate dei punti a rischio nell'Adriatico. E'
una
normale comunicazione, dell'11 marzo 2000, che e' giunta alle navi della
marina mercantile, quindi priva di vincoli di segretezza. In quella data
di
bombe in mare "ufficialmente" non dovevano esserci, come rassicura la
Nato
da mesi. E invece a est di Falconara venivano segnalate ben 17
"dangerous
areas": "In such areas italian minehunters are carrying out operations",
si
legge. In altre parole i "cacciatori di mine" italiani sono stati
impiegati
per operazioni di bonifica "with use of underwater vehicle" ("con
l'impiego
di mezzi subacquei").
Stesso discorso a est di Chioggia.
"All transiting ship pay attention", ossia: "tutti le navi in transito
facciano attenzione".
Fa una certa impressione sapere che siano mezzi italiani, pagati
intuibilmente con le nostre tasse, a fare gli spazzini silenziosi e a
raccattare gli esplosivi degli aerei americani. Spazzini della Nato.
Alessandro Marescotti
Taranto
a.marescotti@...
francesco iannuzzelli francesco@...
associazione peacelink - sez. disarmo
http://www.peacelink.it
---
CINQUE FAMIGLIE DI BELGRADO FANNO CAUSA AL GOVERNO INGLESE PER
L'ASSASSINIO DEI PROPRI FAMILIARI A MEZZO "BOMBE UMANITARIE"
Daily Telegraph (UK)
July 17, 2000
Serbs take Britain to court over Nato bombs
THE families of victims of a Nato bombing in Belgrade are taking the
British Government to the European Court of Human Rights, claiming an
attack on a television station violated international law.
An Essex law firm is acting for relatives of five Serb civilians who
died in the bombing of Radio Television Serbia in April last year.
The selection of the television station as a target, killing 16
civilians, was one of the most controversial of the bombing campaign and
later described by the human rights group Amnesty International as a
"war crime".
Tony Fisher, a solicitor with Fisher Jones Greenwood, said the case was
being brought against 17 of the 19 Nato countries under Article Two of
the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees the "right to
life", and Article 10 which protects freedom of speech.
The court has the power to censure the governments involved and order
damages to be paid if it finds the governments acted illegally.
Mr Fisher, a partner in the Colchester firm, said: "There are
fundamental issues at stake with regard to the selection of legitimate
targets in a situation such as this. The case has been lodged and the
court is currently deciding whether to communicate it to the responding
governments.
"The next stage will be either the court decides the case is not well
founded and there is no case to answer, or it will communicate with the
governments against which the accusations are made for their
observations."
Mr Fisher said he was part of an international group of lawyers involved
in the case. The case comes weeks after families of Argentine sailors
killed in the sinking of the Belgrano during the Falklands war brought a
similar action against Britain.
Amnesty International last month published a report claiming Nato was
guilty of war crimes during the raids on Kosovo and Serbia. The study
said Allied commanders should have taken greater precautions to avoid
civilian deaths, and singled out the attack on the television station as
a war crime.
Tony Blair has defended the bombing as "entirely justified" because the
broadcasters were part of President Slobodan Milosevic's "apparatus of
dictatorship and power which is used to do ethnic cleansing in Kosovo".
Mr Fisher said there were no precedents for the levels of financial
compensation the court could award if the case succeeds.
---
LA RICOSTRUZIONE DELLA SERBIA IN CIFRE
SERBIAN CIVIL ENGINEERING THE BASIS OF COUNTRY'S RECONSTRUCTION
BELGRADE, July 16 (Tanjug) In the first five months this year
the
value of civil engineering operations in Yugoslavia was 188.6 percent up
on
the same period last year, the federal Statistics Institute said in a
report on Sunday.
The scope of the work completed in effective work hours rose by
31
percent, while the value of the work contracted by late May amounted to
6.42 billion dinars.
In May 46,684 manual labourers were employed on construction
sites, not counting engineers and technicians. This is the biggest
number
of workers engaged since the start of 2000. Similar trends are expected
in
the coming period.
The value of the construction work carried out at home (without
data for KosovoMetohija) in May totalled 951,423,000 dinars of which
work
carried out in Serbia amounted to 834,272,000 dinars and in Montenegro
117,151,000 dinars.
In the central part of Serbia, the value of the work in May was
568,595,000 dinars and in its northern Vojvodina province 265,677,000
dinars.
The value of work contracted in late May to be completed by the
end of the year totalled 6.420,038,000 dinars.
Some 100 construction companies and manufacturers of building
materials are participating in the reconstruction of the country.
Despite
problems, they have successfully repaired or completely rebuilt dozens
of
bridges, overpasses, dams and several thousand apartments. Plans are for
as
many as 10,000 apartments to be completed by the end of December.
Abroad, Yugoslav construction firms have been engaged for the
past
several years in Russia, Libya, Tunisia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Tanzania and
the
Congo.
---
VENTISEI ANNI DI OCCUPAZIONE MILITARE TURCA A CIPRO
To: "'admin@...'" <admin@...>
From: administrator <admin@...> | Block address
Date: Sun, 16 Jul 2000 00:18:33 +0100
Tomorrow, Sunday 16 July more than 10,000 Cypriots will march to
Trafalgar Square in a massive protest against the brutal invasion
of Cyprus in July 1974 at the continued occupation of 37% of the
island by Turkey for 26 years.
The Greek Cypriot people will demonstrate their continue struggle
for justice and human rights in Cyprus. For the removal of Turkish
troops, the repatriation of Turkish colonists and the
unconditional return of all refugees to their homes.
The march starts 2.45 at the Victoria Embankment and will end at
Trafalgar Square at 4.00pm where many supporters of Cypriot
struggle, including MP's and MEPs across the political spectrum as
well as the Cypriot minister of education will address the rally.
If you can get to London join us.
For further details call Lobby for Cyprus on 020 8888 2556 or
emails on admin@...
Regards
Lobby Administrator
---
DOPO NOVE ANNI DALLA SECESSIONE LA SLOVENIA ANCORA LAVORA
ALLA FRANTUMAZIONE DELLA JUGOSLAVIA
Slovenia submits Montenegro parliament resolution to U.N. Security
Council
Posted Friday, July 14, 2000 by Montenegro.com
LJUBLJANA, Slovenia (AP) - Slovenia acted as a courier for Montenegro at
the
United Nations on Friday, delivering a resolution to the Security
Council
detailing the republic's decision to ignore Yugoslavia's constitutional
changes.
Montenegro, while enjoying independence from Belgrade in many ways, is
still
formally a part of Yugoslavia and is represented at the United Nations
by
Yugoslav ambassadors.
Montenegrin Foreign Minister Branko Lukovac visited U.N. headquarters in
New
York last month, requesting that Yugoslavia no longer represents
Montenegro.
Slovenia, which seceded from Yugoslavia in 1991 and has its own U.N.
mission,
Friday sent a letter to the Security Council enclosing Montenegro's
decision
to ignore constitutional changes that downgrade its status within the
federation and strengthen Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic's grip
on
power.
In a letter to the Security Council, Samuel Zbogar, deputy Slovene
ambassador, wrote that his country considers the Montenegrin decision to
be
of "great importance, adopted in the crucial moments for the future of
the
Republic of Montenegro, as well as for the future of the Federal
Republic of
Yugoslavia."
Montenegro's president, Milo Djukanovic, has refrained from declaring
full
independence from Yugoslavia, fearing that Milosevic - who started wars
in
other ex-Yugoslav republics when they seceded from the federation in
1991-1992 - could intervene militarily in response.
---
DA CAMP DAVID LA ALBRIGHT CHIAMA IL SUO SERVO DJUKANOVIC
E GLI OFFRE ALTRO DENARO PER SPACCARE LA RF DI JUGOSLAVIA
Albright calls Djukanovic from M.East talks
THURMONT, Md., July 13 (Reuters) - U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine
Albright
called Montenegro's pro-Western President Milo Djukanovic on Thursday to
tell
him he could expect more cash this year to help him in his
democratization
effort, a U.S. spokesman said.
State Department spokesman Richard Boucher told reporters she had called
him
from Camp David, where she was leading Middle East peace talks while
President Bill Clinton took about eight hours off to attend prior
engagements.
They discussed developments in the region, including changes in the
constitution introduced by Belgrade and rejected by Montenegro. The
rejection
sparked a sharp increase in tension between President Slobodan Milosevic
and
the Montenegrin leadership.
``She was also able to tell him that after we consult with Congress, we
will
be able to provide $16.5 million of additional assistance to Montenegro
for
democratization and economic reform during the course of this year,''
Boucher
said.
If approved, this would bring total U.S. aid to Serbia's sister republic
in
the Yugoslav federation to $77.1 million in fiscal year 2000, a U.S.
official
said.
Boucher said Albright and Djukanovic had also agreed to consult more in
the
future on upcoming federal elections.
``The main thrust of the phone call was to express her support for
democracy
in Montenegro and appreciation for the moderate policies that Djukanovic
has
been following,'' Boucher said.
More than a year after NATO's 78-day bombing campaign against
Milosevic's
forces, he remains in power and the United States and its allies hopes
eventually to unseat him by supporting his opposition.
Montenegro's Montena-fax news agency reported Wednesday that Yugoslav
army
units stationed in Montenegro were on alert last week and might have
carried
out a military coup in the republic if its leadership had declared
independence.
Djukanovic has distanced himself from the Belgrade-based Yugoslav
federal
government and has accused the army of interfering in Montenegrin
politics in
support of pro-Milosevic forces. He wants to escape 10 years of
international
isolation resulting from Yugoslavia's role in a string of Balkan wars.
20:20 07-13-00
---
ATTI DI VANDALISMO CONTRO CHIESA ORTODOSSA IN MONTENEGRO
http://www.truthinmedia.org/Bulletins2000/tim2000-7-2.html
Montenegro 1. Washington's Montenegro Vassals Vandalize and
Desecrate Christian Church
Montenegro 2. Anti-Christian Pornography, Vulgarity,
Masquerades as “Art” (Excerpt from an October 1997 TiM Bulletin)
---
RELAZIONI BILATERALI RFJ-ALGERIA
PRESIDENT MILOSEVIC SENDS MESSAGE TO ALGERIAN PRESIDENT
BELGRADE, July 13 (Tanjug) Ambassador Danilo Milic, the head
of a
Yugoslav Foreign Ministry delegation to the summit of the Organization
for
African Unity (OAU) in Lome, presented to Algerian Foreign Minister
Youssef
Youssufi a written message from Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic to
Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the outgoing OAU chairman.
Milosevic's message underscores that Yugoslavia's policy
presents
a good basis for the further promotion of relations and cooperation with
African countries on a lasting basis of friendship, mutual respect and
the
unwavering option for peace and a just world order based on sovereign
equality of all countries.
On behalf of Bouteflika, the Algerian minister said his country
would do its utmost to strengthen the traditionally friendly relations
with
Yugoslavia. This especially pertains to the promotion of economic
cooperation, which has a successful tradition stretching over several
decades.
Youssufi said Algeria supports Yugoslavia in its efforts toward
its full engagement in the United Nations, the NonAligned Movement, and
other international forums.
---
DICHIARAZIONI DEL MINISTRO DEGLI ESTERI DELLA RFJ
WE NEVER BEGGED AROUND FOR HELP - MINISTER JOVANOVIC
BELGRADE, July 11 (Reuters) - Belgrade's Foreign Minister said
on
Friday the West's bid to isolate Yugoslavia and strangle its economy had
failed and world support for the government was growing, state news
agency
Tanjug reported.
Yugoslavia's ties and cooperation with tree-quarters of the
world's nations, which accept it as a valid, reliable and equal partner,
and its achievements in reconstruction and development both testify to
this," said Foreign Minister Zivadin Jovanovic.
We never begged around for help. We did not waste time hoping
for
help from abroad. Our future is not in the hands of the European Union,
NATO or any other foreign factor, but in our own hands," Jovanovic said.
High-ranking delegations from Brazil, China, Iraq, Myanmar and
Russia are among those that recently visited Belgrade.
If the philosophy of sanctions and isolation has helped in any
way
then it is in raising awareness that nothing positive can be achieved in
southeast Europe without Yugoslavia's equal participation as a key
economic, political and security factor in the region," Jovanovic said.
Yugoslavia maintains diplomatic relations with 166 countries
and
has other government offices in 97 countries. There are 70 foreign
embassies in Belgrade.
---
LA SERBIA COSTRETTA A METTERE IN VENDITA ALTRO PATRIMONIO STATALE
PER FRONTEGGIARE I DEBITI
SERBIAN PARLIAMENT PASSES BILL ON SALES OF STATEOWNED REAL ESTATE
BELGRADE, July 13 (Tanjug) The Serbian parliament on Thursday
approved a bill on sales of certain stateowned real estate aimed at
meeting
obligations of the republic concerning hard currency savings accounts of
citizens and a Loan for Economic Development.
Serbian citizens have a total of 3.6 billion Dmarks in various
foreign currencies in their savings accounts dating back to the former
Yugoslav federation. The republic will achieve two objectives by paying
this debt business space owned by the state will become private
property,
and the money from old savings accounts will create preconditions for
reviving the market and provide efficient funds for the settling of
other
financial problems.
SERBIAN PARLIAMENT HOLDS EMERGENCY SESSION
BELGRADE, July 12 (Tanjug) The Serbian Parliament held its
first
emergency session on Wednesday to consider a number of bills presented
by
the Republican Government.
The agenda includes a very important draft law on sales of
certain
stateowned real estate.
This act would secure preconditions for the Republic meeting
its
obligations stemming from hard currency savings accounts of citizens and
a
Loan for Economic Development.
MPs will also discuss a draft law on the first issue of
longterm
bonds by the Republic of Serbia, and a draft law on public companies and
on
activities of general interest.
The sixitem agenda includes draft amendments to the laws on
concessions and sales tax, communal taxes and compensation, as well as
on
animal welfare.
During the morning sitting, MPs voted on appointments of
several
judges of the Serbian Supreme Court, district, municipal and commercial
courts, and prosecutors.
At the proposal of Serbian Prime Minister Mirko Marjanovic,
Parliament relieved Health Minister Leposava Milicevic of her office, as
she has been appointed Federal Religions Minister. Deputy Premier
Milovan
Bojic has been appointed Health Minister, and Katarina Lazovic new
Education Minister to replace Milivoje Simonovic, who was killed in a
road
accident last month.
---
GIORNALISTI SERBI NON POSSONO FARE IL LORO LAVORO NELLA U.E.
BAN ON TRAVEL OF CERTAIN SERBIAN REPORTERS TO E.U. MUST BE LIFTED
BELGRADE, July 13 (Tanjug) Serbian Reporters' Association
(UNS)
President Milorad Komrakov has sent letters to the leaders of the
Brusselsbased International Federation of Reporters, the New Yorkbased
Committee for the Protection of Reporters, the Parisbased World
Association
of Newspaper Publishers, and the presidents of newspaper organizations
of
Russia, China, Germany and Greece, appealing to them to urge the lifting
of
the ban on travel to European Union countries for certain Serbian
reporters.
The UNS wants once again to draw attention to this
unprecedented
act of discrimination in the reporting profession a E.U. list of some
30
reporters who are banned from entering certain European countries,
Komrakov
said.
The list includes the names of reporters of certain Serbian
papers, television and radio stations.
---
RIMODERNATO IL TRATTO AUTOSTRADALE BELGRADO-PANCEVO
MILUTINOVIC INAUGURATES BELGRADEPANCEVO HIGHWAY
BELGRADE, July 12 (Tanjug) Serbian President Milan Milutinovic
inaugurated on Tuesday the modern section of the BelgradePancevo
highway,
and the intersection at the Pancevo Bridge on the outskirts of Belgrade,
pointing out that this is the first development project to be completed
in
Serbia.
In his address to tens of thousands of people who rallied at
the
Pancevo Bridge, Milutinovic said that Yugoslavs are now building the
foundations of their future, which depends on their performance.
The recent constitutional amendments will have a vast influence
on
the future of Yugoslavia, as they guarantee further stabilization of the
country and its democratic development, giving all citizens the ultimate
chance to directly elect the highest posts in the federal
administration,
added Milutinovic.
"In short, the people should be able to make all the decisions
themselves, and this is the most democratic way of making decisions. Not
only do reconstruction and development, but also reforms in all areas,
especially in the political one, provide an opportunity for a better
future
and for the welfare of all our citizens," said Milutinovic.
---
LE TRUPPE D'OCCUPAZIONE CHE HANNO FATTO RAPIRE TODOROVIC
SI RIFIUTANO DI DARE CHIARIMENTI PERSINO AL TRIBUNALE DELL'AIA
SFOR urges UN court not to demand 'kidnap' details
By Philip Blenkinsop
THE HAGUE, July 12 (Reuters) - The NATO-led Stabilisation Force has
urged the
United Nations war crimes tribunal not to demand further details
concerning
the arrest, and alleged kidnap, of a suspect awaiting trial in the
Hague.
Bosnian Serb Stevan Todorovic, who is accused with others of persecuting
Bosnian Croats and Moslems, believes he should be released as his arrest
in
September 1998 was unlawful. Todorovic, 42, says he was kidnapped by
mercenaries in Serbia and then handed over to SFOR troops in Bosnia.
In a letter sent on Sunday, and made public by the International
Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on Wednesday, SFOR said that
even
if Todorovic could prove he was abducted, the fact would be irrelevant
because neither the ICTY nor any entity connected to it would have been
involved.
It said he would therefore not be released so any further evidence SFOR
provided would be superfluous and would compromise its troops' safety
and
future operations.
The case is important for the issues of international law it raises and
also
because of the impact on three co-accused.
Bosnian Serbs Milan Simic, 39, Miroslav Tadic, 62, and Simo Zaric, 51,
who
all surrendered voluntarily to the tribunal in February 1998, have been
provisionally released and allowed to return to the scene of their
alleged
crimes pending a trial.
All were allegedly members of a defence unit sponsored by the Yugoslav
Army
in Bosanski Samac and also served on the so-called Serb Crisis Staff in
the
area. They are accused with others of persecuting non-Serbs when Serbs
ethnically cleansed the Bosanski Samac region in April 1992.
The case has parallels with the arrest of Nazi Adolf Eichmann, who was
seized
in Argentina in 1960 before resurfacing in Israel. Eichmann challenged
his
arrest, but the court ruled there would only have been a problem had he
been
taken by Israeli special forces. Israel said ``unknown persons'' had
actually
seized the former Nazi. Eichmann was subsequently found guilty of
genocide
and executed in 1962.
SFOR stressed that the alleged kidnapping of Todorovic had at most been
carried out by ``other persons or entities.''
``On the accused version of the facts, no entity connected with this
Tribunal
was involved in the alleged abduction,'' SFOR said.
In its letter, SFOR refuted Todorovic's argument that the territorial
rights
of Former Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) had been infringed by the alleged
abduction.
It said FRY's defiance of the tribunal deprived it of legal recognition.
It
added that returning Todorovic to the FRY would enhance the country's
status
as an ``an illegal safe haven'' for war crimes suspects.
The war crimes tribunal operates without a police force and must rely on
U.N.
member states to carry out its arrests. It is still uncertain whether it
could in fact force SFOR to release arrest details.
In its letter, SFOR simply said its submission did not prejudice the
question
of the tribunal's powers to issue orders.
10:00 07-12-00
---
DENUNCE CONTRO LA DITTA AUSTRALIANA E LA ROMANIA RESPONSABILI
DELL'INQUINAMENTO DEL DANUBIO E DEL TISZA DALLE MINIERE D'ORO
CHARGES FILED AGAINST AUSTRALIAN FIRM, ROMANIA FOR POLLUTING TISZA
BELGRADE, July 11 (Tanjug) Yugoslavia has filed charges with
the
Belgrade Business Court against the Romanianbased Australian firm
Esmeralda
and the state of Romania for damages incurred by their polluting of the
River Tisza, Federal Public Prosecutor Milos Bojovic told Tanjug on
Tuesday.
The charges were filed by the authorized Federal Office of the
Public Prosecutor on June 19. Yugoslavia demands two million dollars'
worth
of compensation from Romania for damages incurred through the pollution
of
the Tisza in Yugoslav territory early this year, Bojovic said.
This is the first time that Yugoslavia is filing charges
against
another state. Romania is the responsible party because it answers for
the
work of all companies in its territory and for all damages incurred
abroad
through their activities, Bojovic said.
Romania is a signatory of an Agreement on the protection of the
Tisza from pollution, Bojovic said. The Agreement was signed by all
states
through which the Tisza flows, and it was ratified by Yugoslavia in
1990,
he said.
There is no doubt concerning the responsibility of Esmeralda
and
the state of Romania for polluting the Tisza. In the night between Jan
3031, 2000, a waste reservoir of the Bayamare Gold Mine spilled into the
Tisza, polluting its waters with cyanide and other heavy metals, Bojovic
said.
---
CIFRE SULLE IMPRESE DEL KOSOVO ED IN TUTTA LA RFJ
----- Original Message -----
From: <info@...>
Sent: Wednesday, July 12, 2000 9:15 PM
> [DSS] Memorandum DSS o privrednim objektima na Kosovu
> Memorandum DSS o privrednim objektima na Kosovu
>
> Od polovine juna 1999. godine, kada su Kfor i Unmik u«li na Kosovo,
> Jugoslavija nema nikakve ingerencije nad 5772 preduzeca, medu kojima su
> mnoga zavisna dru«tva cija su sedi«ta u Srbiji ili Crnoj Gori i ciji je
> kapital privatizovan, pa, prema tome, pripada njihovim vlasnicima. Osim
> toga, najveci broj kapaciteta u oblasti obojenih metala, proizvodnje
uglja,
> elektroprivrede, ma«inogradnje, duvanske industrije, poljoprivrede i
> tekstilne industrije koji se nalaze na Kosovu izgra|eni su posle Drugog
> svetskog rata kapitalom iz Srbije i Crne Gore, i to sopstvenim ili iz
> kredita. Zbog toga je hitna potreba da se polo¬aj odnosnih preduzeca re«i
i
> nadle¬nost SR Jugoslavije utvrdi. Predocavajuci vam sledece podatke,
> ocekujemo va«u pomoc u pogledu za«tite svojine.
>
> Privremenim gubitkom suvereniteta SRJ nad pokrajinom Kosovo, izvan
zakonske
> kontrole ostali su kapaciteti 5772 preduzeca, ciju ukupnu snagu defini«u
> sledece karakteristicne velicine:
>
> 1. Ukupan broj preduzeca u SRJ 74.430 100%
> 2. Broj preduzeca na Kosovu 5.772 7,75%
> 3. Broj dru«tvenih i me«ovitih preduzeca u SRJ 8.750 100%
> 4. Broj dru«tevenih i me«ovitih preduzeca na Kosovu 720 8,23%
> 5. Broj zaposlenih u privredi SRJ 1.710.104 100%
> 6. Broj zaposlenih u privredi Kosova 94.177 5,5%
> 7. Poslovni prihodi u privredi SRJ (u milionima) 351.138 100%
> 8. Poslovni prihodi u privredi Kosova 11.189 3,18%
> 9. Ukupan gubitak privrede SRJ (u 1998) 26.689 100%
> 10. Ukupan gubitak privrede Kosova 1.663 6,23%
> 11. Bruto sopstveni kapital privrede SRJ (u milionima dinara) 449.140
> 100%
> 12. Bruto sopstveni kapital Kosova 18.601 4,14%
> 13. Kumulirani gubitak privrede SRJ 123.675 100%
> 14. Kumulirani gubitak privrede Kosova 5.004 4,05%
> 15. Neto sopstveni kapital privrede SRJ 341.821 100%
> 16. Neto sopstveni kapital privrede Kosova 13.579 3,98%
> 17. Dugorocne obaveze privrede SRJ 43.094 100%
> 18. Dugorocne obaveze privrede Kosova 2.305 5,35%
> 19. Ukupni dugorocni kapital privrede SRJ 402.283 100%
> 20. Dugorocni kapital privrede Kosova 17.098 4,25%
> 21. Stalna sredstva privrede SRJ 445.281 100%
> 22. Stalna sredstva privrede Kosova 19.726 4,43%
> 23. Negativni neto obrtni fond privrede SRJ -42.998 100%
> 24. Negativni neto obrtni fond privrede Kosova -2.628 6,11%
> 25. Zalihe privrede SRJ (u milionima) 75.008 100%
> 26. Zalihe privrede Kosova 3.793 5,06%
> 27. Kratkorocni krediti privrede SRJ 46.530 100%
> 28. Kratkorocni krediti privrede Kosova 3.464 7,44%
> 29. Obaveze kratkorocne privrede SRJ 194.265 100%
> 30. Kratkorocne obaveze privrede Kosova 6.876 3,54%
> 31. Kratkorocna potra¬ivanja i gotovina privrede SRJ 119.804 100%
> 32. Kratkorocna potra¬ivanja i gotovina privrede Kosova 3.778 3,15%
>
> Beograd, 10. jula 2000.
>
> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
> E-mail: info@...
> http://www.dss.org.yu
> Demokratska stranka Srbije, Brace Jugovica 2a, 11000 Beograd, Jugoslavija
> Tel: (381 11) 182 535; 183 525; 638 013; 328 2886
> Fax: (381 11) 328 1793
---
LA MOGLIE DI FANFANI IN VISITA ALLA CROCE ROSSA JUGOSLAVA
HIGH HUMANITARIAN DELEGATION VISITS YUGOSLAV RED CROSS
BELGRADE, July 10 (Tanjug) A delegation led by Maria Pia
Garavaglia, VicePresident of the International Federation of the Red
Cross
and Red Crescent Societies, also President of the Italian Red Cross, is
to
begin its fourday visit to the Yugoslav Red Cross, said the Yugoslav Red
Cross on Monday.
Yugoslav Red Cross SecretaryGeneral Rade Dubajic and Serbian
Red
Cross Secretary Radmila Cvetkovic, with their colleagues, received the
sixmember ranking delegation. The issue of their discussions was the
realization of the humanitarian programme being carried out by the two
national Red Cross organizations in the territories of the Yugoslav
republics of Serbia and Montenegro.
---
COMMEMORATO L'ANNIVERSARIO DELLA SOLLEVAZIONE DELLA SERBIA
U CENTRALNOM KLUBU VJ U BEOGRADU ODRŽANA
SVECANA AKADEMIJA POVODOM 4. JULA
http://www.politika.co.yu/politika/01_08.htm
Junackim otporom zadivili
smo svet
Dan donošenja odluke o podizanju ustanka 1941. godine
obeležen prigodnim kulturno-umetnickim programom. - Naš
narod je tokom agresije NATO pružio dostojanstven otpor, kao
što je to ucinio i 1914. i 1941. godine, rekao je profesor dr Milo
Markovic, predsednik Saveznog odbora SUBNOR-a Jugoslavije
Povodom 4. jula, dana kada je 1941. godine doneta odluka o
podizanju ustanka naroda Jugoslavije protiv fašistickog okupatora,
juce je u Centralnom klubu Vojske Jugoslavije u Beogradu održana
svecana akademija. U prisustvu velikog broja boraca
Narodnooslobodilackog rata, predstavnika diplomatskog kora,
republicke i Savezne vlade, Vojske Jugoslavije, SANU, kao i
predstavnika politickih partija i brojnih naucnih, kulturnih i javnih
radnika, izveden je prigodan kulturno-umetnicki program, dok je o
istorijskom znacaju 4. jula govorio profesor dr Milo Markovic,
predsednik Saveznog odbora SUBNOR-a Jugoslavije.
On je podsetio da je istorijska odluka o podizanju ustanka doneta 4.
jula 1941. godine na sednici Politbiroa CK KPJ u Beogradu, kao i da
je samo tri dana nakon toga u Beloj Crkvi pukla prva oslobodilacka
puška u porobljenoj Evropi. Govoreci o velicanstvenoj borbi našeg
naroda u toku Drugog svetskog rata u kojoj je sloboda placena
životom 305 hiljada boraca Narodnooslobodilacke vojske i ukupno
milion i 700 hiljada stanovnika Jugoslavije, dr Markovic je istakao da
su borci NOR-a verovali da je fašizmu došao kraj 1945. godine ali da
su se, po svemu sudeci, prevarili. Jer, naša zemlja je prošle godine
još jednom bila na meti zavojevaca.
- Na našu zemlju se srucio zlocinacki NATO agresor sa 730 miliona
stanovnika i sa hiljadu puta vecom tehnickom nadmocnošcu. Pružili
smo takav junacki i impresivan otpor da smo zadivili citav svet i to ne
prvi put u istoriji. Ponosimo se svojom junackom vojskom koja je u
najtežim danima naše novije istorije pružila dostojanstven otpor, kako
i dolikuje našem narodu koji nije kapitulirao ni 1914. ni 1941. godine,
a
nece to ni ubuduce nikada uraditi. Srpski narod je odigrao, pod svojim
državno politickim i vojnim rukovodstvom, na celu sa predsednikom
drugom Slobodanom Miloševicem casnu i dostojanstvenu ulogu,
kojoj se divi citav slobodoljubivi svet istakao je dr Markovic.
Prema njegovim recima entuzijazam pokazan u obnovi zemlje nakon
NATO agresije nije viden od 1945. i 1946. godine, jer smo
"sopstvenim snagama i sredstvima uspeli da u rekordnom roku
obnovimo porušeno". Profesor Milo Markovic je takode istakao da je
danas pred naprednim snagama našeg društva zadatak da se
odlucno suprotstave snagama neofašizma i neoimperijalizma
olicenim u novom svetskom poretku i NATO alijansi.
U kulturno-umetnickom delu programa ucestvovali su Mešoviti hor
Umetnickog ansambla VJ "Stanislav Binicki" solisti Milan Šcepovic i
Oliver Njego, pijanistkinja Tatjana Pop-Trajkovic, dok su stihove
govorili Lepomir Ivkovic i Biljana Popovic.
Svecanoj akademiji prisustvovali su, izmedu ostalih, komandant RV i
PVO general Spasoje Smiljanic, savezni ministar Cedomir Mirkovic,
zamenik saveznog ministra za spoljne poslove Zoran Novakovic,
predsednik Saveznog suda Borivoje Vukicevic i Ratko Krsmanovic,
sekretar Direkcije JUL-a.
G. Novakovic
PRESIDENT SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC CONGRATULATED JULY 7 - UPRISING DAY
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - Yugoslav President Slobodan
Milosevic
congratulated Serbian citizens on July 7 - Uprising Day in Serbia.
The note of congratulations from President Milosevic to Serbian
President
Milan Milutinovic said (unauthorized translation):
"I sincerely congratulate citizens of Serbia, and yourself
personally, on
the occasion of July 7 - Uprising Day in Serbia, which began the
glorious
and victorious struggle of the Yugoslav peoples against fascism in World
War II. With the sacrifices of our peoples' patriots in the fight for
freedom, and in the victories won by our People's Liberation Army
against
the fascist occupying forces and their local servants, Yugoslavia made a
huge contribution to the crushing of fascism, and paved the way to its
own
independent and free development. Five and a half decades after this
victory in World War II, our country was again faced with new fascism,
it
resolutely opposed the NATO aggression, and heroically defended its
freedom.
"This year's celebration of the uprising of our people is
characterized by
impressive work results in national renewal and development. I am
certain
that the patriotism and zeal of Serbian citizens, demonstrated in the
days
of defense and renewal, present a lasting and reliable foundation for
strengthening our country and its comprehensive progress."
RECEPTION HELD TO MARK JULY 7 - UPRISING DAY
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - Serbian President Milan Milutinovic
and his
wife Olga hosted a reception at the Presidency on Thursday evening to
mark
July 7 - Serbian Uprising Day.
The reception was attended by Yugoslav President Slobodan
Milosevic and
his wife Mira Markovic. Milosevic briefly spoke with political, public,
cultural and sports figures, and veterans of liberation wars.
Other guests were the presidents of the federal parliament's
Chamber of
Republics and Chamber of Citizens Srdja Bozovic and Milomir Minic,
Serbian
parliament Speaker Dragan Tomic, federal and Serbian prime ministers
Momir
Bulatovic and Mirko Marjanovic, federal and republican ministers,
federal
and republican MPs, officials of the Socialist Party of Serbia and the
Yugoslav Left, representatives of religious communities, the diplomatic
corps, the Yugoslav Army headed by Chief of General Staff Gen. Nebojsa
Pavkovic, representatives of the Interior Ministry and directors of
newspaper publishing houses and cultural figures.
---
QUESTIONI DI CONFINE TRA RFJ E FYROM
INTER-STATE BORDER COMMISSION MEETS IN SESSION
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - The 11th session of the joint
diplomatic-expert commission for determining the course and description
of
the state border between Yugoslavia and Macedonia was held in Belgrade
on
July 5-6, 2000, the Foreign Ministry said on Friday.
Delegations were headed by Ambassador Radomir Bogdanovic and
Macedonian
Assistant Foreign Minister Viktor Dimovski.
In a constructive spirit and an atmosphere of understanding, the
commission discussed documents proposed by the two sides which are of
importance for determining the state border between the two countries.
The
two sides also considered and reached agreement on the principles and
criteria which will contribute to the further dynamization of talks and
their successful conclusion, the statement said.
---
VISITA DEL MINISTRO DEGLI ESTERI DELLA BIRMANIA A BELGRADO
MINISTER VUKOVIC RECEIVED U WIN AUNG
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - Yugoslav Foreign Trade Minister
Borislav
Vukovic on Thursday received Myanmar Foreign Minister U Win Aung and
considered possibilities for promoting bilateral economic cooperation in
open and friendly talks.
It was jointly assessed that the understanding and friendship of
the two
peoples and countries and the strengthening of political ties present a
basis for promoting economic relations between Yugoslavia and Myanmar,
primarily in the area of foreign trade and banking-financial cooperation
and in the area of joint investments, said a statement by the federal
Ministry of Information.
U WIN AUNG TOURED BOMBED BUILDINGS AND "ETERNAL FLAME" MONUMENT
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - Myanmar Foreign Minister U Win Aung,
who began
a four-day official visit to Yugoslavia on Wednesday, on Friday toured
the
buildings of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade and Serbian Radio
Television
RTS, which were bombarded in last year's NATO aggression on Yugoslavia,
and
the "Eternal Flame" monument in Belgrade's municipality of Novi Beograd.
The foreign minister, who was accompanied by Myanmar Ambassador
to
Yugoslavia U Kyar Nyo Chit Pe and members of the state-economic
delegation
of this country, first visited the Chinese Embassy building which was
attacked on May 7, 1999.
Chinese national news agency Xinhua correspondent Shao Yunhuan,
Guangmin
Ribao correspondent Su Sinhua and his wife, and reporter ZHu Ying were
killed in the bombing.
Over 20 embassy employees were wounded in this attack by the
NATO air force.
---
ALTRE SEGNALAZIONI:
ARTIKELN AUF DEUTSCHER SPRACHE:
Hauptlosungen der JÖSB zum Jahrestag der Aggression
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961970135
Wir vergessen nicht!
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961970030
Nein zur Beistandspflicht, Nato und Weu!
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961969870
Interview mit Prlincevic, vertriebener Vorsitzender der Juden des Kosovo
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961969538
Bulgarien schaut auch ohne Bomben so aus, Brief an die serbische
Opposition
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961968859
Wo sind Kosovos Killing Fields?
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961969351
-
http://www.pravda.ru/archive/days/1999/june/28/14-19-28-06-1999.htm
"Pravda - Internet" correspondent, Andrei Krushinski,
reflects on the tragedy in Yugoslavia and compares it
with Vietnam and Czechoslovakia which he observed as a
Pravda correspondent in these countries.
TRAGEDY AND FARCE
NATO Aggression in Yugoslavia - through the prism of
Historical Parallels
-
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/nato50/communique_4-24.html
NATO IN THE 21st CENTURY April 24, 1999
The 19 leaders of NATO issued a Washington Communique outlining the
Alliance they envision for the next century.
-
http://www.covertaction.org/full_text_68_03.htm
Backing up Globalization with Military Might
by Karen Talbot
New World Order Onslaught
-
http://mediaguide.hu/book/bookID34.html
The following paper has been published and offered for Media Guide by
Dina
Iordanova PhD, University of Chicago
Written by Megan Kearns
U.S. ASSISTANCE TO THE INFORMATION SECTOR IN EASTERN EUROPE
Megan Kearns
Since the fall of communism, the West has provided technical and
monetary
assistance to governments, private organizations, and businesses in
Eastern European countries to develop their communication sectors. When
using the terms communication sector and information sector I refer to
print and broadcast media as well as to telecommunications and
alternative
media such as the Internet. Development projects in these areas have
been
undertaken by governmental, multi-lateral and private organizations.
Much
of the assistance I allude to comes from the United States, but Western
European countries and multilateral organizations have also undertaken
initiatives to assist the development of communications capabilities in
the region. This paper will focus primarily on US involvement, not in
a
desire to discount the contributions of other nations, but solely to
limit
the scope of the study.
-
http://aix1.uottawa.ca/associations/balkanpeace/texts/isakovic-macedonia97.html
BalkanPeace a text by
Zlatko Isakovic
1997
International Position of Macedonia and Balkan Security
-
The Bad Serb Club
Una eccezionale collezione di articoli di fonte varia sulla
aggressione NATO e la disinformazione strategica (in lingua inglese)
http://www.computec-int.com/bsc/war/editor1.htm
-
American Barbarism and the Big Lie Technique
Author: Barry Lituchy
Organisation: History Department, Kingsborough Community College,
CUNY (US), June 28, 1999
http://www.users.bigpond.com/wattyler/19990718lituchy.htm
http://www.zoran.net/afp/text/submitted/american_barbarism.htm
-
After the Rain - How the West Lost the East
Comprende una mailing list serissima sui Balcani e l'Europa tutta
http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/after.html
-
Links e fonti di informazione sulla CEE ed i Balcani
http://blair.library.rhodes.edu/ishtmls/russia.html
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
------- Forwarded message follows -------
From: Alessandro Marescotti <a.marescotti@...>
Subject: bombe in mare: comunicate a PeaceLink le "dangerous
areas"
Abbiamo ricevuto un foglio con la mappa dei siti marini a rischio di
navigazione.
Un anno fa infatti - al termine della guerra del Kossovo - il governo
italiano scopriva che l'Adriatico era pieno di bombe americane,
sganciate
in mare per alleggerire gli aerei al ritorno dalle missioni, il tutto
senza
alcun permesso del governo italiano ne' comunicazione alle autorita'
nazionali. Cominciavano i lavori di bonifica. Dopo poche settimane la
Nato
assicurava che l'Adriatico era "pulito". "Liberazione" ne dava
l'annuncio,
con scetticismo. E aveva ragione. Infatti chi naviga nell'Adriatico sa
bene
che esistono le "dangerous areas", ossia le aree di pericolo in cui
vengono
cercate le bombe che i cacciabombardieri della Nato hanno sganciato in
mare
per non atterrare carichi di esplosivo. E cosi' e' arrivato a PeaceLink
un
foglio contenente le coordinate dei punti a rischio nell'Adriatico. E'
una
normale comunicazione, dell'11 marzo 2000, che e' giunta alle navi della
marina mercantile, quindi priva di vincoli di segretezza. In quella data
di
bombe in mare "ufficialmente" non dovevano esserci, come rassicura la
Nato
da mesi. E invece a est di Falconara venivano segnalate ben 17
"dangerous
areas": "In such areas italian minehunters are carrying out operations",
si
legge. In altre parole i "cacciatori di mine" italiani sono stati
impiegati
per operazioni di bonifica "with use of underwater vehicle" ("con
l'impiego
di mezzi subacquei").
Stesso discorso a est di Chioggia.
"All transiting ship pay attention", ossia: "tutti le navi in transito
facciano attenzione".
Fa una certa impressione sapere che siano mezzi italiani, pagati
intuibilmente con le nostre tasse, a fare gli spazzini silenziosi e a
raccattare gli esplosivi degli aerei americani. Spazzini della Nato.
Alessandro Marescotti
Taranto
a.marescotti@...
francesco iannuzzelli francesco@...
associazione peacelink - sez. disarmo
http://www.peacelink.it
---
CINQUE FAMIGLIE DI BELGRADO FANNO CAUSA AL GOVERNO INGLESE PER
L'ASSASSINIO DEI PROPRI FAMILIARI A MEZZO "BOMBE UMANITARIE"
Daily Telegraph (UK)
July 17, 2000
Serbs take Britain to court over Nato bombs
THE families of victims of a Nato bombing in Belgrade are taking the
British Government to the European Court of Human Rights, claiming an
attack on a television station violated international law.
An Essex law firm is acting for relatives of five Serb civilians who
died in the bombing of Radio Television Serbia in April last year.
The selection of the television station as a target, killing 16
civilians, was one of the most controversial of the bombing campaign and
later described by the human rights group Amnesty International as a
"war crime".
Tony Fisher, a solicitor with Fisher Jones Greenwood, said the case was
being brought against 17 of the 19 Nato countries under Article Two of
the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees the "right to
life", and Article 10 which protects freedom of speech.
The court has the power to censure the governments involved and order
damages to be paid if it finds the governments acted illegally.
Mr Fisher, a partner in the Colchester firm, said: "There are
fundamental issues at stake with regard to the selection of legitimate
targets in a situation such as this. The case has been lodged and the
court is currently deciding whether to communicate it to the responding
governments.
"The next stage will be either the court decides the case is not well
founded and there is no case to answer, or it will communicate with the
governments against which the accusations are made for their
observations."
Mr Fisher said he was part of an international group of lawyers involved
in the case. The case comes weeks after families of Argentine sailors
killed in the sinking of the Belgrano during the Falklands war brought a
similar action against Britain.
Amnesty International last month published a report claiming Nato was
guilty of war crimes during the raids on Kosovo and Serbia. The study
said Allied commanders should have taken greater precautions to avoid
civilian deaths, and singled out the attack on the television station as
a war crime.
Tony Blair has defended the bombing as "entirely justified" because the
broadcasters were part of President Slobodan Milosevic's "apparatus of
dictatorship and power which is used to do ethnic cleansing in Kosovo".
Mr Fisher said there were no precedents for the levels of financial
compensation the court could award if the case succeeds.
---
LA RICOSTRUZIONE DELLA SERBIA IN CIFRE
SERBIAN CIVIL ENGINEERING THE BASIS OF COUNTRY'S RECONSTRUCTION
BELGRADE, July 16 (Tanjug) In the first five months this year
the
value of civil engineering operations in Yugoslavia was 188.6 percent up
on
the same period last year, the federal Statistics Institute said in a
report on Sunday.
The scope of the work completed in effective work hours rose by
31
percent, while the value of the work contracted by late May amounted to
6.42 billion dinars.
In May 46,684 manual labourers were employed on construction
sites, not counting engineers and technicians. This is the biggest
number
of workers engaged since the start of 2000. Similar trends are expected
in
the coming period.
The value of the construction work carried out at home (without
data for KosovoMetohija) in May totalled 951,423,000 dinars of which
work
carried out in Serbia amounted to 834,272,000 dinars and in Montenegro
117,151,000 dinars.
In the central part of Serbia, the value of the work in May was
568,595,000 dinars and in its northern Vojvodina province 265,677,000
dinars.
The value of work contracted in late May to be completed by the
end of the year totalled 6.420,038,000 dinars.
Some 100 construction companies and manufacturers of building
materials are participating in the reconstruction of the country.
Despite
problems, they have successfully repaired or completely rebuilt dozens
of
bridges, overpasses, dams and several thousand apartments. Plans are for
as
many as 10,000 apartments to be completed by the end of December.
Abroad, Yugoslav construction firms have been engaged for the
past
several years in Russia, Libya, Tunisia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Tanzania and
the
Congo.
---
VENTISEI ANNI DI OCCUPAZIONE MILITARE TURCA A CIPRO
To: "'admin@...'" <admin@...>
From: administrator <admin@...> | Block address
Date: Sun, 16 Jul 2000 00:18:33 +0100
Tomorrow, Sunday 16 July more than 10,000 Cypriots will march to
Trafalgar Square in a massive protest against the brutal invasion
of Cyprus in July 1974 at the continued occupation of 37% of the
island by Turkey for 26 years.
The Greek Cypriot people will demonstrate their continue struggle
for justice and human rights in Cyprus. For the removal of Turkish
troops, the repatriation of Turkish colonists and the
unconditional return of all refugees to their homes.
The march starts 2.45 at the Victoria Embankment and will end at
Trafalgar Square at 4.00pm where many supporters of Cypriot
struggle, including MP's and MEPs across the political spectrum as
well as the Cypriot minister of education will address the rally.
If you can get to London join us.
For further details call Lobby for Cyprus on 020 8888 2556 or
emails on admin@...
Regards
Lobby Administrator
---
DOPO NOVE ANNI DALLA SECESSIONE LA SLOVENIA ANCORA LAVORA
ALLA FRANTUMAZIONE DELLA JUGOSLAVIA
Slovenia submits Montenegro parliament resolution to U.N. Security
Council
Posted Friday, July 14, 2000 by Montenegro.com
LJUBLJANA, Slovenia (AP) - Slovenia acted as a courier for Montenegro at
the
United Nations on Friday, delivering a resolution to the Security
Council
detailing the republic's decision to ignore Yugoslavia's constitutional
changes.
Montenegro, while enjoying independence from Belgrade in many ways, is
still
formally a part of Yugoslavia and is represented at the United Nations
by
Yugoslav ambassadors.
Montenegrin Foreign Minister Branko Lukovac visited U.N. headquarters in
New
York last month, requesting that Yugoslavia no longer represents
Montenegro.
Slovenia, which seceded from Yugoslavia in 1991 and has its own U.N.
mission,
Friday sent a letter to the Security Council enclosing Montenegro's
decision
to ignore constitutional changes that downgrade its status within the
federation and strengthen Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic's grip
on
power.
In a letter to the Security Council, Samuel Zbogar, deputy Slovene
ambassador, wrote that his country considers the Montenegrin decision to
be
of "great importance, adopted in the crucial moments for the future of
the
Republic of Montenegro, as well as for the future of the Federal
Republic of
Yugoslavia."
Montenegro's president, Milo Djukanovic, has refrained from declaring
full
independence from Yugoslavia, fearing that Milosevic - who started wars
in
other ex-Yugoslav republics when they seceded from the federation in
1991-1992 - could intervene militarily in response.
---
DA CAMP DAVID LA ALBRIGHT CHIAMA IL SUO SERVO DJUKANOVIC
E GLI OFFRE ALTRO DENARO PER SPACCARE LA RF DI JUGOSLAVIA
Albright calls Djukanovic from M.East talks
THURMONT, Md., July 13 (Reuters) - U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine
Albright
called Montenegro's pro-Western President Milo Djukanovic on Thursday to
tell
him he could expect more cash this year to help him in his
democratization
effort, a U.S. spokesman said.
State Department spokesman Richard Boucher told reporters she had called
him
from Camp David, where she was leading Middle East peace talks while
President Bill Clinton took about eight hours off to attend prior
engagements.
They discussed developments in the region, including changes in the
constitution introduced by Belgrade and rejected by Montenegro. The
rejection
sparked a sharp increase in tension between President Slobodan Milosevic
and
the Montenegrin leadership.
``She was also able to tell him that after we consult with Congress, we
will
be able to provide $16.5 million of additional assistance to Montenegro
for
democratization and economic reform during the course of this year,''
Boucher
said.
If approved, this would bring total U.S. aid to Serbia's sister republic
in
the Yugoslav federation to $77.1 million in fiscal year 2000, a U.S.
official
said.
Boucher said Albright and Djukanovic had also agreed to consult more in
the
future on upcoming federal elections.
``The main thrust of the phone call was to express her support for
democracy
in Montenegro and appreciation for the moderate policies that Djukanovic
has
been following,'' Boucher said.
More than a year after NATO's 78-day bombing campaign against
Milosevic's
forces, he remains in power and the United States and its allies hopes
eventually to unseat him by supporting his opposition.
Montenegro's Montena-fax news agency reported Wednesday that Yugoslav
army
units stationed in Montenegro were on alert last week and might have
carried
out a military coup in the republic if its leadership had declared
independence.
Djukanovic has distanced himself from the Belgrade-based Yugoslav
federal
government and has accused the army of interfering in Montenegrin
politics in
support of pro-Milosevic forces. He wants to escape 10 years of
international
isolation resulting from Yugoslavia's role in a string of Balkan wars.
20:20 07-13-00
---
ATTI DI VANDALISMO CONTRO CHIESA ORTODOSSA IN MONTENEGRO
http://www.truthinmedia.org/Bulletins2000/tim2000-7-2.html
Montenegro 1. Washington's Montenegro Vassals Vandalize and
Desecrate Christian Church
Montenegro 2. Anti-Christian Pornography, Vulgarity,
Masquerades as “Art” (Excerpt from an October 1997 TiM Bulletin)
---
RELAZIONI BILATERALI RFJ-ALGERIA
PRESIDENT MILOSEVIC SENDS MESSAGE TO ALGERIAN PRESIDENT
BELGRADE, July 13 (Tanjug) Ambassador Danilo Milic, the head
of a
Yugoslav Foreign Ministry delegation to the summit of the Organization
for
African Unity (OAU) in Lome, presented to Algerian Foreign Minister
Youssef
Youssufi a written message from Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic to
Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the outgoing OAU chairman.
Milosevic's message underscores that Yugoslavia's policy
presents
a good basis for the further promotion of relations and cooperation with
African countries on a lasting basis of friendship, mutual respect and
the
unwavering option for peace and a just world order based on sovereign
equality of all countries.
On behalf of Bouteflika, the Algerian minister said his country
would do its utmost to strengthen the traditionally friendly relations
with
Yugoslavia. This especially pertains to the promotion of economic
cooperation, which has a successful tradition stretching over several
decades.
Youssufi said Algeria supports Yugoslavia in its efforts toward
its full engagement in the United Nations, the NonAligned Movement, and
other international forums.
---
DICHIARAZIONI DEL MINISTRO DEGLI ESTERI DELLA RFJ
WE NEVER BEGGED AROUND FOR HELP - MINISTER JOVANOVIC
BELGRADE, July 11 (Reuters) - Belgrade's Foreign Minister said
on
Friday the West's bid to isolate Yugoslavia and strangle its economy had
failed and world support for the government was growing, state news
agency
Tanjug reported.
Yugoslavia's ties and cooperation with tree-quarters of the
world's nations, which accept it as a valid, reliable and equal partner,
and its achievements in reconstruction and development both testify to
this," said Foreign Minister Zivadin Jovanovic.
We never begged around for help. We did not waste time hoping
for
help from abroad. Our future is not in the hands of the European Union,
NATO or any other foreign factor, but in our own hands," Jovanovic said.
High-ranking delegations from Brazil, China, Iraq, Myanmar and
Russia are among those that recently visited Belgrade.
If the philosophy of sanctions and isolation has helped in any
way
then it is in raising awareness that nothing positive can be achieved in
southeast Europe without Yugoslavia's equal participation as a key
economic, political and security factor in the region," Jovanovic said.
Yugoslavia maintains diplomatic relations with 166 countries
and
has other government offices in 97 countries. There are 70 foreign
embassies in Belgrade.
---
LA SERBIA COSTRETTA A METTERE IN VENDITA ALTRO PATRIMONIO STATALE
PER FRONTEGGIARE I DEBITI
SERBIAN PARLIAMENT PASSES BILL ON SALES OF STATEOWNED REAL ESTATE
BELGRADE, July 13 (Tanjug) The Serbian parliament on Thursday
approved a bill on sales of certain stateowned real estate aimed at
meeting
obligations of the republic concerning hard currency savings accounts of
citizens and a Loan for Economic Development.
Serbian citizens have a total of 3.6 billion Dmarks in various
foreign currencies in their savings accounts dating back to the former
Yugoslav federation. The republic will achieve two objectives by paying
this debt business space owned by the state will become private
property,
and the money from old savings accounts will create preconditions for
reviving the market and provide efficient funds for the settling of
other
financial problems.
SERBIAN PARLIAMENT HOLDS EMERGENCY SESSION
BELGRADE, July 12 (Tanjug) The Serbian Parliament held its
first
emergency session on Wednesday to consider a number of bills presented
by
the Republican Government.
The agenda includes a very important draft law on sales of
certain
stateowned real estate.
This act would secure preconditions for the Republic meeting
its
obligations stemming from hard currency savings accounts of citizens and
a
Loan for Economic Development.
MPs will also discuss a draft law on the first issue of
longterm
bonds by the Republic of Serbia, and a draft law on public companies and
on
activities of general interest.
The sixitem agenda includes draft amendments to the laws on
concessions and sales tax, communal taxes and compensation, as well as
on
animal welfare.
During the morning sitting, MPs voted on appointments of
several
judges of the Serbian Supreme Court, district, municipal and commercial
courts, and prosecutors.
At the proposal of Serbian Prime Minister Mirko Marjanovic,
Parliament relieved Health Minister Leposava Milicevic of her office, as
she has been appointed Federal Religions Minister. Deputy Premier
Milovan
Bojic has been appointed Health Minister, and Katarina Lazovic new
Education Minister to replace Milivoje Simonovic, who was killed in a
road
accident last month.
---
GIORNALISTI SERBI NON POSSONO FARE IL LORO LAVORO NELLA U.E.
BAN ON TRAVEL OF CERTAIN SERBIAN REPORTERS TO E.U. MUST BE LIFTED
BELGRADE, July 13 (Tanjug) Serbian Reporters' Association
(UNS)
President Milorad Komrakov has sent letters to the leaders of the
Brusselsbased International Federation of Reporters, the New Yorkbased
Committee for the Protection of Reporters, the Parisbased World
Association
of Newspaper Publishers, and the presidents of newspaper organizations
of
Russia, China, Germany and Greece, appealing to them to urge the lifting
of
the ban on travel to European Union countries for certain Serbian
reporters.
The UNS wants once again to draw attention to this
unprecedented
act of discrimination in the reporting profession a E.U. list of some
30
reporters who are banned from entering certain European countries,
Komrakov
said.
The list includes the names of reporters of certain Serbian
papers, television and radio stations.
---
RIMODERNATO IL TRATTO AUTOSTRADALE BELGRADO-PANCEVO
MILUTINOVIC INAUGURATES BELGRADEPANCEVO HIGHWAY
BELGRADE, July 12 (Tanjug) Serbian President Milan Milutinovic
inaugurated on Tuesday the modern section of the BelgradePancevo
highway,
and the intersection at the Pancevo Bridge on the outskirts of Belgrade,
pointing out that this is the first development project to be completed
in
Serbia.
In his address to tens of thousands of people who rallied at
the
Pancevo Bridge, Milutinovic said that Yugoslavs are now building the
foundations of their future, which depends on their performance.
The recent constitutional amendments will have a vast influence
on
the future of Yugoslavia, as they guarantee further stabilization of the
country and its democratic development, giving all citizens the ultimate
chance to directly elect the highest posts in the federal
administration,
added Milutinovic.
"In short, the people should be able to make all the decisions
themselves, and this is the most democratic way of making decisions. Not
only do reconstruction and development, but also reforms in all areas,
especially in the political one, provide an opportunity for a better
future
and for the welfare of all our citizens," said Milutinovic.
---
LE TRUPPE D'OCCUPAZIONE CHE HANNO FATTO RAPIRE TODOROVIC
SI RIFIUTANO DI DARE CHIARIMENTI PERSINO AL TRIBUNALE DELL'AIA
SFOR urges UN court not to demand 'kidnap' details
By Philip Blenkinsop
THE HAGUE, July 12 (Reuters) - The NATO-led Stabilisation Force has
urged the
United Nations war crimes tribunal not to demand further details
concerning
the arrest, and alleged kidnap, of a suspect awaiting trial in the
Hague.
Bosnian Serb Stevan Todorovic, who is accused with others of persecuting
Bosnian Croats and Moslems, believes he should be released as his arrest
in
September 1998 was unlawful. Todorovic, 42, says he was kidnapped by
mercenaries in Serbia and then handed over to SFOR troops in Bosnia.
In a letter sent on Sunday, and made public by the International
Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on Wednesday, SFOR said that
even
if Todorovic could prove he was abducted, the fact would be irrelevant
because neither the ICTY nor any entity connected to it would have been
involved.
It said he would therefore not be released so any further evidence SFOR
provided would be superfluous and would compromise its troops' safety
and
future operations.
The case is important for the issues of international law it raises and
also
because of the impact on three co-accused.
Bosnian Serbs Milan Simic, 39, Miroslav Tadic, 62, and Simo Zaric, 51,
who
all surrendered voluntarily to the tribunal in February 1998, have been
provisionally released and allowed to return to the scene of their
alleged
crimes pending a trial.
All were allegedly members of a defence unit sponsored by the Yugoslav
Army
in Bosanski Samac and also served on the so-called Serb Crisis Staff in
the
area. They are accused with others of persecuting non-Serbs when Serbs
ethnically cleansed the Bosanski Samac region in April 1992.
The case has parallels with the arrest of Nazi Adolf Eichmann, who was
seized
in Argentina in 1960 before resurfacing in Israel. Eichmann challenged
his
arrest, but the court ruled there would only have been a problem had he
been
taken by Israeli special forces. Israel said ``unknown persons'' had
actually
seized the former Nazi. Eichmann was subsequently found guilty of
genocide
and executed in 1962.
SFOR stressed that the alleged kidnapping of Todorovic had at most been
carried out by ``other persons or entities.''
``On the accused version of the facts, no entity connected with this
Tribunal
was involved in the alleged abduction,'' SFOR said.
In its letter, SFOR refuted Todorovic's argument that the territorial
rights
of Former Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) had been infringed by the alleged
abduction.
It said FRY's defiance of the tribunal deprived it of legal recognition.
It
added that returning Todorovic to the FRY would enhance the country's
status
as an ``an illegal safe haven'' for war crimes suspects.
The war crimes tribunal operates without a police force and must rely on
U.N.
member states to carry out its arrests. It is still uncertain whether it
could in fact force SFOR to release arrest details.
In its letter, SFOR simply said its submission did not prejudice the
question
of the tribunal's powers to issue orders.
10:00 07-12-00
---
DENUNCE CONTRO LA DITTA AUSTRALIANA E LA ROMANIA RESPONSABILI
DELL'INQUINAMENTO DEL DANUBIO E DEL TISZA DALLE MINIERE D'ORO
CHARGES FILED AGAINST AUSTRALIAN FIRM, ROMANIA FOR POLLUTING TISZA
BELGRADE, July 11 (Tanjug) Yugoslavia has filed charges with
the
Belgrade Business Court against the Romanianbased Australian firm
Esmeralda
and the state of Romania for damages incurred by their polluting of the
River Tisza, Federal Public Prosecutor Milos Bojovic told Tanjug on
Tuesday.
The charges were filed by the authorized Federal Office of the
Public Prosecutor on June 19. Yugoslavia demands two million dollars'
worth
of compensation from Romania for damages incurred through the pollution
of
the Tisza in Yugoslav territory early this year, Bojovic said.
This is the first time that Yugoslavia is filing charges
against
another state. Romania is the responsible party because it answers for
the
work of all companies in its territory and for all damages incurred
abroad
through their activities, Bojovic said.
Romania is a signatory of an Agreement on the protection of the
Tisza from pollution, Bojovic said. The Agreement was signed by all
states
through which the Tisza flows, and it was ratified by Yugoslavia in
1990,
he said.
There is no doubt concerning the responsibility of Esmeralda
and
the state of Romania for polluting the Tisza. In the night between Jan
3031, 2000, a waste reservoir of the Bayamare Gold Mine spilled into the
Tisza, polluting its waters with cyanide and other heavy metals, Bojovic
said.
---
CIFRE SULLE IMPRESE DEL KOSOVO ED IN TUTTA LA RFJ
----- Original Message -----
From: <info@...>
Sent: Wednesday, July 12, 2000 9:15 PM
> [DSS] Memorandum DSS o privrednim objektima na Kosovu
> Memorandum DSS o privrednim objektima na Kosovu
>
> Od polovine juna 1999. godine, kada su Kfor i Unmik u«li na Kosovo,
> Jugoslavija nema nikakve ingerencije nad 5772 preduzeca, medu kojima su
> mnoga zavisna dru«tva cija su sedi«ta u Srbiji ili Crnoj Gori i ciji je
> kapital privatizovan, pa, prema tome, pripada njihovim vlasnicima. Osim
> toga, najveci broj kapaciteta u oblasti obojenih metala, proizvodnje
uglja,
> elektroprivrede, ma«inogradnje, duvanske industrije, poljoprivrede i
> tekstilne industrije koji se nalaze na Kosovu izgra|eni su posle Drugog
> svetskog rata kapitalom iz Srbije i Crne Gore, i to sopstvenim ili iz
> kredita. Zbog toga je hitna potreba da se polo¬aj odnosnih preduzeca re«i
i
> nadle¬nost SR Jugoslavije utvrdi. Predocavajuci vam sledece podatke,
> ocekujemo va«u pomoc u pogledu za«tite svojine.
>
> Privremenim gubitkom suvereniteta SRJ nad pokrajinom Kosovo, izvan
zakonske
> kontrole ostali su kapaciteti 5772 preduzeca, ciju ukupnu snagu defini«u
> sledece karakteristicne velicine:
>
> 1. Ukupan broj preduzeca u SRJ 74.430 100%
> 2. Broj preduzeca na Kosovu 5.772 7,75%
> 3. Broj dru«tvenih i me«ovitih preduzeca u SRJ 8.750 100%
> 4. Broj dru«tevenih i me«ovitih preduzeca na Kosovu 720 8,23%
> 5. Broj zaposlenih u privredi SRJ 1.710.104 100%
> 6. Broj zaposlenih u privredi Kosova 94.177 5,5%
> 7. Poslovni prihodi u privredi SRJ (u milionima) 351.138 100%
> 8. Poslovni prihodi u privredi Kosova 11.189 3,18%
> 9. Ukupan gubitak privrede SRJ (u 1998) 26.689 100%
> 10. Ukupan gubitak privrede Kosova 1.663 6,23%
> 11. Bruto sopstveni kapital privrede SRJ (u milionima dinara) 449.140
> 100%
> 12. Bruto sopstveni kapital Kosova 18.601 4,14%
> 13. Kumulirani gubitak privrede SRJ 123.675 100%
> 14. Kumulirani gubitak privrede Kosova 5.004 4,05%
> 15. Neto sopstveni kapital privrede SRJ 341.821 100%
> 16. Neto sopstveni kapital privrede Kosova 13.579 3,98%
> 17. Dugorocne obaveze privrede SRJ 43.094 100%
> 18. Dugorocne obaveze privrede Kosova 2.305 5,35%
> 19. Ukupni dugorocni kapital privrede SRJ 402.283 100%
> 20. Dugorocni kapital privrede Kosova 17.098 4,25%
> 21. Stalna sredstva privrede SRJ 445.281 100%
> 22. Stalna sredstva privrede Kosova 19.726 4,43%
> 23. Negativni neto obrtni fond privrede SRJ -42.998 100%
> 24. Negativni neto obrtni fond privrede Kosova -2.628 6,11%
> 25. Zalihe privrede SRJ (u milionima) 75.008 100%
> 26. Zalihe privrede Kosova 3.793 5,06%
> 27. Kratkorocni krediti privrede SRJ 46.530 100%
> 28. Kratkorocni krediti privrede Kosova 3.464 7,44%
> 29. Obaveze kratkorocne privrede SRJ 194.265 100%
> 30. Kratkorocne obaveze privrede Kosova 6.876 3,54%
> 31. Kratkorocna potra¬ivanja i gotovina privrede SRJ 119.804 100%
> 32. Kratkorocna potra¬ivanja i gotovina privrede Kosova 3.778 3,15%
>
> Beograd, 10. jula 2000.
>
> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
> E-mail: info@...
> http://www.dss.org.yu
> Demokratska stranka Srbije, Brace Jugovica 2a, 11000 Beograd, Jugoslavija
> Tel: (381 11) 182 535; 183 525; 638 013; 328 2886
> Fax: (381 11) 328 1793
---
LA MOGLIE DI FANFANI IN VISITA ALLA CROCE ROSSA JUGOSLAVA
HIGH HUMANITARIAN DELEGATION VISITS YUGOSLAV RED CROSS
BELGRADE, July 10 (Tanjug) A delegation led by Maria Pia
Garavaglia, VicePresident of the International Federation of the Red
Cross
and Red Crescent Societies, also President of the Italian Red Cross, is
to
begin its fourday visit to the Yugoslav Red Cross, said the Yugoslav Red
Cross on Monday.
Yugoslav Red Cross SecretaryGeneral Rade Dubajic and Serbian
Red
Cross Secretary Radmila Cvetkovic, with their colleagues, received the
sixmember ranking delegation. The issue of their discussions was the
realization of the humanitarian programme being carried out by the two
national Red Cross organizations in the territories of the Yugoslav
republics of Serbia and Montenegro.
---
COMMEMORATO L'ANNIVERSARIO DELLA SOLLEVAZIONE DELLA SERBIA
U CENTRALNOM KLUBU VJ U BEOGRADU ODRŽANA
SVECANA AKADEMIJA POVODOM 4. JULA
http://www.politika.co.yu/politika/01_08.htm
Junackim otporom zadivili
smo svet
Dan donošenja odluke o podizanju ustanka 1941. godine
obeležen prigodnim kulturno-umetnickim programom. - Naš
narod je tokom agresije NATO pružio dostojanstven otpor, kao
što je to ucinio i 1914. i 1941. godine, rekao je profesor dr Milo
Markovic, predsednik Saveznog odbora SUBNOR-a Jugoslavije
Povodom 4. jula, dana kada je 1941. godine doneta odluka o
podizanju ustanka naroda Jugoslavije protiv fašistickog okupatora,
juce je u Centralnom klubu Vojske Jugoslavije u Beogradu održana
svecana akademija. U prisustvu velikog broja boraca
Narodnooslobodilackog rata, predstavnika diplomatskog kora,
republicke i Savezne vlade, Vojske Jugoslavije, SANU, kao i
predstavnika politickih partija i brojnih naucnih, kulturnih i javnih
radnika, izveden je prigodan kulturno-umetnicki program, dok je o
istorijskom znacaju 4. jula govorio profesor dr Milo Markovic,
predsednik Saveznog odbora SUBNOR-a Jugoslavije.
On je podsetio da je istorijska odluka o podizanju ustanka doneta 4.
jula 1941. godine na sednici Politbiroa CK KPJ u Beogradu, kao i da
je samo tri dana nakon toga u Beloj Crkvi pukla prva oslobodilacka
puška u porobljenoj Evropi. Govoreci o velicanstvenoj borbi našeg
naroda u toku Drugog svetskog rata u kojoj je sloboda placena
životom 305 hiljada boraca Narodnooslobodilacke vojske i ukupno
milion i 700 hiljada stanovnika Jugoslavije, dr Markovic je istakao da
su borci NOR-a verovali da je fašizmu došao kraj 1945. godine ali da
su se, po svemu sudeci, prevarili. Jer, naša zemlja je prošle godine
još jednom bila na meti zavojevaca.
- Na našu zemlju se srucio zlocinacki NATO agresor sa 730 miliona
stanovnika i sa hiljadu puta vecom tehnickom nadmocnošcu. Pružili
smo takav junacki i impresivan otpor da smo zadivili citav svet i to ne
prvi put u istoriji. Ponosimo se svojom junackom vojskom koja je u
najtežim danima naše novije istorije pružila dostojanstven otpor, kako
i dolikuje našem narodu koji nije kapitulirao ni 1914. ni 1941. godine,
a
nece to ni ubuduce nikada uraditi. Srpski narod je odigrao, pod svojim
državno politickim i vojnim rukovodstvom, na celu sa predsednikom
drugom Slobodanom Miloševicem casnu i dostojanstvenu ulogu,
kojoj se divi citav slobodoljubivi svet istakao je dr Markovic.
Prema njegovim recima entuzijazam pokazan u obnovi zemlje nakon
NATO agresije nije viden od 1945. i 1946. godine, jer smo
"sopstvenim snagama i sredstvima uspeli da u rekordnom roku
obnovimo porušeno". Profesor Milo Markovic je takode istakao da je
danas pred naprednim snagama našeg društva zadatak da se
odlucno suprotstave snagama neofašizma i neoimperijalizma
olicenim u novom svetskom poretku i NATO alijansi.
U kulturno-umetnickom delu programa ucestvovali su Mešoviti hor
Umetnickog ansambla VJ "Stanislav Binicki" solisti Milan Šcepovic i
Oliver Njego, pijanistkinja Tatjana Pop-Trajkovic, dok su stihove
govorili Lepomir Ivkovic i Biljana Popovic.
Svecanoj akademiji prisustvovali su, izmedu ostalih, komandant RV i
PVO general Spasoje Smiljanic, savezni ministar Cedomir Mirkovic,
zamenik saveznog ministra za spoljne poslove Zoran Novakovic,
predsednik Saveznog suda Borivoje Vukicevic i Ratko Krsmanovic,
sekretar Direkcije JUL-a.
G. Novakovic
PRESIDENT SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC CONGRATULATED JULY 7 - UPRISING DAY
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - Yugoslav President Slobodan
Milosevic
congratulated Serbian citizens on July 7 - Uprising Day in Serbia.
The note of congratulations from President Milosevic to Serbian
President
Milan Milutinovic said (unauthorized translation):
"I sincerely congratulate citizens of Serbia, and yourself
personally, on
the occasion of July 7 - Uprising Day in Serbia, which began the
glorious
and victorious struggle of the Yugoslav peoples against fascism in World
War II. With the sacrifices of our peoples' patriots in the fight for
freedom, and in the victories won by our People's Liberation Army
against
the fascist occupying forces and their local servants, Yugoslavia made a
huge contribution to the crushing of fascism, and paved the way to its
own
independent and free development. Five and a half decades after this
victory in World War II, our country was again faced with new fascism,
it
resolutely opposed the NATO aggression, and heroically defended its
freedom.
"This year's celebration of the uprising of our people is
characterized by
impressive work results in national renewal and development. I am
certain
that the patriotism and zeal of Serbian citizens, demonstrated in the
days
of defense and renewal, present a lasting and reliable foundation for
strengthening our country and its comprehensive progress."
RECEPTION HELD TO MARK JULY 7 - UPRISING DAY
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - Serbian President Milan Milutinovic
and his
wife Olga hosted a reception at the Presidency on Thursday evening to
mark
July 7 - Serbian Uprising Day.
The reception was attended by Yugoslav President Slobodan
Milosevic and
his wife Mira Markovic. Milosevic briefly spoke with political, public,
cultural and sports figures, and veterans of liberation wars.
Other guests were the presidents of the federal parliament's
Chamber of
Republics and Chamber of Citizens Srdja Bozovic and Milomir Minic,
Serbian
parliament Speaker Dragan Tomic, federal and Serbian prime ministers
Momir
Bulatovic and Mirko Marjanovic, federal and republican ministers,
federal
and republican MPs, officials of the Socialist Party of Serbia and the
Yugoslav Left, representatives of religious communities, the diplomatic
corps, the Yugoslav Army headed by Chief of General Staff Gen. Nebojsa
Pavkovic, representatives of the Interior Ministry and directors of
newspaper publishing houses and cultural figures.
---
QUESTIONI DI CONFINE TRA RFJ E FYROM
INTER-STATE BORDER COMMISSION MEETS IN SESSION
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - The 11th session of the joint
diplomatic-expert commission for determining the course and description
of
the state border between Yugoslavia and Macedonia was held in Belgrade
on
July 5-6, 2000, the Foreign Ministry said on Friday.
Delegations were headed by Ambassador Radomir Bogdanovic and
Macedonian
Assistant Foreign Minister Viktor Dimovski.
In a constructive spirit and an atmosphere of understanding, the
commission discussed documents proposed by the two sides which are of
importance for determining the state border between the two countries.
The
two sides also considered and reached agreement on the principles and
criteria which will contribute to the further dynamization of talks and
their successful conclusion, the statement said.
---
VISITA DEL MINISTRO DEGLI ESTERI DELLA BIRMANIA A BELGRADO
MINISTER VUKOVIC RECEIVED U WIN AUNG
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - Yugoslav Foreign Trade Minister
Borislav
Vukovic on Thursday received Myanmar Foreign Minister U Win Aung and
considered possibilities for promoting bilateral economic cooperation in
open and friendly talks.
It was jointly assessed that the understanding and friendship of
the two
peoples and countries and the strengthening of political ties present a
basis for promoting economic relations between Yugoslavia and Myanmar,
primarily in the area of foreign trade and banking-financial cooperation
and in the area of joint investments, said a statement by the federal
Ministry of Information.
U WIN AUNG TOURED BOMBED BUILDINGS AND "ETERNAL FLAME" MONUMENT
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - Myanmar Foreign Minister U Win Aung,
who began
a four-day official visit to Yugoslavia on Wednesday, on Friday toured
the
buildings of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade and Serbian Radio
Television
RTS, which were bombarded in last year's NATO aggression on Yugoslavia,
and
the "Eternal Flame" monument in Belgrade's municipality of Novi Beograd.
The foreign minister, who was accompanied by Myanmar Ambassador
to
Yugoslavia U Kyar Nyo Chit Pe and members of the state-economic
delegation
of this country, first visited the Chinese Embassy building which was
attacked on May 7, 1999.
Chinese national news agency Xinhua correspondent Shao Yunhuan,
Guangmin
Ribao correspondent Su Sinhua and his wife, and reporter ZHu Ying were
killed in the bombing.
Over 20 embassy employees were wounded in this attack by the
NATO air force.
---
ALTRE SEGNALAZIONI:
ARTIKELN AUF DEUTSCHER SPRACHE:
Hauptlosungen der JÖSB zum Jahrestag der Aggression
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961970135
Wir vergessen nicht!
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961970030
Nein zur Beistandspflicht, Nato und Weu!
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961969870
Interview mit Prlincevic, vertriebener Vorsitzender der Juden des Kosovo
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961969538
Bulgarien schaut auch ohne Bomben so aus, Brief an die serbische
Opposition
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961968859
Wo sind Kosovos Killing Fields?
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=5&id=961969351
-
http://www.pravda.ru/archive/days/1999/june/28/14-19-28-06-1999.htm
"Pravda - Internet" correspondent, Andrei Krushinski,
reflects on the tragedy in Yugoslavia and compares it
with Vietnam and Czechoslovakia which he observed as a
Pravda correspondent in these countries.
TRAGEDY AND FARCE
NATO Aggression in Yugoslavia - through the prism of
Historical Parallels
-
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/nato50/communique_4-24.html
NATO IN THE 21st CENTURY April 24, 1999
The 19 leaders of NATO issued a Washington Communique outlining the
Alliance they envision for the next century.
-
http://www.covertaction.org/full_text_68_03.htm
Backing up Globalization with Military Might
by Karen Talbot
New World Order Onslaught
-
http://mediaguide.hu/book/bookID34.html
The following paper has been published and offered for Media Guide by
Dina
Iordanova PhD, University of Chicago
Written by Megan Kearns
U.S. ASSISTANCE TO THE INFORMATION SECTOR IN EASTERN EUROPE
Megan Kearns
Since the fall of communism, the West has provided technical and
monetary
assistance to governments, private organizations, and businesses in
Eastern European countries to develop their communication sectors. When
using the terms communication sector and information sector I refer to
print and broadcast media as well as to telecommunications and
alternative
media such as the Internet. Development projects in these areas have
been
undertaken by governmental, multi-lateral and private organizations.
Much
of the assistance I allude to comes from the United States, but Western
European countries and multilateral organizations have also undertaken
initiatives to assist the development of communications capabilities in
the region. This paper will focus primarily on US involvement, not in
a
desire to discount the contributions of other nations, but solely to
limit
the scope of the study.
-
http://aix1.uottawa.ca/associations/balkanpeace/texts/isakovic-macedonia97.html
BalkanPeace a text by
Zlatko Isakovic
1997
International Position of Macedonia and Balkan Security
-
The Bad Serb Club
Una eccezionale collezione di articoli di fonte varia sulla
aggressione NATO e la disinformazione strategica (in lingua inglese)
http://www.computec-int.com/bsc/war/editor1.htm
-
American Barbarism and the Big Lie Technique
Author: Barry Lituchy
Organisation: History Department, Kingsborough Community College,
CUNY (US), June 28, 1999
http://www.users.bigpond.com/wattyler/19990718lituchy.htm
http://www.zoran.net/afp/text/submitted/american_barbarism.htm
-
After the Rain - How the West Lost the East
Comprende una mailing list serissima sui Balcani e l'Europa tutta
http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/after.html
-
Links e fonti di informazione sulla CEE ed i Balcani
http://blair.library.rhodes.edu/ishtmls/russia.html
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
IL ROVESCIO INTERNAZIONALE
(Odradek Editore, Roma 1999)
Introduzione (2/2 - fine)
6. Tre vittime illustri
Comunque vada a finire tre vittime illustri
questa guerra le ha fatte fin dal primo giorno.
6.1 La sovranità.
La prima - veneranda per età e sacralità da
cerimonie ufficiali - è la sovranità degli Stati. Il principio
fondamentale
che ha governato il diritto internazionale e gli equilibri geostrategici
della modernità è diventato merce scaduta. La barriera formale - ma di
terribile efficacia pratica - che proibiva a chiunque di intervenire
nelle
vicende interne di uno Stato non ha più legittimità né rispetto nel
ristretto, ma potente, gruppo di paesi che costituiscono l'Alleanza
atlantica. Quel che è peggio, analoga caduta di valore è avvenuta
nell'opinione pubblica "progressista" di questi paesi. In certi
ambienti,
"sovranista" è l'insulto più sanguinoso.
L'infrazione della sovranità - non siamo ingenui - c'è sempre stata di
fatto. Troppi e troppo noti sono gli episodi che possono esemplificare
come
si possa perseguire la destabilizzazione dei governi o della vita
politica
interna (ne sappiamo qualcosa anche noi, paese per definizione a
sovranità
limitata nel dopoguerra) tramite una parte delle forze economiche,
politiche e militari di un altro paese. Ma questa infrazione, ove
dimostrata da documenti e/o testimonianze, o comunque troppo palese
anche
rispetto agli elevati standard di ipocrisia dell'opinione pubblica
internazionale, veniva sanzionata come inammissibile, nutrendo
opposizione,
critica, in certi casi persino rivolte.
Veniva quanto meno sanzionata dalla "comunità mondiale" riunita
nell'Onu,
nonostante la più che nota impossibilità per questo organismo di far
accettare le proprie decisioni agli Stati "forti". Però, persino gli
Stati
uniti hanno dovuto perdere una guerra - quella in Vietnam - sotto la
pressione di questa riprovazione internazionale schierata a difesa
dell'autodeterminazione dei popoli e della sovranità degli Stati.
Persino
gli Stati uniti, vogliamo ricordare, furono continuamente costretti a
ricorrere alla formula diplomatica secondo cui il loro intervento veniva
richiesto dal governo di quel paese per far fronte alla sovversione
interna. Persino l'Unione sovietica, ancor meno attenta alla liturgia
delle
regole, fu obbligata ad attingere al medesimo artificio retorico-formale
per giustificare l'invasione dell'Afghanistan. E, infine, persino la
guerra
del Golfo, nel '91, fu formalmente una guerra per imporre all'Iraq il
rispetto della sovranità di uno Stato - per quanto da operetta - come il
Kuwait.
L'ingerenza negli affari interni di un altro paese era insomma
considerata, in tutti i casi e a prescindere da chi fosse l'autore
dell'ingerenza, come una aggressione fondata su interessi nazionali
diversi. La stessa seconda guerra mondiale vide a un certo punto uniti
l'occidente capitalistico a regime parlamentare e la Terza
internazionale
comunista (ovvero l'Urss e i partiti comunisti di tutti i paesi) contro
il
nazifascismo (ovvero contro un capitalismo nazionalistico, razzista,
aggressivo e senza regole, ovvero senza diritto, e che comunque aveva
invaso lo "stato sovrano" di Polonia). A distanza di oltre 50 anni si
può
tranquillamente dire che la "coesistenza pacifica" - anche all'interno
dei
singoli Stati dell'occidente capitalistico - ha avuto il suo fondamento
nel
riconoscimento (da parte proletaria e comunista) che la lotta di classe
interagiva con l'universo delle regole con cui veniva gestito il
conflitto.
E che agire entro un quadro normativo che ponesse limiti (transitorii e
sempre messi in discussione, ovviamente) allo sfruttamento capitalistico
e
ai poteri dello Stato nei confronti dei cittadini-lavoratori era
preferibile allo "stato di natura" rappresentato dalle dittature. Meglio
insomma un diritto, manchevole e sempre da contrattare punto per punto,
che
nessun diritto.
Il quadro è stato ovviamente meno pacifico. Gli Stati uniti e l'Europa
occidentale hanno tranquillamente promosso, appoggiato e foraggiato
dittature fasciste sanguinarie nel terzo mondo e non solo (Spagna,
Portogallo e Grecia passano al regime parlamentare democratico solo alla
fine degli anni '70). E certamente la "sovranità" degli Stati europei
occidentali è sempre stata più un vezzo retorico - ipocrita e
finalizzato
solo alla delegittimazione dell'opposizione interna - che una realtà
operante. Ma nonostante tutti questi limiti la "sovranità" definiva un
ambito di intangibilità che per essere spezzato imponeva enormi problemi
di
legittimazione, tra contestazioni opposte da un arco di soggetti
praticamente ingovernabile. Tant'è vero che la "guerra di liberazione
nazionale" è rimasta per tutto il secondo dopoguerra l'unica forma di
guerra accettata come giusta. Sia a destra che, con molti entusiasmi e
un
po' meno riflessioni, a sinistra.
In ogni caso, la relativa intangibilità della sovranità statuale aveva
il
suo fondamento pratico nella divisione del mondo in due blocchi
contrapposti di pressoché uguale capacità distruttiva. Il fatto di
trovare
le sue radici nel pensiero giuridico della modernità era problema che
riguardava i filosofi della politica e i rètori da discorso ufficiale,
ma
di nessun interesse pratico per gli Stranamore del Pentagono o del
Kremlino.
Ora, però, è stato compiuto il passo che distrugge in radice la
legittimità della sovranità statuale. O meglio. Il passo che sancisce il
trasferimento della sovranità da molti stati a uno.
In tutto l'argomentare bellicista intorno alla bontà etica di questa
morte, infatti, tutti gli intellettuali con l'elmetto in testa
dimenticano
di notare che, nel dichiarare la morte della sovranità, gli Stati uniti
non
stabiliscono né tantomeno accettano nessuna reciprocità. La sovranità da
abolire è quella degli altri. La propria resta. E più forte che mai.
Assolutamente unica.
È noto che non c'è convenzione internazionale che gli Stati uniti
rispettino. Si tratti della Corte internazionale de L'Aja o della
Convenzione di Strasburgo sui diritti dei detenuti (il caso Baraldini
docet), della regolamentazione delle emissioni di gas, del divieto di
commercializzazone di prodotti alimentari transgenici o del bando alle
mine
anti-uomo, o di mille altri accordi internazionali, gli Usa fanno
orecchie
da mercante oppure (più spesso) la voce grossa. La legge interna viene
per
loro prima e sopra ogni accordo internazionale.
È la prassi tipica dello Stato sovrano del popolo eletto. È appena il
caso
di notare che il Congresso degli Usa ha da pochissimo votato quasi
all'unanimità una legge che autorizza l'uccisione di capi di Stato
stranieri, assolvendo preventivamente il presidente e quant'altri -
cittadini statunitensi, naturalmente - l'avessero ordinata o eseguita.
Si
può obiettare che l'uccisione di capi di Stato stranieri è stata spesso
una
prassi nelle relazioni tra stati nemici. Vero. E in camera caritatis
ognun
sapeva. Ciononostante era prassi "disdicevole", eredità del medioevo
delle
relazioni internazionali; cosa insomma da fare con parsimonia ed
evitando
di lasciare tracce che riconducessero troppo scopertamente allo Stato
autore del delitto. Ma che si senta il bisogno di legiferare sulla
propria
autorizzazione a uccidere capi di Stato, questa è davvero la misura
dello
sguardo che gli Usa gettano sul mondo. È quando l'arbitrio bellico, la
volontà di potenza, viene elevata a legge che si può, finalmente senza
veli, guardare il volto della Medusa. Ed è qui che intervengono gli
intellettuali servili. Nella tessitura del velo che impedisce di
riconoscere i tratti fondamentali della nuova realtà.
Il primo giorno di bombardamenti, di conseguenza, cade anche il fantasma
della comunità internazionale organizzata, ovvero l'Onu e gli altri -
tanti
- organismi sovranazionali a gestione contrattuale. Comunità europea
compresa, naturalmente. Anzi, qualcuno dovrebbe cominciare a spiegare
come
si possa essere contemporaneamente entusiasti sostenitori dell'Europa di
Maastricht (che prefigurava un trasferimento consensuale di sovranità
dai
singoli Stati alla comunità europea) e della morte della sovranità
tout-court per mano della Nato (un'alleanza militare a centralità
extraeuropea che decreta quali Stati continueranno a sussistere senza
problemi e quali dovranno autodistruggersi). I termini del problema
vanno
esposti con la massima lucidità, pena il barcollare intellettuale oggi
in
atto.
Immaginare i rapporti tra gli Stati secondo le regole della democrazia
ha
significato necessariamente istituire la convenzione "uno Stato = un
individuo libero e sovrano", sulla falsariga della convenzione del
diritto
liberale infranazionale. Democrazia fa qui tutt'uno con contrattualismo.
Il
diritto internazionale non poteva darsi altro principio, dovendo fare i
conti con entità statuali diverse per regime politico, universo etico,
convinzioni religiose, relazioni sociali interne. Entrare nel merito di
questi universi singolari (quel che è avvenuto ora, per la prima volta,
con
l'attacco alla Federazione jugoslava) significa porre le premesse della
guerra di tutti contro tutti, per la supremazia di un universo di valori
(di interessi) sugli altri. È stato dunque un passaggio a uno stato
superiore di civiltà quello con cui tutti gli Stati hanno riconosciuto
la
libertà di ogni singolo Stato a governare secondo i propri criterii sul
proprio territorio e sui proprii cittadini. È stata la fine dell'epoca
delle crociate, delle guerre dell'oppio, della politica delle
cannoniere,
del colonialismo anteguerra.
È un sistema ambiguo, viene detto da qualcuno (l'ineffabile Sofri, tra i
primi). Vero. Ma non più di quanto non lo sia la convenzione
contrattualistica all'interno di uno Stato a regime parlamentare, tocca
far
notare. Che tutti i cittadini siano da considerare uguali davanti
all'urna
o davanti a un giudice è per l'appunto una convenzione ambigua, che
omette
per principio la differenza tra i singoli cittadini, il loro differente
consistere quanto a mezzi di proprietà o di produzione, livelli
culturali,
autonomia complessiva, capacità di manipolare sia il voto che i giudici,
ecc. La critica marxiana del diritto borghese proprio da questa
constatazione parte per individuare lo Stato come "violenza organizzata"
in
difesa dei ceti proprietari dei mezzi di produzione; o meglio della loro
"libertà di agire" come estorsori di pluvalore.
Ma di questa natura "ambigua" - l'egualianza è presunta, la differenza è
reale - è fatto il diritto e l'agibilità della politica. Lamentarsene è
mettersene fuori. Che sia un marxista a farlo ha sicuramente un senso e
una
qualche coerenza interna al discorso. Ma che lo facciano dei liberali, e
per di più di sinistra, ecco, questo è davvero un salto di epoca sul
piano
concettuale. Di più. È il dichiarare il liberalismo politico stesso un
impaccio di cui si può e si deve fare a meno. E merita d'esser qui
ricordato come il liberalismo sia (stato?) ideologia capitalistica per
eccellenza proprio in quanto assicurava la massima libertà d'impresa
garantendo, tramite lo Stato, l'egualianza di tutti sotto la legge. Una
libertà di accumulazione sotto la legge del più forte (il sogno di
Berlusconi, par di ricordare) era - e torna a essere - l'epopea del far
west, non il compimento liberale. La camera di incubazione di ogni
possibile guerra, non la condizione di una qualche pace.
Come si possa uccidere il liberalismo e dichiararsi comunque liberali è
una di quelle boutades che speriamo vivamente qualcuno voglia prendere
in
esame per farne testo satirico.
La fondazione del diritto internazionale, esattamente come quello
interno
agli Stati, può essere concepita tanto su base contrattuale-consensuale
quanto sulla base della forza. Il concetto di diritto, infatti, fa
tutt'uno
con quello della forza che deve garantirne il rispetto. O la forza
discende
dal diritto, e quindi dal contratto, oppure la forza fonda il diritto,
ovvero l'ugualianza formale di tutti davanti alla legge e alla sua
fonte.
Nel secondo caso - è elementare - il diritto garantisce il vincitore e
la
sua gamma di interessi, valori, norme. Per come è fatto il mondo
attuale,
soprattutto la sua lingua e la sua moneta. Il suo sistema mediatico, il
suo
governo economico.
Che significa? Che la sovranità uccisa dai liberal statunitensi (tra gli
applausi dell'intellighenzia europea) è la sovranità di tutti gli stati
meno uno. Un garante dell'uso della forza deve necessariamente restare.
Solo che questo garante si autoinveste del compito, come un Napoleone
del
2000. E invece di far rispettare una legge consensuale uguale per tutti,
costruisce l'obbedienza ai decreti emessi da un sovrano libero da
vincoli
contrattuali.
La morte della sovranità coincide perciò con le premesse della
fondazione
di un impero.
L'uguaglianza che rimane è quella di tutti gli Stati sottoposti al
comando
statunitense. Che poi gli Stati uniti siano davvero i sovrani del mondo,
oppure solo la longa manus militare del capitalismo della
globalizzazione,
è questione che al momento non muta di molto la sostanza dell'attualità.
Questo è lo scenario del futuro prossimo, l'incipit del XXI secolo
disegnato dalla guerra contro ciò che restava dell'ex-Jugoslavia dopo
dieci
anni di smembramenti.
Un solo mondo, un solo modo di produzione, un solo mercato, un solo
prezzo
universale per ogni merce, un solo sistema di tassazione, un solo quadro
normativo che regoli commerci e transazioni finanziarie. Una sola
lingua,
una sola moneta, un solo esercito fondato sul monopolio di determinate
tecnologie. Esercitarsi col pluralismo all'interno dei paesi diventa in
questo quadro un gioco rituale da campagna elettorale. Come dimostra
abbondantemente l'insieme dei governi europei, il cui essere di destra o
di
sinistra scompare davanti all'omogeneità nella partecipazione
subordinata
alla guerra e nella gestione di politiche economiche identiche.
Non è la morte della sovranità salutata con tanto entusiasmo da
miserabili
"intellettuali" con pedigree "progressista": è l'imposizione di una sola
sovranità. Il fatto d'esserne stati zelanti complici non garantirà
affatto,
in futuro, di restare sempre al riparo dai fulmini del sovrano mondiale.
I
sovrani assoluti, si sa, sono capricciosi. Sovrani assoluti con l'incubo
della rielezione ogni quattro anni lo sono ancora di più. Noriega,
Pinochet, Saddam Hussein, lo stesso Milosevic degli accordi di Dayton,
restano un monito per tutti i servitorelli del presente e del futuro.
Alla potenza militare ed economica effettivamente mostruosa che i paesi
della Nato sono riusciti a mettere insieme non corrisponde infatti alcun
progetto. Si intende qui per progetto un disegno di governo mondiale che
sia allo stesso tempo riconoscibile e condivisibile da parte
dell'umanità.
La pura esibibizione di potenza, la declamata volontà di imporre il
proprio
dominio, restano semplicemente tali. Costruiscono perciò nel breve
periodo
obbedienza formale, accettazione forzosa, non adesione consensuale.
Basta
pensare a quell'esercizio di ignominia che è la Russia eltsiniana per
comprendere come - anche lì - si faccia di necessità virtù, in attesa
dell'improbabile occasione per una revanche. Che poi debba emergere un
altro gruppo dirigente perché la revanche diventi un obiettivo, è
assolutamente ovvio. Ma proprio questa considerazione mostra come
l'attuale
volontà di potenza statunitense bruci i gruppi dirigenti "alleati"
anziché
consolidarli. Come politica imperiale non ce ne può essere di meno
lungimirante. Senza un progetto la durata dell'impero è a forte rischio.
Che debba farlo notare la diplomazia "classica" di tradizione liberale,
quella attenta agli equilibrii e alle conseguenze spiacevoli delle
proprie
stesse vittorie, è un gustoso paradosso della politica "progressista".
6.2 Diritti di cittadinanza
Con la sovranità muoiono anche i diritti di
cittadinanza, quell'insieme di acquisizioni conquistate con secoli di
lotte
operaie e non. Vengono sostituiti dai diritti umani. Un bel passo
indietro,
non c'è che dire. Capitalisticamente parlando questi ultimi hanno il
vantaggio di essere astorici, astratti, ma soprattutto gratuiti, nel
senso
che il loro rispetto non prevede voci di bilancio nella spesa pubblica.
Al
contrario i diritti di cittadinanza sono concreti, consistono di misure
e
costi (lo Stato sociale, i diritti del lavoro, il diritto
all'assistenza,
all'istruzione, ecc). I primi possono essere enunciati senza che occorra
farsene carico quanto alla loro effettualità pratica (va da sé che qui
si
considera la guerra in corso come motivata da tutt'altro che non dal
rispetto dei diritti umani); i secondi prevedono lunghe contrattazioni,
intervento di una pluralità di soggetti sociali e/o categorie di
lavoratori. I primi si nutrono anche solo con la retorica; i secondi
esigono impegni di spesa e politiche conseguenti. I diritti umani non
sono
oggetto di contrattazione, insomma; e la loro stessa universalità -
affermata a parole - viene fatta valere discrezionalmente (22 milioni di
kurdi non ne hanno diritto, visto che stanno in un paese della Nato).
Non stupisce perciò che il "nuovo impero nascente" si poggi sui diritti
umani per costruire la propria legittimità o superiorità etica. La
caratterizzazione "di sinistra" - chiaramente in stile "terza via"
blairiana e clintoniana - permette di abbozzare la fisionomia di un
centro
imperiale che può dirsi riformista proprio quando distrugge quanto resta
dello Stato sociale; pacifista nel mentre comanda la guerra di più puro
potere che si sia combattuta in questo secolo mettendo in mora al tempo
stesso gli strumenti consolidati della diplomazia internazionale;
ambientalista nel mentre usa scientemente il bombardamento delle
industrie
inquinanti per massimizzare gli effetti distruttivi. Autentica
modernizzazione del corporativismo di origine fascista, il patto sociale
a
senso unico (gli imprenditori dispongono, i sindacati compatibilizzano
la
forza lavoro) è la dimostrazione di come si possa distruggere un secolo
di
faticose conquiste - costate il sangue di milioni di persone -
inneggiando
senza vergogna né, quasi, contestazione, alla salvaguardia dei diritti
umani.
6.3 La sinistra
Il terzo caduto, di gran lunga meno importante, è il
concetto di sinistra. Prima di questa guerra - così come prima della
Grande
guerra e del congresso di Zimmerwald - era possibile comprendere nello
stesso calderone concettuale brandelli spurii di uno pseudo-corpo
sociale
unitario. Dall'ambientalismo edulcorato all'"area antagonista", dal
pacifismo cristiano al vetero-trotzkismo, dai tentativi di rifondazione
agli osceni balletti intorno alle poltrone dei "Comunisti italiani". Il
calderone concettuale ospitava tutto e tutti. Ogni discrimine poteva
essere
accettato, aggirato, capovolto, linguisticamente declinato secondo le
più
varie versioni, occasioni, convenienze e contingenze.
Ora no. La guerra ha fatto da spartiacque. Tra bombardieri e bombardati
non ci può essere trincea comune. E quelli che hanno provato a ricoprire
entrambe le parti in commedia difficilmente potranno sottrarsi
all'azione
della scopa della Storia.
Con questo calderone salta per aria anche la triste storia del pacifismo
italiano e occidentale in genere. Assolutamente egemone negli anni '80,
quando si trattava di «educare le giovani generazioni» a non
ripercorrere i
sentieri della ribellione armata, si è rivelato corpus teorico
inesistente
di fronte al primo impatto ravvicinato. Anzi, i pacifisti di allora sono
nella stragrande maggioranza tra i più accesi «bombardisti» di oggi. Le
stesse manifestazioni per la pace avvenute in Italia, opera di ciò che
resta del vecchio fronte pacifista e di quel tanto di antagonismo
esistente, si sono svolte nella più rassegnata consapevolezza della
propria
impotenza pratica.
Chiaro qual'è l'abisso in cui è precipitata la vulgata pacifista: nata e
benedetta come forma di deconflittualizzazione della lotta di classe
interna non può - costitutivamente - proporsi come cultura di governo di
un
paese della Nato. A questo punto la scisssione del movimento pacifista
era
segnata. Da un lato il pacifismo dei bombardieri (ovvero: la lotta di
classe interna ai singoli paesi va per principio condotta con metodi
rigorosamente aconflittuali, come rivendica Cofferati: l'imposizione del
comando capitalista può e deve passare attraverso la pratica del
bombardamento), dall'altra il pacifismo ideologico, che non può
affrontare
e risolvere né i problemi del nuovo ordine mondiale, né quelli del
conflitto sociale.
Parallela a questa caduta è la perigliosa condizione del volontariato e
del privato sociale, insomma di quell'insieme vago di enti economici a
costo del lavoro depresso che si usa chiamare "terzo settore",
proiezione
empirica di tutti gli alternativismi solidali, uniti in passato dal
pacifismo come referente ideologico comune. Non fosse bastata la chiara
intenzione di mettere in produzione questo insieme affidandogli il
compito
di ammortizzare le ricadute della distruzione dello Stato sociale, la
guerra ha anche mostrato quanto sia utile impiegarlo nelle retrovie,
militarizzarlo affidandogli sia i compiti di gestione pratica dei
profughi
che quelli della raccolta fondi e materiali logistici per l'assistenza.
Altra cosa ancora è il problema posto dal meccanismo decisionale di
questa
guerra a quanti immaginano il superamento dello stato di cose presenti.
Belgrado mostra al mondo cosa attende chi esca dallo schema delle
obbedienze stabilito a Washington (o dal Dow Jones). Indipendentemente
da
che tipo di uscita o "non entrata" si voglia perseguire.
6.3.1 Sinistra e polizia internazionale
Mai morte fu così benedetta, a
sinistra, come quella dello Stato-nazione. L'ingerenza umanitaria è un
killer dal nome gentile che semina cluster bombs e travolge
argomentazioni
secolari, principii, concetti, istituzioni. Meritano la citazione due
maestri di pensiero accomunati dalla lontanissima militanza nella
sinistra
extraparlamentare e dalla presente permanenza nelle carceri della
Repubblica.
Adriano Sofri, con la gravità espositiva che gli è propria, invita a
chiamare la guerra in Jugoslavia operazione di polizia internazionale.
Il
salto mortale semantico trasfigura i protagonisti eliminando la loro
uguaglianza. Nella guerra, eguali diritti confliggono (c'è tragedia
quando
si dà lo scontro tra due ragioni). L'operazione di polizia evoca una
gerarchia indiscutibile: ragione e torto sono già assegnati. Il nemico è
solo un criminale, un bersaglio della giusta collera, un extra legem.
L'operazione non è del tutto innocente, se ha bisogno - come in effetti
fa
- di sottacere chi sia la fonte della legge e di quale legge si stia
parlando.
Toni Negri, con la levità che lo contraddistingue quando deve affrontare
temi e concetti che grondano nervi e sangue da tutti i lati, brinda a
questa dipartita intonando un peana agli Stati uniti «che oggi si
avviano a
esercitare comando imperiale, non imperialista», «paese che nasce
attraverso una rivoluzione anticoloniale e che ritiene questa origine
nella
sua costituzione», giacché «Gli Usa sono diversi, non conoscono
l'imperialismo». Sulla prima affermazione si potrebbe convenire solo
dando
alla categoria di "imperialismo" una definizione impropria, ovvero di
«attività complessa indirizzata alla costruzione di un impero nel
lontano
futuro». In questo caso si potrebbe dire che gli Usa fissano con questa
guerra le fondamenta del loro impero e quindi escono dalla fase
processuale
per gettarsi in quella dell'effettualità piena. Ma la seconda
affermazione
già disconferma questa interpretazione: gli Usa sarebbero per natura e
origine un paese anticolonialista. Ci si sorprende a ricordare come la
"dottrina Monroe" sia del 1822, a neppure quarant'anni
dall'Indipendenza.
Che un paese il quale teorizza (legifera, in realtà) che tutto il
continente americano, dall'Alaska alla Terra del fuoco, sia «di
interesse
vitale» e quindi di propria competenza, possa essere considerato
anticolonialista, è salto mortale logico ma al di sotto di qualsiasi
considerazione critica. Si confuta da sé.
È pur vero che la globalizzazione capitalistica deve necessariamente
distruggere i residui ostacoli alla libera circolazione di merci e
capitali
su tutto l'orbe terracqueo; è persino ancora vero che tale movimento
unificante il mondo - marxianamente - lascia intravedere con maggiore
definizione le possibili vie di superamento del modo di produzione
presente; ed è, infine, assolutamente vero che nutrire nostalgie per la
belle epoque dello Stato-nazione è sentimento in radice conservatore. Ma
identificare - come fanno - il movimento liberatorio per sé del capitale
con il movimento di liberazione universale dell'umanità è gioco già
troppe
volte smascherato per poter essere ancora accettabile. Non è, insomma,
neppure un nuovo gioco.
7. Borghesia e guerra
In questa guerra si spezza anche il rapporto
tra borghesia e interesse generale sul piano militare, su quello dei
prezzi
che come "popolo" bisogna pagare alla guerra. I figli della borghesia
morivano, in misura certo drasticamente minore, ma allo stesso modo dei
proletari. Ora no. Il tenente che gridava "carica!" è stato sostituito
da
un messaggio radio, da un ordine in codice dotato di password.
Il soldato che va a morire (con parsimonia, ma solo perché diventa
ingestibile il "fronte interno" della guerra) è né più né meno che il
mercenario. Dotato comunque di nazionalità, cioè appartenenza, comunità.
La
guerra della globalizzazione è un videogame che si guarda in
televisione.
Ma solo fino al momento in cui i corpi dei "ragazzi" tornano dentro le
bare. E saranno portoricani, chicanos, calabresi... "acquisiti",
insomma.
7.1. La borghesia della globalizzazione non ha nazione.
Gli Stati uniti,
che indubbiamente gestiscono l'"esercito mondiale" della borghesia
globalizzata, lo sono comunque in modo "surrogato". C'è una sfasatura
tra
l'essenza di questa borghesia essenzialmente finanziaria e indifferente
alla localizzazione e la "nazionalità sovrana" di un paese come gli
States.
Ma è una sfasatura funzionale, e comunque obbligata. La concentrazione
di
sapere militare, produzione tecnologicamente avanzata, catene di
comando,
ecc, insomma l'insieme delle condizioni che garantiscono un corpo
compatto
e motivato pronto per la guerra. è un prodotto di secoli di storia. La
sua
sostituzione non è questione di desiderata particolari. O c'è
alternativa o
non c'è. La "sussunzione" della macchina militare statunitense sotto
l'egida della borghesia della mondializzazione è processo che svincola
la
macchina stessa dal controllo politico della presidenza. Tanto più che
un
erotomane alla Casa Bianca non è precisamente il massimo che un
combinato
composto del genere possa considerare come ostacolo irresistibile.
7.2 Il Progetto e i progetti
Il capitale globalizzato ha selezionato il
suo strumento principe. Un "principe" come strumento. Il lungo processo
della sussunzione reale sembra giunto ormai al termine. L'unico progetto
capitalistico è quello di non averne nessuno.
Ma non c'è progetto e non c'è controllo possibile, governo in senso
stretto, se non innervando territori, popolazioni, società. E questo non
si
dà dai comandi degli Stealth né, ancor meno, dai briefing con la stampa.
Il
processo di selezione interna ai singoli paesi di una classe funzionaria
è
avvenuto quasi soltanto nell'occidente industrializzato. È funzionaria
nel
senso che assume come proprii interessi e criterii guida quelli della
borghesia della globalizzazione. Ovvero interessi e criterii
sovranazionali, tanto più indipendenti dagli interessi del paese di
nascita
quanto più quest'ultimo è relativamente debole sul piano economico,
politico, militare. Nei paesi "non Nato" questa classe di
mediatori-dirigenti, disponibile per strategie mondializzate, non c'è. E
non è affatto detto che possa essere costruita.
Questa "classe" è infatti un prodotto interno, un "effetto collaterale"
del modo di produzione capitalistico maturo. Si è formata dentro le
"scuole
quadri" aziendali, nei meandri delle società finanziarie, nei corridoi e
nelle anticamere degli istituti di ricerca, nei viaggi iperfinanziati
dei
dirigenti di numerose Ong; guarda con un qualche sospetto di
"inaffidabilità" persino chi esce dalle più prestigiose scuole di
formazione dei funzionari dello Stato esistenti al mondo (come quella
francese o inglese, insomma). Una "classe" economicamente e quindi
ideologicamente oltre gli Stati nazionali, che vede lo Stato come dato o
problema, non come sacro recinto dell'identità. Questa classe attrae
cervelli da ogni parte del mondo, ma nel sussumerli li scotomizza
rispetto
alle origini. Un broker malese a Londra è un apolide "mondializzato",
non
l'espressione - o la speranza - dello sviluppo della Malesia. Questa
classe
fa scuola, opinione, cervello, nel mondo mediatico, in primo luogo.
Informa
di sé la comunicazione, veicola e banalizza le esigenze fondamentali
della
globalizzazione, costruisce il senso comune, il general intellect che
poi
l'intellettuale servile o quello finto antagonista riprendono,
declinano,
polverizzano per facilitarne la diffusione, lo spaccio.Questa classe è
l'anima militante della Nato e di strumenti consimili.
Ma se è un portato strutturale di questo livello di sviluppo del
capitalismo, e se è indubbiamente vero che per questo livello del
capitale
le "iscrizioni" sono ineluttabilmente chiuse (le "tigri asiatiche"
stanno
ancora lì a leccarsi le ferite di un salto troppo alto per le loro
possibilità), allora non c'è possibilità di diffusione di questa classe
nelle aree "non Nato". I governi locali saranno tali nell'accezione
delle
satrapie di altri tempi. Governi del sottosviluppo programmato, del
controllo dei flussi migratorii, della disponibilità delle materie prime
a
prezzi irrisorii. Sotto la "minaccia" dell'intervento umanitario. Sarà
questa a impedire che si possano determinare nuove fasi, sia pure
geograficamente limitate, di accumulazione originaria
(quell'accumulazione
brutale di ricchezza per mezzo di rapina, guerra, genocidio su cui
l'Occidente ha costruito il proprio modo di produzione).
Il cerchio si chiude. La salvaguardia dei diritti umani nel secondo,
terzo
e quarto mondo servirà a impedire il sorgere di nuovi centri di potenza
economica, tecnologica, militare. La stessa salvaguardia, nelle aree
sviluppate, farà da alibi allo smantellamento dei diritti di
cittadinanza,
della riduzione del salario reale a un livello di poco superiore a
quello
bulgaro o polacco, della riduzione della forza lavoro a creta
plasmabile.
Pardon, flessibile.
È questo il progetto? No, è una banale necessità. Inevitabile - direbbe
D'Alema - come la guerra, appunto. Che non tiene in nessun conto le
controreazioni, gli equilibrii - sociali, strategici, internazionali -
inebriata com'è dalla sensazione di essere una forza che non ha più
rivali.
Nessuna opposizione può infatti venire da territorii geograficamente
limitati a garanzia monoetnica. Piccoli popoli serza risorse, senza
industria e senza capitali - e con una sola cultura -, in perpetuo
conflitto con i vicini, in competizione fra loro per le migliori
condizioni
di protettorato Nato, per i migliori rapporti con le forze di
interposizione permanente. Buoni per ospitare etnosafari (in Land Rover
con
vetri blindati) per turisti nippo-euro-americani. La soluzione yankee
per i
nativi pellerossa sopravvissuti alla più gigantesca pulizia etnica che
la
storia abbia visto viene invocata da Tex Hall, capo nazione pellerossa,
per
i kosovari: una riserva, magari con licenza di aprire qualche casinò.
Paesi
ricchi di sola forza-lavoro, armi leggere, sentieri sicuri per i
traffici
più immondi. Riconoscere e santificare pseudo-stati monoetnici significa
necessariamente riconoscerne la struttura di clan, con annessi e
connessi:
mafie locali, bande dotate di territorio, ecc. L'assenza di struttura
produttiva e i buoni uffici con la Nato ("Cosa nostra" potrebbe
insegnare
molto su come si faccia da "personale politico e polizia territoriale"
sotto il comando statunitense) già ora alimentano il "commercio" delle
uniche risorse a disposizione: donne per il mercato della prostituzione,
droga prodotta in loco o da far passare, armi residuate dall'ultimo
conflitto ma buone per il prossimo o per la malavita in occidente.
I conati di investimento in loco saranno forzatamente di due generi,
visto
il deserto capitalistico esistente. Interventi infrastrutturali, ad alti
costi (coperti dagli stati "protettori") e a basso assorbimento di
manodopera (peraltro temporaneo), e "investimenti magliari", opera di
piccolissimi avventurieri che con una manciata di dollari (o marchi, o
lire) aprono laboratori di tipo schiavistico, in cui occupare donne e
bambini a 200 lire l'ora. Si può star certi che nessun "intervento
umanitario" arriverà per spezzare questo "normale" funzionamento del
mercato.
Del resto una sinistra ex socialdemocratica finalmente giunta nelle
stanze
del governo, per bocca, a esempio, di Fassino, tira fuori come massimo
contributo alle popolazioni dei nuovi e futuri mini-stati etnici il
solito,
agghiacciante, slogan: «e ora arricchitevi». Si può scommettere che
proveranno a farlo, con i loro mezzi e risorse, come si è detto. Ma
forse
le "ricadute" di tali tentativi, come già ora si può evincere dalla
spirale
immigrazione-razzismo-criminalità-"tolleranza zero", non saranno
altrettanto apprezzate.
8. Il territorio metropolitano
Resta da lanciare uno sguardo sulle
rassegnate e amorfe popolazioni delle metropoli occidentali, le stesse
che
erano state capaci di nutrire il più grande ciclo di lotte e di
rinnovamento culturale (in senso lato) che il novecento abbia vissuto.
La
rassegnazione compiaciuta e soddisfatta è sentimento quotidianamente
stimolato dal modo di vita e dal circuito mediatico.
Adagiarvisi non mette però al riparo dalla guerra. Perso lo status di
cittadino, il titolare di diritti umani ridotto ormai a
spettatore-consumatore viene egualmente bombardato dal suo sistema nel
luogo principe di esercizio della sua libertà: il supermercato. Dove non
arrivano bombe all'uranio impoverito piovono alimenti alla diossina. Il
meccanismo del riciclaggio totale degli scarti di qualsiasi provenienza
è
tale da non smaltire mai il non-biodegradabile. I residui tossici sono
praticamente gli unici che non scompaiono, si cumulano con quelli
prodotti
e scartati in nuovi cicli. L'incremento di tossicità è garantito in modo
scalare e geometricamente crescente, fino a depositarsi, aggredendolo,
nel
vertice irresponsabile della catena alimentare: quella larva d'uomo
ridotto
a spettatore-consumatore. I cui diritti, sia detto con definitiva e
liberatoria chiarezza, contano manifestamente assai meno di zero.
Contano
anche in senso algebrico: meno di zero significa che l'uomo moderno -
reduce da due rivoluzioni - perde tutto il sistema dei diritti, il
sistema
dell'identità, cessa d'essere citoyen. Lo spettatore-consumatore è una
figura riconducibile alla "grettezza contadina" del servo della gleba
medievale. Salta con lui il "sistema della rappresentanza" e i
partiti-mediazione che lo strutturavano. Disporre di questa massa è
problema di comunicazione, di gestione dei media. Figure messianiche
sorgono e muoiono ogni giorno, come i calciatori bandiera della squadra.
Ieri un Segni per imporre il maggioritario; poi un Di Pietro per le
"pulizie di facciata"; poi una Bonino per l'"intervento umanitario".
Domani
qualcun altro, che qualcuno sceglierà in base a un calcolo scientifico
dei
propri interessi e ci imporrà con le modalità casuali di un talk show.
9. Divise militari e divise monetarie
Non si era mai visto che alle
fortune di un esercito non corrispondessero quelle della sua moneta. Ed
è
sorprendente che nessuno abbia preso in considerazione che la
divaricazione
tra l'euro da una parte e il dollaro (e la sterlina) dall'altra
potesserisultare l'indicatore di un divario dinamico tra le economie
rispettive. Nessuno, tra tanti liberisti, che abbia voluto riconoscere
nel
mercato, questa volta, una capacità di giudizio insindacabile e
"oggettivo".
La banca centrale inglese, la Banca d'Inghilterra viene fondata nel
1694,
ben dopo che il Parlamento avesse avocato a sé il comando della forza
militare, risultando la banca centrale lo strumento organico per il
finanziamento delle guerre.
L'Europa, affidata a una banda di bancocrati, ignoranti di tutto meno
che
di logiche spartitorie, non solo omette il passaggio decisivo della
costituzione di una forza militare autonoma, ma commette l'errore di
imbarcarsi in una guerra che ha tra gli obiettivi principali quello di
sancirne la dipendenza, impedirne l'autonomizzazione.
Questa esiziale successione di "atti mancati" è decisiva per comprendere
la reale portata della vocazione all'unità europea che la destra
continentale ha manifestato, peraltro univocamente, alle elezioni del 13
giugno. Il mandato sembra essere questo: Banca centrale europea come
sezione distaccata della Federal Reserve. Ciò, se non altro, porterebbe
a
restaurare quell'unicità del comando politico che la guerra ha
manifestamente rivelato inesistente.
10. Questo libro
Questo libro, dunque, non comprende una
spiegazione della guerra. Ma fornisce elementi esplicativi al di sotto
dei
quali è impossibile andare, pena il ritorno a "spiegazioni" vecchie,
consolatorie o propagandistiche, di cui non si avverte affatto il
bisogno.
Coglie l'elemento di novità che è entrato in campo. Ne coglie il
carattere
distruttivo e forzosamente compositivo di un nuovo a partire dal quale
si
disegneranno gli scenari possibili del futuro prossimo.
Vademecum per la prossima guerra sta a significare proprio questo
elemento
di novità ormai acquisito. Per la prima volta all'unicità del comando
militare (e del sistema economico) non corrisponde l'unicità del comando
politico. Questa sfasatura libera forze, distrugge partiti e concrezioni
organizzative. Scatena nuova concorrenza per coprire il ruolo. Il ruolo
è
uno. Solo i concorrenti sono tanti e costretti a distinguersi. La
politica,
in questo quadro, va a morire. Solo la tv può premiare lo spot più
efficace.
«E ora arricchitevi» suona perciò più come un invito ai Fossa che non ai
kosovari. La guerra - come sempre - "rigenera il mondo" eliminando
viscosità, persistenze, potere di nomenclature superate dalla storia
(economica). Apre mondi, mercati, giacimenti di forza lavoro a prezzo
zero.
In sottofondo, tra un boato e l'altro nelle notti di Belgrado, qui da
noi
già si poteva sentire uno sferragliare di macchine utensili piazzate nei
sottoscala. E anche il "popolo delle partite Iva" ha drizzato le
orecchie
sperando in una nuova dose di deregulation, giubilando Bossi e "aprendo"
alla Bonino.
11. Gli autori
Annamaria Rivera, antropologa (università di Bari),
denunciata la dialettica perversa tra l'etnicizzazione dei conflitti e
l'ingerenza umanitaria mostra il nesso tra l'universalismo particolare e
i
particolarismi etnici. Felice Accame e Carlo Oliva, propongono, con il
consueto humour la critica congiunta del linguaggio e dell'ideologia, di
guerra. Franco Gallerano, ingegnere e studioso di cose militari
(università
"La Sapienza", Roma) offre una riflessione puntuale su quel nodo -
politica-guerra - che non ci consente di uscire dalla modernità. Di
Paolo
Persichetti, latitante ufficiale nella Repubblica francese, pubblichiamo
una versione ridotta di un suo saggio di filosofia della politica. Enzo
Modugno riflette sul contributo di P. Sweezy e della Monthly Review.
Angelo
Baracca, fisico (università di Firenze), compila bilanci ambientali
inquietanti e disegna scenari angosciosi. Fulvio Vassallo Paleologo,
giurista (università di Palermo) conta i morti sul fronte del diritto
internazionale. Guido Ambrosino, giornalista (corrispondente dalla
Germania
de il manifesto) traccia un quadro delle reazioni laceranti nella
politica
e nella cultura tedesca di fronte alla loro "prima guerra". Alberto
Tarozzi, sociologo (università di Bologna), racconta la sua esperienza a
Belgrado. Sandro Portelli, americanista (università "La Sapienza, Roma)
riflette su "pulizie etniche" nella storia statunitense e politically
correct nell'ideologia corrente. Sergio Cesaratto, economista
(università
"La Sapienza, Roma) marca le insufficienze della scienza economica
davanti
alla presente crisi.
In Appendice, pubblichiamo le "Quattro ipotesi" dell'Osservatorio
internazionale, e, con riferimento alla stampa quotidiana o periodica,
una
riflessione di Antonio Giudici e Francesca Estè su quegli "incidenti
probatori dell'ideologia" che sono le "stupidità".
Odradek
(Claudio Del Bello)
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
(Odradek Editore, Roma 1999)
Introduzione (2/2 - fine)
6. Tre vittime illustri
Comunque vada a finire tre vittime illustri
questa guerra le ha fatte fin dal primo giorno.
6.1 La sovranità.
La prima - veneranda per età e sacralità da
cerimonie ufficiali - è la sovranità degli Stati. Il principio
fondamentale
che ha governato il diritto internazionale e gli equilibri geostrategici
della modernità è diventato merce scaduta. La barriera formale - ma di
terribile efficacia pratica - che proibiva a chiunque di intervenire
nelle
vicende interne di uno Stato non ha più legittimità né rispetto nel
ristretto, ma potente, gruppo di paesi che costituiscono l'Alleanza
atlantica. Quel che è peggio, analoga caduta di valore è avvenuta
nell'opinione pubblica "progressista" di questi paesi. In certi
ambienti,
"sovranista" è l'insulto più sanguinoso.
L'infrazione della sovranità - non siamo ingenui - c'è sempre stata di
fatto. Troppi e troppo noti sono gli episodi che possono esemplificare
come
si possa perseguire la destabilizzazione dei governi o della vita
politica
interna (ne sappiamo qualcosa anche noi, paese per definizione a
sovranità
limitata nel dopoguerra) tramite una parte delle forze economiche,
politiche e militari di un altro paese. Ma questa infrazione, ove
dimostrata da documenti e/o testimonianze, o comunque troppo palese
anche
rispetto agli elevati standard di ipocrisia dell'opinione pubblica
internazionale, veniva sanzionata come inammissibile, nutrendo
opposizione,
critica, in certi casi persino rivolte.
Veniva quanto meno sanzionata dalla "comunità mondiale" riunita
nell'Onu,
nonostante la più che nota impossibilità per questo organismo di far
accettare le proprie decisioni agli Stati "forti". Però, persino gli
Stati
uniti hanno dovuto perdere una guerra - quella in Vietnam - sotto la
pressione di questa riprovazione internazionale schierata a difesa
dell'autodeterminazione dei popoli e della sovranità degli Stati.
Persino
gli Stati uniti, vogliamo ricordare, furono continuamente costretti a
ricorrere alla formula diplomatica secondo cui il loro intervento veniva
richiesto dal governo di quel paese per far fronte alla sovversione
interna. Persino l'Unione sovietica, ancor meno attenta alla liturgia
delle
regole, fu obbligata ad attingere al medesimo artificio retorico-formale
per giustificare l'invasione dell'Afghanistan. E, infine, persino la
guerra
del Golfo, nel '91, fu formalmente una guerra per imporre all'Iraq il
rispetto della sovranità di uno Stato - per quanto da operetta - come il
Kuwait.
L'ingerenza negli affari interni di un altro paese era insomma
considerata, in tutti i casi e a prescindere da chi fosse l'autore
dell'ingerenza, come una aggressione fondata su interessi nazionali
diversi. La stessa seconda guerra mondiale vide a un certo punto uniti
l'occidente capitalistico a regime parlamentare e la Terza
internazionale
comunista (ovvero l'Urss e i partiti comunisti di tutti i paesi) contro
il
nazifascismo (ovvero contro un capitalismo nazionalistico, razzista,
aggressivo e senza regole, ovvero senza diritto, e che comunque aveva
invaso lo "stato sovrano" di Polonia). A distanza di oltre 50 anni si
può
tranquillamente dire che la "coesistenza pacifica" - anche all'interno
dei
singoli Stati dell'occidente capitalistico - ha avuto il suo fondamento
nel
riconoscimento (da parte proletaria e comunista) che la lotta di classe
interagiva con l'universo delle regole con cui veniva gestito il
conflitto.
E che agire entro un quadro normativo che ponesse limiti (transitorii e
sempre messi in discussione, ovviamente) allo sfruttamento capitalistico
e
ai poteri dello Stato nei confronti dei cittadini-lavoratori era
preferibile allo "stato di natura" rappresentato dalle dittature. Meglio
insomma un diritto, manchevole e sempre da contrattare punto per punto,
che
nessun diritto.
Il quadro è stato ovviamente meno pacifico. Gli Stati uniti e l'Europa
occidentale hanno tranquillamente promosso, appoggiato e foraggiato
dittature fasciste sanguinarie nel terzo mondo e non solo (Spagna,
Portogallo e Grecia passano al regime parlamentare democratico solo alla
fine degli anni '70). E certamente la "sovranità" degli Stati europei
occidentali è sempre stata più un vezzo retorico - ipocrita e
finalizzato
solo alla delegittimazione dell'opposizione interna - che una realtà
operante. Ma nonostante tutti questi limiti la "sovranità" definiva un
ambito di intangibilità che per essere spezzato imponeva enormi problemi
di
legittimazione, tra contestazioni opposte da un arco di soggetti
praticamente ingovernabile. Tant'è vero che la "guerra di liberazione
nazionale" è rimasta per tutto il secondo dopoguerra l'unica forma di
guerra accettata come giusta. Sia a destra che, con molti entusiasmi e
un
po' meno riflessioni, a sinistra.
In ogni caso, la relativa intangibilità della sovranità statuale aveva
il
suo fondamento pratico nella divisione del mondo in due blocchi
contrapposti di pressoché uguale capacità distruttiva. Il fatto di
trovare
le sue radici nel pensiero giuridico della modernità era problema che
riguardava i filosofi della politica e i rètori da discorso ufficiale,
ma
di nessun interesse pratico per gli Stranamore del Pentagono o del
Kremlino.
Ora, però, è stato compiuto il passo che distrugge in radice la
legittimità della sovranità statuale. O meglio. Il passo che sancisce il
trasferimento della sovranità da molti stati a uno.
In tutto l'argomentare bellicista intorno alla bontà etica di questa
morte, infatti, tutti gli intellettuali con l'elmetto in testa
dimenticano
di notare che, nel dichiarare la morte della sovranità, gli Stati uniti
non
stabiliscono né tantomeno accettano nessuna reciprocità. La sovranità da
abolire è quella degli altri. La propria resta. E più forte che mai.
Assolutamente unica.
È noto che non c'è convenzione internazionale che gli Stati uniti
rispettino. Si tratti della Corte internazionale de L'Aja o della
Convenzione di Strasburgo sui diritti dei detenuti (il caso Baraldini
docet), della regolamentazione delle emissioni di gas, del divieto di
commercializzazone di prodotti alimentari transgenici o del bando alle
mine
anti-uomo, o di mille altri accordi internazionali, gli Usa fanno
orecchie
da mercante oppure (più spesso) la voce grossa. La legge interna viene
per
loro prima e sopra ogni accordo internazionale.
È la prassi tipica dello Stato sovrano del popolo eletto. È appena il
caso
di notare che il Congresso degli Usa ha da pochissimo votato quasi
all'unanimità una legge che autorizza l'uccisione di capi di Stato
stranieri, assolvendo preventivamente il presidente e quant'altri -
cittadini statunitensi, naturalmente - l'avessero ordinata o eseguita.
Si
può obiettare che l'uccisione di capi di Stato stranieri è stata spesso
una
prassi nelle relazioni tra stati nemici. Vero. E in camera caritatis
ognun
sapeva. Ciononostante era prassi "disdicevole", eredità del medioevo
delle
relazioni internazionali; cosa insomma da fare con parsimonia ed
evitando
di lasciare tracce che riconducessero troppo scopertamente allo Stato
autore del delitto. Ma che si senta il bisogno di legiferare sulla
propria
autorizzazione a uccidere capi di Stato, questa è davvero la misura
dello
sguardo che gli Usa gettano sul mondo. È quando l'arbitrio bellico, la
volontà di potenza, viene elevata a legge che si può, finalmente senza
veli, guardare il volto della Medusa. Ed è qui che intervengono gli
intellettuali servili. Nella tessitura del velo che impedisce di
riconoscere i tratti fondamentali della nuova realtà.
Il primo giorno di bombardamenti, di conseguenza, cade anche il fantasma
della comunità internazionale organizzata, ovvero l'Onu e gli altri -
tanti
- organismi sovranazionali a gestione contrattuale. Comunità europea
compresa, naturalmente. Anzi, qualcuno dovrebbe cominciare a spiegare
come
si possa essere contemporaneamente entusiasti sostenitori dell'Europa di
Maastricht (che prefigurava un trasferimento consensuale di sovranità
dai
singoli Stati alla comunità europea) e della morte della sovranità
tout-court per mano della Nato (un'alleanza militare a centralità
extraeuropea che decreta quali Stati continueranno a sussistere senza
problemi e quali dovranno autodistruggersi). I termini del problema
vanno
esposti con la massima lucidità, pena il barcollare intellettuale oggi
in
atto.
Immaginare i rapporti tra gli Stati secondo le regole della democrazia
ha
significato necessariamente istituire la convenzione "uno Stato = un
individuo libero e sovrano", sulla falsariga della convenzione del
diritto
liberale infranazionale. Democrazia fa qui tutt'uno con contrattualismo.
Il
diritto internazionale non poteva darsi altro principio, dovendo fare i
conti con entità statuali diverse per regime politico, universo etico,
convinzioni religiose, relazioni sociali interne. Entrare nel merito di
questi universi singolari (quel che è avvenuto ora, per la prima volta,
con
l'attacco alla Federazione jugoslava) significa porre le premesse della
guerra di tutti contro tutti, per la supremazia di un universo di valori
(di interessi) sugli altri. È stato dunque un passaggio a uno stato
superiore di civiltà quello con cui tutti gli Stati hanno riconosciuto
la
libertà di ogni singolo Stato a governare secondo i propri criterii sul
proprio territorio e sui proprii cittadini. È stata la fine dell'epoca
delle crociate, delle guerre dell'oppio, della politica delle
cannoniere,
del colonialismo anteguerra.
È un sistema ambiguo, viene detto da qualcuno (l'ineffabile Sofri, tra i
primi). Vero. Ma non più di quanto non lo sia la convenzione
contrattualistica all'interno di uno Stato a regime parlamentare, tocca
far
notare. Che tutti i cittadini siano da considerare uguali davanti
all'urna
o davanti a un giudice è per l'appunto una convenzione ambigua, che
omette
per principio la differenza tra i singoli cittadini, il loro differente
consistere quanto a mezzi di proprietà o di produzione, livelli
culturali,
autonomia complessiva, capacità di manipolare sia il voto che i giudici,
ecc. La critica marxiana del diritto borghese proprio da questa
constatazione parte per individuare lo Stato come "violenza organizzata"
in
difesa dei ceti proprietari dei mezzi di produzione; o meglio della loro
"libertà di agire" come estorsori di pluvalore.
Ma di questa natura "ambigua" - l'egualianza è presunta, la differenza è
reale - è fatto il diritto e l'agibilità della politica. Lamentarsene è
mettersene fuori. Che sia un marxista a farlo ha sicuramente un senso e
una
qualche coerenza interna al discorso. Ma che lo facciano dei liberali, e
per di più di sinistra, ecco, questo è davvero un salto di epoca sul
piano
concettuale. Di più. È il dichiarare il liberalismo politico stesso un
impaccio di cui si può e si deve fare a meno. E merita d'esser qui
ricordato come il liberalismo sia (stato?) ideologia capitalistica per
eccellenza proprio in quanto assicurava la massima libertà d'impresa
garantendo, tramite lo Stato, l'egualianza di tutti sotto la legge. Una
libertà di accumulazione sotto la legge del più forte (il sogno di
Berlusconi, par di ricordare) era - e torna a essere - l'epopea del far
west, non il compimento liberale. La camera di incubazione di ogni
possibile guerra, non la condizione di una qualche pace.
Come si possa uccidere il liberalismo e dichiararsi comunque liberali è
una di quelle boutades che speriamo vivamente qualcuno voglia prendere
in
esame per farne testo satirico.
La fondazione del diritto internazionale, esattamente come quello
interno
agli Stati, può essere concepita tanto su base contrattuale-consensuale
quanto sulla base della forza. Il concetto di diritto, infatti, fa
tutt'uno
con quello della forza che deve garantirne il rispetto. O la forza
discende
dal diritto, e quindi dal contratto, oppure la forza fonda il diritto,
ovvero l'ugualianza formale di tutti davanti alla legge e alla sua
fonte.
Nel secondo caso - è elementare - il diritto garantisce il vincitore e
la
sua gamma di interessi, valori, norme. Per come è fatto il mondo
attuale,
soprattutto la sua lingua e la sua moneta. Il suo sistema mediatico, il
suo
governo economico.
Che significa? Che la sovranità uccisa dai liberal statunitensi (tra gli
applausi dell'intellighenzia europea) è la sovranità di tutti gli stati
meno uno. Un garante dell'uso della forza deve necessariamente restare.
Solo che questo garante si autoinveste del compito, come un Napoleone
del
2000. E invece di far rispettare una legge consensuale uguale per tutti,
costruisce l'obbedienza ai decreti emessi da un sovrano libero da
vincoli
contrattuali.
La morte della sovranità coincide perciò con le premesse della
fondazione
di un impero.
L'uguaglianza che rimane è quella di tutti gli Stati sottoposti al
comando
statunitense. Che poi gli Stati uniti siano davvero i sovrani del mondo,
oppure solo la longa manus militare del capitalismo della
globalizzazione,
è questione che al momento non muta di molto la sostanza dell'attualità.
Questo è lo scenario del futuro prossimo, l'incipit del XXI secolo
disegnato dalla guerra contro ciò che restava dell'ex-Jugoslavia dopo
dieci
anni di smembramenti.
Un solo mondo, un solo modo di produzione, un solo mercato, un solo
prezzo
universale per ogni merce, un solo sistema di tassazione, un solo quadro
normativo che regoli commerci e transazioni finanziarie. Una sola
lingua,
una sola moneta, un solo esercito fondato sul monopolio di determinate
tecnologie. Esercitarsi col pluralismo all'interno dei paesi diventa in
questo quadro un gioco rituale da campagna elettorale. Come dimostra
abbondantemente l'insieme dei governi europei, il cui essere di destra o
di
sinistra scompare davanti all'omogeneità nella partecipazione
subordinata
alla guerra e nella gestione di politiche economiche identiche.
Non è la morte della sovranità salutata con tanto entusiasmo da
miserabili
"intellettuali" con pedigree "progressista": è l'imposizione di una sola
sovranità. Il fatto d'esserne stati zelanti complici non garantirà
affatto,
in futuro, di restare sempre al riparo dai fulmini del sovrano mondiale.
I
sovrani assoluti, si sa, sono capricciosi. Sovrani assoluti con l'incubo
della rielezione ogni quattro anni lo sono ancora di più. Noriega,
Pinochet, Saddam Hussein, lo stesso Milosevic degli accordi di Dayton,
restano un monito per tutti i servitorelli del presente e del futuro.
Alla potenza militare ed economica effettivamente mostruosa che i paesi
della Nato sono riusciti a mettere insieme non corrisponde infatti alcun
progetto. Si intende qui per progetto un disegno di governo mondiale che
sia allo stesso tempo riconoscibile e condivisibile da parte
dell'umanità.
La pura esibibizione di potenza, la declamata volontà di imporre il
proprio
dominio, restano semplicemente tali. Costruiscono perciò nel breve
periodo
obbedienza formale, accettazione forzosa, non adesione consensuale.
Basta
pensare a quell'esercizio di ignominia che è la Russia eltsiniana per
comprendere come - anche lì - si faccia di necessità virtù, in attesa
dell'improbabile occasione per una revanche. Che poi debba emergere un
altro gruppo dirigente perché la revanche diventi un obiettivo, è
assolutamente ovvio. Ma proprio questa considerazione mostra come
l'attuale
volontà di potenza statunitense bruci i gruppi dirigenti "alleati"
anziché
consolidarli. Come politica imperiale non ce ne può essere di meno
lungimirante. Senza un progetto la durata dell'impero è a forte rischio.
Che debba farlo notare la diplomazia "classica" di tradizione liberale,
quella attenta agli equilibrii e alle conseguenze spiacevoli delle
proprie
stesse vittorie, è un gustoso paradosso della politica "progressista".
6.2 Diritti di cittadinanza
Con la sovranità muoiono anche i diritti di
cittadinanza, quell'insieme di acquisizioni conquistate con secoli di
lotte
operaie e non. Vengono sostituiti dai diritti umani. Un bel passo
indietro,
non c'è che dire. Capitalisticamente parlando questi ultimi hanno il
vantaggio di essere astorici, astratti, ma soprattutto gratuiti, nel
senso
che il loro rispetto non prevede voci di bilancio nella spesa pubblica.
Al
contrario i diritti di cittadinanza sono concreti, consistono di misure
e
costi (lo Stato sociale, i diritti del lavoro, il diritto
all'assistenza,
all'istruzione, ecc). I primi possono essere enunciati senza che occorra
farsene carico quanto alla loro effettualità pratica (va da sé che qui
si
considera la guerra in corso come motivata da tutt'altro che non dal
rispetto dei diritti umani); i secondi prevedono lunghe contrattazioni,
intervento di una pluralità di soggetti sociali e/o categorie di
lavoratori. I primi si nutrono anche solo con la retorica; i secondi
esigono impegni di spesa e politiche conseguenti. I diritti umani non
sono
oggetto di contrattazione, insomma; e la loro stessa universalità -
affermata a parole - viene fatta valere discrezionalmente (22 milioni di
kurdi non ne hanno diritto, visto che stanno in un paese della Nato).
Non stupisce perciò che il "nuovo impero nascente" si poggi sui diritti
umani per costruire la propria legittimità o superiorità etica. La
caratterizzazione "di sinistra" - chiaramente in stile "terza via"
blairiana e clintoniana - permette di abbozzare la fisionomia di un
centro
imperiale che può dirsi riformista proprio quando distrugge quanto resta
dello Stato sociale; pacifista nel mentre comanda la guerra di più puro
potere che si sia combattuta in questo secolo mettendo in mora al tempo
stesso gli strumenti consolidati della diplomazia internazionale;
ambientalista nel mentre usa scientemente il bombardamento delle
industrie
inquinanti per massimizzare gli effetti distruttivi. Autentica
modernizzazione del corporativismo di origine fascista, il patto sociale
a
senso unico (gli imprenditori dispongono, i sindacati compatibilizzano
la
forza lavoro) è la dimostrazione di come si possa distruggere un secolo
di
faticose conquiste - costate il sangue di milioni di persone -
inneggiando
senza vergogna né, quasi, contestazione, alla salvaguardia dei diritti
umani.
6.3 La sinistra
Il terzo caduto, di gran lunga meno importante, è il
concetto di sinistra. Prima di questa guerra - così come prima della
Grande
guerra e del congresso di Zimmerwald - era possibile comprendere nello
stesso calderone concettuale brandelli spurii di uno pseudo-corpo
sociale
unitario. Dall'ambientalismo edulcorato all'"area antagonista", dal
pacifismo cristiano al vetero-trotzkismo, dai tentativi di rifondazione
agli osceni balletti intorno alle poltrone dei "Comunisti italiani". Il
calderone concettuale ospitava tutto e tutti. Ogni discrimine poteva
essere
accettato, aggirato, capovolto, linguisticamente declinato secondo le
più
varie versioni, occasioni, convenienze e contingenze.
Ora no. La guerra ha fatto da spartiacque. Tra bombardieri e bombardati
non ci può essere trincea comune. E quelli che hanno provato a ricoprire
entrambe le parti in commedia difficilmente potranno sottrarsi
all'azione
della scopa della Storia.
Con questo calderone salta per aria anche la triste storia del pacifismo
italiano e occidentale in genere. Assolutamente egemone negli anni '80,
quando si trattava di «educare le giovani generazioni» a non
ripercorrere i
sentieri della ribellione armata, si è rivelato corpus teorico
inesistente
di fronte al primo impatto ravvicinato. Anzi, i pacifisti di allora sono
nella stragrande maggioranza tra i più accesi «bombardisti» di oggi. Le
stesse manifestazioni per la pace avvenute in Italia, opera di ciò che
resta del vecchio fronte pacifista e di quel tanto di antagonismo
esistente, si sono svolte nella più rassegnata consapevolezza della
propria
impotenza pratica.
Chiaro qual'è l'abisso in cui è precipitata la vulgata pacifista: nata e
benedetta come forma di deconflittualizzazione della lotta di classe
interna non può - costitutivamente - proporsi come cultura di governo di
un
paese della Nato. A questo punto la scisssione del movimento pacifista
era
segnata. Da un lato il pacifismo dei bombardieri (ovvero: la lotta di
classe interna ai singoli paesi va per principio condotta con metodi
rigorosamente aconflittuali, come rivendica Cofferati: l'imposizione del
comando capitalista può e deve passare attraverso la pratica del
bombardamento), dall'altra il pacifismo ideologico, che non può
affrontare
e risolvere né i problemi del nuovo ordine mondiale, né quelli del
conflitto sociale.
Parallela a questa caduta è la perigliosa condizione del volontariato e
del privato sociale, insomma di quell'insieme vago di enti economici a
costo del lavoro depresso che si usa chiamare "terzo settore",
proiezione
empirica di tutti gli alternativismi solidali, uniti in passato dal
pacifismo come referente ideologico comune. Non fosse bastata la chiara
intenzione di mettere in produzione questo insieme affidandogli il
compito
di ammortizzare le ricadute della distruzione dello Stato sociale, la
guerra ha anche mostrato quanto sia utile impiegarlo nelle retrovie,
militarizzarlo affidandogli sia i compiti di gestione pratica dei
profughi
che quelli della raccolta fondi e materiali logistici per l'assistenza.
Altra cosa ancora è il problema posto dal meccanismo decisionale di
questa
guerra a quanti immaginano il superamento dello stato di cose presenti.
Belgrado mostra al mondo cosa attende chi esca dallo schema delle
obbedienze stabilito a Washington (o dal Dow Jones). Indipendentemente
da
che tipo di uscita o "non entrata" si voglia perseguire.
6.3.1 Sinistra e polizia internazionale
Mai morte fu così benedetta, a
sinistra, come quella dello Stato-nazione. L'ingerenza umanitaria è un
killer dal nome gentile che semina cluster bombs e travolge
argomentazioni
secolari, principii, concetti, istituzioni. Meritano la citazione due
maestri di pensiero accomunati dalla lontanissima militanza nella
sinistra
extraparlamentare e dalla presente permanenza nelle carceri della
Repubblica.
Adriano Sofri, con la gravità espositiva che gli è propria, invita a
chiamare la guerra in Jugoslavia operazione di polizia internazionale.
Il
salto mortale semantico trasfigura i protagonisti eliminando la loro
uguaglianza. Nella guerra, eguali diritti confliggono (c'è tragedia
quando
si dà lo scontro tra due ragioni). L'operazione di polizia evoca una
gerarchia indiscutibile: ragione e torto sono già assegnati. Il nemico è
solo un criminale, un bersaglio della giusta collera, un extra legem.
L'operazione non è del tutto innocente, se ha bisogno - come in effetti
fa
- di sottacere chi sia la fonte della legge e di quale legge si stia
parlando.
Toni Negri, con la levità che lo contraddistingue quando deve affrontare
temi e concetti che grondano nervi e sangue da tutti i lati, brinda a
questa dipartita intonando un peana agli Stati uniti «che oggi si
avviano a
esercitare comando imperiale, non imperialista», «paese che nasce
attraverso una rivoluzione anticoloniale e che ritiene questa origine
nella
sua costituzione», giacché «Gli Usa sono diversi, non conoscono
l'imperialismo». Sulla prima affermazione si potrebbe convenire solo
dando
alla categoria di "imperialismo" una definizione impropria, ovvero di
«attività complessa indirizzata alla costruzione di un impero nel
lontano
futuro». In questo caso si potrebbe dire che gli Usa fissano con questa
guerra le fondamenta del loro impero e quindi escono dalla fase
processuale
per gettarsi in quella dell'effettualità piena. Ma la seconda
affermazione
già disconferma questa interpretazione: gli Usa sarebbero per natura e
origine un paese anticolonialista. Ci si sorprende a ricordare come la
"dottrina Monroe" sia del 1822, a neppure quarant'anni
dall'Indipendenza.
Che un paese il quale teorizza (legifera, in realtà) che tutto il
continente americano, dall'Alaska alla Terra del fuoco, sia «di
interesse
vitale» e quindi di propria competenza, possa essere considerato
anticolonialista, è salto mortale logico ma al di sotto di qualsiasi
considerazione critica. Si confuta da sé.
È pur vero che la globalizzazione capitalistica deve necessariamente
distruggere i residui ostacoli alla libera circolazione di merci e
capitali
su tutto l'orbe terracqueo; è persino ancora vero che tale movimento
unificante il mondo - marxianamente - lascia intravedere con maggiore
definizione le possibili vie di superamento del modo di produzione
presente; ed è, infine, assolutamente vero che nutrire nostalgie per la
belle epoque dello Stato-nazione è sentimento in radice conservatore. Ma
identificare - come fanno - il movimento liberatorio per sé del capitale
con il movimento di liberazione universale dell'umanità è gioco già
troppe
volte smascherato per poter essere ancora accettabile. Non è, insomma,
neppure un nuovo gioco.
7. Borghesia e guerra
In questa guerra si spezza anche il rapporto
tra borghesia e interesse generale sul piano militare, su quello dei
prezzi
che come "popolo" bisogna pagare alla guerra. I figli della borghesia
morivano, in misura certo drasticamente minore, ma allo stesso modo dei
proletari. Ora no. Il tenente che gridava "carica!" è stato sostituito
da
un messaggio radio, da un ordine in codice dotato di password.
Il soldato che va a morire (con parsimonia, ma solo perché diventa
ingestibile il "fronte interno" della guerra) è né più né meno che il
mercenario. Dotato comunque di nazionalità, cioè appartenenza, comunità.
La
guerra della globalizzazione è un videogame che si guarda in
televisione.
Ma solo fino al momento in cui i corpi dei "ragazzi" tornano dentro le
bare. E saranno portoricani, chicanos, calabresi... "acquisiti",
insomma.
7.1. La borghesia della globalizzazione non ha nazione.
Gli Stati uniti,
che indubbiamente gestiscono l'"esercito mondiale" della borghesia
globalizzata, lo sono comunque in modo "surrogato". C'è una sfasatura
tra
l'essenza di questa borghesia essenzialmente finanziaria e indifferente
alla localizzazione e la "nazionalità sovrana" di un paese come gli
States.
Ma è una sfasatura funzionale, e comunque obbligata. La concentrazione
di
sapere militare, produzione tecnologicamente avanzata, catene di
comando,
ecc, insomma l'insieme delle condizioni che garantiscono un corpo
compatto
e motivato pronto per la guerra. è un prodotto di secoli di storia. La
sua
sostituzione non è questione di desiderata particolari. O c'è
alternativa o
non c'è. La "sussunzione" della macchina militare statunitense sotto
l'egida della borghesia della mondializzazione è processo che svincola
la
macchina stessa dal controllo politico della presidenza. Tanto più che
un
erotomane alla Casa Bianca non è precisamente il massimo che un
combinato
composto del genere possa considerare come ostacolo irresistibile.
7.2 Il Progetto e i progetti
Il capitale globalizzato ha selezionato il
suo strumento principe. Un "principe" come strumento. Il lungo processo
della sussunzione reale sembra giunto ormai al termine. L'unico progetto
capitalistico è quello di non averne nessuno.
Ma non c'è progetto e non c'è controllo possibile, governo in senso
stretto, se non innervando territori, popolazioni, società. E questo non
si
dà dai comandi degli Stealth né, ancor meno, dai briefing con la stampa.
Il
processo di selezione interna ai singoli paesi di una classe funzionaria
è
avvenuto quasi soltanto nell'occidente industrializzato. È funzionaria
nel
senso che assume come proprii interessi e criterii guida quelli della
borghesia della globalizzazione. Ovvero interessi e criterii
sovranazionali, tanto più indipendenti dagli interessi del paese di
nascita
quanto più quest'ultimo è relativamente debole sul piano economico,
politico, militare. Nei paesi "non Nato" questa classe di
mediatori-dirigenti, disponibile per strategie mondializzate, non c'è. E
non è affatto detto che possa essere costruita.
Questa "classe" è infatti un prodotto interno, un "effetto collaterale"
del modo di produzione capitalistico maturo. Si è formata dentro le
"scuole
quadri" aziendali, nei meandri delle società finanziarie, nei corridoi e
nelle anticamere degli istituti di ricerca, nei viaggi iperfinanziati
dei
dirigenti di numerose Ong; guarda con un qualche sospetto di
"inaffidabilità" persino chi esce dalle più prestigiose scuole di
formazione dei funzionari dello Stato esistenti al mondo (come quella
francese o inglese, insomma). Una "classe" economicamente e quindi
ideologicamente oltre gli Stati nazionali, che vede lo Stato come dato o
problema, non come sacro recinto dell'identità. Questa classe attrae
cervelli da ogni parte del mondo, ma nel sussumerli li scotomizza
rispetto
alle origini. Un broker malese a Londra è un apolide "mondializzato",
non
l'espressione - o la speranza - dello sviluppo della Malesia. Questa
classe
fa scuola, opinione, cervello, nel mondo mediatico, in primo luogo.
Informa
di sé la comunicazione, veicola e banalizza le esigenze fondamentali
della
globalizzazione, costruisce il senso comune, il general intellect che
poi
l'intellettuale servile o quello finto antagonista riprendono,
declinano,
polverizzano per facilitarne la diffusione, lo spaccio.Questa classe è
l'anima militante della Nato e di strumenti consimili.
Ma se è un portato strutturale di questo livello di sviluppo del
capitalismo, e se è indubbiamente vero che per questo livello del
capitale
le "iscrizioni" sono ineluttabilmente chiuse (le "tigri asiatiche"
stanno
ancora lì a leccarsi le ferite di un salto troppo alto per le loro
possibilità), allora non c'è possibilità di diffusione di questa classe
nelle aree "non Nato". I governi locali saranno tali nell'accezione
delle
satrapie di altri tempi. Governi del sottosviluppo programmato, del
controllo dei flussi migratorii, della disponibilità delle materie prime
a
prezzi irrisorii. Sotto la "minaccia" dell'intervento umanitario. Sarà
questa a impedire che si possano determinare nuove fasi, sia pure
geograficamente limitate, di accumulazione originaria
(quell'accumulazione
brutale di ricchezza per mezzo di rapina, guerra, genocidio su cui
l'Occidente ha costruito il proprio modo di produzione).
Il cerchio si chiude. La salvaguardia dei diritti umani nel secondo,
terzo
e quarto mondo servirà a impedire il sorgere di nuovi centri di potenza
economica, tecnologica, militare. La stessa salvaguardia, nelle aree
sviluppate, farà da alibi allo smantellamento dei diritti di
cittadinanza,
della riduzione del salario reale a un livello di poco superiore a
quello
bulgaro o polacco, della riduzione della forza lavoro a creta
plasmabile.
Pardon, flessibile.
È questo il progetto? No, è una banale necessità. Inevitabile - direbbe
D'Alema - come la guerra, appunto. Che non tiene in nessun conto le
controreazioni, gli equilibrii - sociali, strategici, internazionali -
inebriata com'è dalla sensazione di essere una forza che non ha più
rivali.
Nessuna opposizione può infatti venire da territorii geograficamente
limitati a garanzia monoetnica. Piccoli popoli serza risorse, senza
industria e senza capitali - e con una sola cultura -, in perpetuo
conflitto con i vicini, in competizione fra loro per le migliori
condizioni
di protettorato Nato, per i migliori rapporti con le forze di
interposizione permanente. Buoni per ospitare etnosafari (in Land Rover
con
vetri blindati) per turisti nippo-euro-americani. La soluzione yankee
per i
nativi pellerossa sopravvissuti alla più gigantesca pulizia etnica che
la
storia abbia visto viene invocata da Tex Hall, capo nazione pellerossa,
per
i kosovari: una riserva, magari con licenza di aprire qualche casinò.
Paesi
ricchi di sola forza-lavoro, armi leggere, sentieri sicuri per i
traffici
più immondi. Riconoscere e santificare pseudo-stati monoetnici significa
necessariamente riconoscerne la struttura di clan, con annessi e
connessi:
mafie locali, bande dotate di territorio, ecc. L'assenza di struttura
produttiva e i buoni uffici con la Nato ("Cosa nostra" potrebbe
insegnare
molto su come si faccia da "personale politico e polizia territoriale"
sotto il comando statunitense) già ora alimentano il "commercio" delle
uniche risorse a disposizione: donne per il mercato della prostituzione,
droga prodotta in loco o da far passare, armi residuate dall'ultimo
conflitto ma buone per il prossimo o per la malavita in occidente.
I conati di investimento in loco saranno forzatamente di due generi,
visto
il deserto capitalistico esistente. Interventi infrastrutturali, ad alti
costi (coperti dagli stati "protettori") e a basso assorbimento di
manodopera (peraltro temporaneo), e "investimenti magliari", opera di
piccolissimi avventurieri che con una manciata di dollari (o marchi, o
lire) aprono laboratori di tipo schiavistico, in cui occupare donne e
bambini a 200 lire l'ora. Si può star certi che nessun "intervento
umanitario" arriverà per spezzare questo "normale" funzionamento del
mercato.
Del resto una sinistra ex socialdemocratica finalmente giunta nelle
stanze
del governo, per bocca, a esempio, di Fassino, tira fuori come massimo
contributo alle popolazioni dei nuovi e futuri mini-stati etnici il
solito,
agghiacciante, slogan: «e ora arricchitevi». Si può scommettere che
proveranno a farlo, con i loro mezzi e risorse, come si è detto. Ma
forse
le "ricadute" di tali tentativi, come già ora si può evincere dalla
spirale
immigrazione-razzismo-criminalità-"tolleranza zero", non saranno
altrettanto apprezzate.
8. Il territorio metropolitano
Resta da lanciare uno sguardo sulle
rassegnate e amorfe popolazioni delle metropoli occidentali, le stesse
che
erano state capaci di nutrire il più grande ciclo di lotte e di
rinnovamento culturale (in senso lato) che il novecento abbia vissuto.
La
rassegnazione compiaciuta e soddisfatta è sentimento quotidianamente
stimolato dal modo di vita e dal circuito mediatico.
Adagiarvisi non mette però al riparo dalla guerra. Perso lo status di
cittadino, il titolare di diritti umani ridotto ormai a
spettatore-consumatore viene egualmente bombardato dal suo sistema nel
luogo principe di esercizio della sua libertà: il supermercato. Dove non
arrivano bombe all'uranio impoverito piovono alimenti alla diossina. Il
meccanismo del riciclaggio totale degli scarti di qualsiasi provenienza
è
tale da non smaltire mai il non-biodegradabile. I residui tossici sono
praticamente gli unici che non scompaiono, si cumulano con quelli
prodotti
e scartati in nuovi cicli. L'incremento di tossicità è garantito in modo
scalare e geometricamente crescente, fino a depositarsi, aggredendolo,
nel
vertice irresponsabile della catena alimentare: quella larva d'uomo
ridotto
a spettatore-consumatore. I cui diritti, sia detto con definitiva e
liberatoria chiarezza, contano manifestamente assai meno di zero.
Contano
anche in senso algebrico: meno di zero significa che l'uomo moderno -
reduce da due rivoluzioni - perde tutto il sistema dei diritti, il
sistema
dell'identità, cessa d'essere citoyen. Lo spettatore-consumatore è una
figura riconducibile alla "grettezza contadina" del servo della gleba
medievale. Salta con lui il "sistema della rappresentanza" e i
partiti-mediazione che lo strutturavano. Disporre di questa massa è
problema di comunicazione, di gestione dei media. Figure messianiche
sorgono e muoiono ogni giorno, come i calciatori bandiera della squadra.
Ieri un Segni per imporre il maggioritario; poi un Di Pietro per le
"pulizie di facciata"; poi una Bonino per l'"intervento umanitario".
Domani
qualcun altro, che qualcuno sceglierà in base a un calcolo scientifico
dei
propri interessi e ci imporrà con le modalità casuali di un talk show.
9. Divise militari e divise monetarie
Non si era mai visto che alle
fortune di un esercito non corrispondessero quelle della sua moneta. Ed
è
sorprendente che nessuno abbia preso in considerazione che la
divaricazione
tra l'euro da una parte e il dollaro (e la sterlina) dall'altra
potesserisultare l'indicatore di un divario dinamico tra le economie
rispettive. Nessuno, tra tanti liberisti, che abbia voluto riconoscere
nel
mercato, questa volta, una capacità di giudizio insindacabile e
"oggettivo".
La banca centrale inglese, la Banca d'Inghilterra viene fondata nel
1694,
ben dopo che il Parlamento avesse avocato a sé il comando della forza
militare, risultando la banca centrale lo strumento organico per il
finanziamento delle guerre.
L'Europa, affidata a una banda di bancocrati, ignoranti di tutto meno
che
di logiche spartitorie, non solo omette il passaggio decisivo della
costituzione di una forza militare autonoma, ma commette l'errore di
imbarcarsi in una guerra che ha tra gli obiettivi principali quello di
sancirne la dipendenza, impedirne l'autonomizzazione.
Questa esiziale successione di "atti mancati" è decisiva per comprendere
la reale portata della vocazione all'unità europea che la destra
continentale ha manifestato, peraltro univocamente, alle elezioni del 13
giugno. Il mandato sembra essere questo: Banca centrale europea come
sezione distaccata della Federal Reserve. Ciò, se non altro, porterebbe
a
restaurare quell'unicità del comando politico che la guerra ha
manifestamente rivelato inesistente.
10. Questo libro
Questo libro, dunque, non comprende una
spiegazione della guerra. Ma fornisce elementi esplicativi al di sotto
dei
quali è impossibile andare, pena il ritorno a "spiegazioni" vecchie,
consolatorie o propagandistiche, di cui non si avverte affatto il
bisogno.
Coglie l'elemento di novità che è entrato in campo. Ne coglie il
carattere
distruttivo e forzosamente compositivo di un nuovo a partire dal quale
si
disegneranno gli scenari possibili del futuro prossimo.
Vademecum per la prossima guerra sta a significare proprio questo
elemento
di novità ormai acquisito. Per la prima volta all'unicità del comando
militare (e del sistema economico) non corrisponde l'unicità del comando
politico. Questa sfasatura libera forze, distrugge partiti e concrezioni
organizzative. Scatena nuova concorrenza per coprire il ruolo. Il ruolo
è
uno. Solo i concorrenti sono tanti e costretti a distinguersi. La
politica,
in questo quadro, va a morire. Solo la tv può premiare lo spot più
efficace.
«E ora arricchitevi» suona perciò più come un invito ai Fossa che non ai
kosovari. La guerra - come sempre - "rigenera il mondo" eliminando
viscosità, persistenze, potere di nomenclature superate dalla storia
(economica). Apre mondi, mercati, giacimenti di forza lavoro a prezzo
zero.
In sottofondo, tra un boato e l'altro nelle notti di Belgrado, qui da
noi
già si poteva sentire uno sferragliare di macchine utensili piazzate nei
sottoscala. E anche il "popolo delle partite Iva" ha drizzato le
orecchie
sperando in una nuova dose di deregulation, giubilando Bossi e "aprendo"
alla Bonino.
11. Gli autori
Annamaria Rivera, antropologa (università di Bari),
denunciata la dialettica perversa tra l'etnicizzazione dei conflitti e
l'ingerenza umanitaria mostra il nesso tra l'universalismo particolare e
i
particolarismi etnici. Felice Accame e Carlo Oliva, propongono, con il
consueto humour la critica congiunta del linguaggio e dell'ideologia, di
guerra. Franco Gallerano, ingegnere e studioso di cose militari
(università
"La Sapienza", Roma) offre una riflessione puntuale su quel nodo -
politica-guerra - che non ci consente di uscire dalla modernità. Di
Paolo
Persichetti, latitante ufficiale nella Repubblica francese, pubblichiamo
una versione ridotta di un suo saggio di filosofia della politica. Enzo
Modugno riflette sul contributo di P. Sweezy e della Monthly Review.
Angelo
Baracca, fisico (università di Firenze), compila bilanci ambientali
inquietanti e disegna scenari angosciosi. Fulvio Vassallo Paleologo,
giurista (università di Palermo) conta i morti sul fronte del diritto
internazionale. Guido Ambrosino, giornalista (corrispondente dalla
Germania
de il manifesto) traccia un quadro delle reazioni laceranti nella
politica
e nella cultura tedesca di fronte alla loro "prima guerra". Alberto
Tarozzi, sociologo (università di Bologna), racconta la sua esperienza a
Belgrado. Sandro Portelli, americanista (università "La Sapienza, Roma)
riflette su "pulizie etniche" nella storia statunitense e politically
correct nell'ideologia corrente. Sergio Cesaratto, economista
(università
"La Sapienza, Roma) marca le insufficienze della scienza economica
davanti
alla presente crisi.
In Appendice, pubblichiamo le "Quattro ipotesi" dell'Osservatorio
internazionale, e, con riferimento alla stampa quotidiana o periodica,
una
riflessione di Antonio Giudici e Francesca Estè su quegli "incidenti
probatori dell'ideologia" che sono le "stupidità".
Odradek
(Claudio Del Bello)
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
"Quando la Germania invase la Jugoslavia nel 1941,
il popolo kosovaro fu liberato dai tedeschi.
Tutti i territori albanesi di questo stato, come il Kosova, la
Macedonia occidentale e le regioni di confine del Montenegro
furono riunificate con l'Albania propriamente detta. Furono
ristabilite le scuole in lingua albanese, l'amministrazione del
governo, la stampa e la radio"
(Da: www.klpm.org, sito web affiliato all'UCK).
---
MISCELLANEA DI ATTI TERRORISTICI ED ALTRI CAPOLAVORI DELL'UCKFOR
* CONDEMNATION OF PERSECUTION OF SERB JOURNALISTS
PRISTINA, July 16 (Tanjug) The arrest of Ljubisa Jovanovic, the
correspondent of the Serbian Radio and Television (RTS) from Kosovo
Polje,
by members of the international missions KFOR and UNMIK is yet another
deliberate move aimed at driving away the Serbs and represents a form of
intimidation of the remaining Serbs who are resisting the daily violence
in
KosovoMetohija, the Information SubCommittee of the Yugoslav Committee
for
Cooperation with the U.N. Mission in KosovoMetohija said on Saturday.
The UNMIK police searched Jovanovic's house on Thursday after
receiving a report by his wife that she had seen two ethnic Albanians
fleeing from their back yard upon her return from work. During the
search
of the house, the UNMIK police uncovered an automatic gun clearly
previously planted there. They waited for Jovanovic and took him to the
police station.
SubCommittee VicePresident Milorad Vujovic issued a statement
protesting strongly over the conduct of KFOR and UNMIK and recalling
that
this incident is yet another in a series of persecutions of Serb
journalists in Serbia's southern province who are constantly being
threatened and prevented from doing their job.
Two weeks ago, in the busiest part of Pristina, as yet
unidentified ethnic Albanian terrorists shot and seriously wounded
Valentina Cukic, the reporter of the Serbianlanguage program Radio
Kontakt,
and a man accompanying her, also a Serb.
The tepid position of the members of the international mission
contributes to the continuing jeopardy of the lives of Serb journalists
while, on the other hand, the ethnic Albanian media are publishing
warrants
for the arrest of innocent Serb civilians whom they continue
persecuting.
The Pristina paper Dita and ethnic Albanian radio stations, for
example, persist in issuing calls for the lynching of prominent citizens
and spreading lies and forged "proof" about their alleged involvement in
the 1999 war developments, the statement recalled.
The SubCommittee described the conduct of KFOR and UNMIK as
inadmissible because, instead of protecting the threatened Serbs
victims
of the ethnic Albanian terrorism, they tolerate the daily crimes of the
ethnic Albanian terrorists, such as murders, kidnappings, shelling of
Serb
villages, ethnic cleansing and an overall genocide of the Serb people,
the
statement said.
* ETHNIC ALBANIANS BLOW UP KFOR WATCHTOWER UNDER CONSTRUCTION
LIPLJAN, DOBROTIN, July 16 (Tanjug) Ethnic Albanian terrorists
early on Saturday blew up a KFOR watchtower under construction on the
crossroads of the Pristina Urosevac and Lipljan Janjevo roads only two
kilometres away from the Serb village of Dobrotin, south of Pristina,
local
radio hams said.
The watchtower, which is being built by the Finnish
peacekeepers,
should secure control of all routes in the vicinity, a fact clearly not
to
the liking of the ethnic Albanian extremists.
Eyewitnesses claim that after the KFOR investigators arrived at
the scene of the explosion, the ethnic Albanian translator suggested
that
the Serbs from Dobrotin had fired a rocket launcher at the watchtower.
The
UNMIK police, however, rejected these allegations after uncovering the
remains of the planted explosives.
* Serbs Denounce U.N. Elections
Saturday July 15 6:22 AM ET
By ROBERT H. REID, Associated Press Writer
PRISTINA, Yugoslavia (AP) - Hard-line Serb leaders insist their refusal
to take part in Kosovo's first internationally supervised elections
remains firm - despite a U.N. decision to give them more time to change
their mind.
Saturday had been the deadline for Kosovars of all ethnicities -
Albanian, Serb, Turkish, Gypsies and others - to register for municipal
elections in October. However, U.N. administrator Bernard Kouchner
extended the deadline until the close of business Wednesday after
international officials said they had seen the first clear signs that
some Kosovo Serbs wanted to take part.
``It was decided to give them time to see whether those indications
produce something tangible,´´ said Roland Bless, spokesman for the
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, which will
supervise the balloting.
After that decision Friday, the official Yugoslav news agency Tanjug
quoted the hard-line Serb National Council as ruling out any possibility
of Serbs taking part in registration and elections until Serbs who fled
the province last year can return.
However, U.N. sources, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the Serb
community in the small town of Leposavic was interested in registering.
Tensions flared Saturday in Kosovska Mitrovica after a grenade was fired
into the Serb sector of the city from the ethnic Albanian side, the
NATO-led peacekeeping command said.
No injuries were reported. But the blast prompted rumors that a Serb
cafe had been hit, and a crowd of angry Serbs flooded into the area.
They dispersed Friday night when peacekeepers convinced them the cafe
had not been hit.
But minutes later, another grenade was fired toward a complex of three
apartment buildings on the Serb side, exploding in an empty apartment,
NATO said. That brought crowds back out for an hour.
Kosovska Mitrovica is the site of the largest Serb enclave. And the Serb
leader there, Oliver Ivanovic, remained adamantly against any
participation in the elections.
He wants the United Nations to return 1,500 Serbs to Kosovo by July 25
and a timetable for the return of another 210,000 non-Albanians who fled
the province when Yugoslav forces evacuated in June 1999 following the
78-day NATO bombing campaign.
U.N. officials have resisted the demands, saying a premature return of
Serbs would only worsen the already tense ethnic climate.
``The Serbs from this region will not register nor take part in the vote
until Serbs start returning to Kosovo in bigger numbers,´´ said
Dragisa Milovic, spokesman for Ivanovic.
``If the international community succeeds in organizing the return of
the Serbs, guaranteeing their safety, we will change our minds,´´
Milovic added. ``For now, we have absolutely no security in Kosovo, nor
are we able to move around. Under those conditions, any election would
be absurd.´´
Some leaders of the 15,000-strong Turkish minority were also boycotting.
Only about 1,000 ethnic Turks had registered by late Friday, the OSCE
said.
Without minority participation, U.N. officials would be forced to decide
whether to go ahead with a multiethnic election even if only the
majority Albanians agree to participate in significant numbers.
Ethnic Albanians are believed to comprise more than 90 percent of
Kosovo's estimated 2 million people, although no reliable census has
been taken in decades.
* Mortar shells on Serb part of the town
http://www.serbia-info.com/news
July 15, 2000
Constant provocation of ethnic Albanian terrorists
Kosovska Mitrovica, July 14 - Ethnic Albanian terrorists tonight at
22.15p.m. fired from the southern part of Kosovska Mitrovica two mortar
shells at the Serb part of the town, which exploded on pavement close to
the first apartment building at the beginning of the street, near
bridge, which divides the town into ethnic Albanian and Serb part.
Luckily, there was no one in the street at the time of the blast. French
KFOR soldiers which were standing on the bridge, about 20 meters from
the explosion, panicky ran across the bridge to the southern part of the
town.
Hundreds of Serbs who demanded protection from French soldiers, gathered
in street immediately. According to the eyewitnesses, mortar shells were
fired from the Sport hall, which stands along the coast in the ethnic
Albanian part of the town.
North Brigade Commander General Jean Louis Sivlait hosted a reception
tonight, on the occasion of France's national holiday (July 14) attended
by UNMIK chief Bernard Kouchner and the leaders of the former "KLA"
(Kosovo Liberation Army) and now the commanders of the so-called Kosovo
Protection Corps - Agim Ceku, Sami Ljustaku and Rahman Rama.
Referring to the guests, Kouchner called leaders of both communities in
Kosovska Mitrovica, Oliver Ivanovic and Bajram Redzepi, and specially
General Agim Ceku, according to him, to help UNMIK, KFOR and to all
international community in order to unite the town.
Tonight's attack on Serb part of the town is clear sign of how Ceku's
terrorists see "union of Mitrovica".
* Rifle, grenades fired in troubled Kosovo town
The Associated Press
KOSOVSKA MITROVICA, Yugoslavia (July 15, 2000 3:22 p.m. EDT
http://www.nandotimes.com) - Angry crowds gathered early Saturday on the
Serb side of this ethnically divided city after a grenade was fired from
the ethnic Albanian area, setting off two hours of unrest.
No one was believed injured in the blast or the two-hour melee which
followed, according to the French military command. Leaders of both
ethnic communities appealed for calm.
After the blast, rumors spread through the Serb community that the
grenade, fired at about 11 p.m., had hit a Serb café frequented by
Serbs who monitor traffic across a bridge over the Ibar River, which
divides the city into Albanian and Serb districts.
Believing the café had been hit, a crowd of about 500 angry Serbs
rushed to the scene, shouting and taunting French peacekeepers. French
Brig. Gen. Jean-Louis Sublet rushed to the scene and spoke with Serb
community leader Oliver Ivanovic, convincing him the café had not been
hit and promising to investigate.
By midnight the crowd dispersed but a few minutes later, gunshots rang
out and another grenade was fired toward a complex of three apartment
buildings on the north side of the river, exploding in an empty
apartment, NATO said.
The complex, although located on the Serb side, contains apartments of
ethnic Albanians who were resettled in the area months ago by NATO
troops against the wishes of the Serb community.
The second grenade brought crowds back into the streets on the Serb side
of the river. They finally went home about 1 a.m., NATO said.
On Saturday, leaders of the Albanian and Serb communities - Dr. Bajram
Rexhepi and Ivanovic - met with the regional U.N. administrator William
L. Nash to discuss the security situation. Afterward, they issued a
joint statement condemning the violence.
"We are determined, however, to continue our efforts to improve
security, the rule of law, the return of displaced persons and the
economic development of the region," the statement said. "We will not be
deterred by the actions of a few."
In Belgrade, the opposition Serbian Renewal Movement called the
incidents "another denial of claims by international community officials
that the situation in Kosovo has stabilized," and that ethnic Albanian
militants have been disarmed.
The Democratic Party of Serbia said the attack "clearly shows that it is
futile for Serbs to try take part in the elections" planned for October.
Kosovska Mitrovica is the tensest city in the province because of the
presence of large numbers of Serbs and ethnic Albanians. French troops
have enforced an informal division of the city, which the ethnic
Albanians have denounced as a violation of the June 1999 peace agreement
which provided for a multiethnic Kosovo in which people could return to
their former homes.
* EIGHT BODIES UNCOVERED IN HOSPITAL GARBAGE CONTAINER IN GNJILANE
GNJILANE, July 14 (Tanjug) UNMIK police spokesmen in the town of
Gnjilane, eastern KosovoMetohija governed by the United Nations for more
than a year, said on Friday that eight bodies had been uncovered in a
metal
garbage container belonging to the local hospital.
The Committee for Protection and Human Rights of Gnjilane said
that the bodies had been in the garbage dump for more than eight months,
which means that they were hidden during the first or second week after
the
arrival of the U.N. peacekeepers to KosovoMetohija and the stationing of
the French and U.N. troops in Gnjilane.
It is believed that the victims are Serbs. The local Serbs have
demanded that the bodies be examined by foreign and domestic
pathologists
to determine the truth about this crime.
About 70 families of Serbs who were kidnapped from Gnjilane and
its vicinity, are very concerned and are awaiting the results of the
investigation with trepidation.
* ETHNIC ALBANIANS SHELL SERB PART OF KOSOVSKA MITROVICA
KOSOVSKA MITROVICA, July 15 (Tanjug) Ethnic Albanian terrorists
on Friday evening fired from the southern part of Kosovska Mitrovica two
mortar shells at the northern (Serb) part of this town in central
KosovoMetohija.
The shells exploded in the street close to the first apartment
building near the bridge which divides the town into two parts (Serb and
ethnic Albanian).
Luckily, there was no one in the street at the time of the
blast.
Immediately before, North Brigade Commander General Jean Louis
Sivlait hosted a reception on the occasion of France's national holiday
(July 14) attended by UNMIK chief Bernard Kouchner and the leaders of
the
former "KLA" (Kosovo Liberation Army) and now the commanders of the
socalled Kosovo Protection Corps Agim Ceku, Sami Ljustaku and Rahman
Rama.
* GROUP OF ETHNIC ALBANIANS BEAT ELDERLY SERB
LIPLJAN, July 15 (Tanjug) A group of ethnic Albanians on Friday
evening beat 80yearold Serb Nikola Perencevic in the village of Lipljan,
some 20 km south of Pristina.
Local radio hams reported that the old man sustained serious
head
injuries.
Perencevic was taken by Finnish KFOR troops to the Russian
military hospital in Kosovo Polje to receive medical treatment.
The same sources say that so far KFOR has done nothing to find
and
arrest this group of ethnic Albanians.
* KOUCHNER EXTENDS DEADLINE FOR VOTER REGISTRATION
PRISTINA, July 15 (Tanjug) The head of the U.N. civilian mission
for KosovoMetohija, Bernard Kouchner, has extended for three more days
the
deadline for voter registration for elections to be held in this Serbian
province despite the fact that they are turning into a farce.
The final day for the registration was today. Kouchner decided
to
wait three more days because the nonAlbanians failed to respond to the
registration calls.
Field estimates show that the majority of the nonAlbanian
population could not have taken part in the forming of the election
lists
since during the one year U.N. administration the ethnic Albanian
extremists drove away from KosovoMetohija more than 350,000 Serbs,
Muslims,
Romanies, Goranci and others. In most cities there are no longer any
Serbs,
250,000 of whom have been expelled.
In Pristina it is said that the extension of the registration
deadline is the best proof of the failure of Kouchner's election option.
It is certain that neither the Serbs or the other nonAlbanians
will take part in the elections so that it is already possible to speak
about the total collapse of Kouchner's and UNMIK's mission.
The basic condition of the Serbs in KosovoMetohija for voting
at
the elections is the return of the expelled and the securing of the
safety
of their life and property all tasks UNMIK and KFOR should have carried
out in keeping with U.N. Security Council Resolution 1244 dating from
1999.
* ETHNIC ALBANIAN EXTREMISTS THROW MOLOTOV COCKTAILS AT SERB HOUSE
OBILIC, July 15 (Tanjug) Ethnic Albanian extremists on Thursday
and Friday threw Molotov cocktails at the house of Nada Stolic, a Serb
woman from the town of Obilic, north of Pristina.
The ensuing fires, which were rapidly put out with the help of
the
neighbours, caused much material damage but no one was injured.
Local radio hams said that the first Molotov cocktail was
thrown
on Thursday at 2 p.m. and the other on Friday at 8 a.m
* KFOR and UNMIK are violating human rights of Gorani
http://www.serbia-info.com/news Tanjug
July 14, 2000
Exerting pressure on Gorani to take Islam
Prizren, July 13 - So-called UN peace mission in
Kosovo and Metohija - UNMIK and KFOR - in the
municipality Gora, in the area of Dragas are extorting
strong pressures on Gorani who live in that area with
the basic intention to denationalize them, "declare"
them as Muslims, which represents dramatic violation
of basic human rights, claims Center for peace and
tolerance from Prizren. This kind of violence
represents moral fall of UN representatives in Kosovo
and Metohija, because question is being asked, if the
UN after these "actions" can survive. With these
actions, which have not been seen since fascist
invasion on Kosovo and Metohija in 1941, according to
relevant evaluations of citizens of this area, first
of all, UN Charter is being destroyed, stresses
Center.
Center for peace and tolerance from Prizren has
respectable evidence of this violence, which is
underway in the municipality of Gora. There KFOR and
UNMIK are threatening to the population of this area
that they will take their property, cars, destroy
hoses, that they will be expelled if they do not
respond to the census and if they do not declare
themselves as representatives of nonexistent new
composed national community of Muslim nation…
President of the National community of Gorani and
member of Kosovo-Metohija Provisional Executive
Council Mr.Ibro Vait points out that KFOR and UNMIK
were trying to deny origin of Gorani with the
intention to "declare" them as Muslims, with ethnic
Albanians, from their arrival in Kosovo and Metohija.
"KFOR and UNMIK's pressure represents flagrant
violation of basic human rights and international
standards, calculated to destroy origin of Gorani",
warned Vait in today's statement to Tanjug, evaluating
that "peacekeepers' intention", in fact, is to
denationalize one ethnic community.
* Russia Opposes Elections in Kosovo
.c The Associated Press
By EDITH M. LEDERER
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Russia is arguing against U.N. plans to hold a
supervised election in Kosovo, warning that deteriorating security
conditions
for Serbs prevent any vote from being free and fair.
If the internationally monitored municipal elections go ahead this
year,
ethnic Albanian hard-liners will take power and the chance of creating a
truly multiethnic and democratic Kosovo will be lost, Russia's U.N.
Ambassador Sergey Lavrov told the Security Council Thursday.
The province's estimated 100,000 Serbs are boycotting the electoral
process
until the United Nations satisfies their demands for security against
ethnic
Albanian attacks and provides for the return of Serbs who fled when
Yugoslav
forces withdrew in June 1999 after a 78-day NATO bombing campaign.
He warned that their non-participation ``would distort both the ethnic
and
the political picture in Kosovo.''
Russia has close cultural and religious ties with the Serbs and has
been
Yugoslavia's strongest supporter on the Security Council along with
China,
which also questioned whether elections could be held freely and safely
when
minorities in Kosovo are still subject to numerous and well-organized
attacks.
With registration for the municipal elections set to end Saturday,
Assistant
Secretary-General Hedi Annabi told the Security Council that nearly
900,000
applications have been received. But despite intensive efforts by the
U.N.
mission which is administering Kosovo, the Serbs and much of Kosovo's
Turkish
population refuse to end their boycott, he said.
U.S. deputy ambassador James Cunningham said the United States believes
``the solution to violence lies in the political process'' and elections
and
a responsible government structure ``are the best way to temper
passions.''
Kosovo's chief U.N. administrator, Bernard Kouchner, signed a
regulation
July 8 which gives him the authority to determine the date for the
municipal
elections after consulting Secretary-General Kofi Annan.
It is widely expected to take place in October.
AP-NY-07-14-00 0113EDT
* PRIEST KOJIC, TWO OTHER PASSENGERS WOUNDED IN TERRORIST ATTACK
KOSOVSKA VITINA, July 13 (Tanjug) An automobile driven by Serbian
Orthodox priest Dragan Kojic of Vitina came under bursts of machinegun
fire
on the road VitinaKlokot on Wednesday and the priest was critically
wounded
in this incident, amateur radio operators reported from Serbia's Kosovo
and
Metohija province.
The attack was launched by ethnic Albanian terrorist from a
passing automobile where a road branches for Mogila village.
The priest has been taken to the military hospital at the U.S.
base Bondsteel where doctors are trying to save his life. Three other
persons were travelling with the priest, one of them his son. Two
passengers were also injured, but their wounds are not lifethreatening.
Villagers started to rally in Klokot after they heard of the
attack, protesting against this brutal attack on a man of the cloth.
International force KFOR troops blocked all approaches to this Serb
village, the sources said.
* UNHCR DENIES SERBS THE RIGHT TO TRANSPORT
VELIKA HOCA, July 13 (Tanjug) UNHCR representatives decided to
deprive the inhabitants of the Serbpopulated village Velika Hoca in
KosovoMetohija of the right to use the bus line commuting to Serbia
proper
on Wednesdays, local amateur radio operators said on Wednesday.
This decision came as a result of a recent incident, in which a
group of angry villagers set up barricades, in response to KFOR's
lenient
attitude towards repeated mortar attacks on Velika Hoca. In this
incident,
clashes took place between the villagers and KFOR soldiers, also, two
vehicles were demolished.
The radiooperators also say that the KFOR has not reacted at
all
to the shelling of Velika Hoca, even though it is known that the attack
were perpetrated by ethnic Albanians of Brestovac village.
* Klagen der türkischen Minorität im Kosovo
Mehr Rechte unter serbischer als unter UNO-Veraltung
(von Rainer Rupp)
Seitdem die NATO mit ihrem Einmarsch der UCK die Terrorherrschaft im
Kosovo gesichert hat, gehören nicht nur andersgläubige Serben und Roma
und Sinti zu den verfolgten Minderheiten in der serbischen Provinz,
sondern auch die muslimische, türkisch-sprechende Volksgruppe im Kosovo.
Der Verteidigung ihrer Rechte hat sich nun der türkische Außenminister
Cem Ismail in Ankara angenommen.
In einem Brief an UNO Generalsekretär Kofi Annan hat Außenminister Cem
seiner "großen Sorge" über die gleichgültige Haltung der UNO-Verwaltung
im Kosovo gegenüber den Anliegen der Kosovo-Türkischen Minorität
Ausdruck verleihen. In der Tat ist die türkische Minderheit so gut wie
nicht in dem "Interim Verwaltungsrat" vertreten, der von dem
umstrittenen UNMIK-Chef Bernard Kouchner ins Leben gerufen wurde. Auch
waren Mitglieder der türkischen Minderheit in der Vergangenheit
wiederholt Opfer von UCK-Anschlägen gewesen. Nicht wenige sind im
letzten Jahr nach Serbien oder Montenegro geflohen.
Außenminister Cem hob in seinem Brief an Kofi Anan hervor, daß sein Land
bereits verschiedene Male die Aufmerksamkeit der UNO-Verwaltung auf die
besonders Situation der türkischen Minderheit gelenkt habe und u.a. drei
Briefe an den UNO-Sondergesandten im Kosovo geschickt habe. Keine dieser
Initiativen hätte auch nur im geringsten gefruchtet und die drei Briefe
seien unbeantwortet geblieben.
Nach einem Bericht der albanischen Zeitung "Albanian Daily News" habe
der türkische Minister in diesem Zusammenhang betont, daß es um die
Minoritätenrechte der türkisch-sprachigen Volksgruppe im Kosovo "unter
UNO-Verwaltung schlechter bestellt ist als zu Zeiten der serbischen
Verwaltung". Nach Angaben der Zeitung "sprechen ungefähr 250.000
Einwohner der zwei Millionen zählenden Vorkriegsbevölkerung des Kosovo
zu Hause türkisch. ("Turkey Says Minority Rights Worse than Under
Serbian Rule"), Albanian Daily News, 11/07/2000)
Ganz nebenbei erfährt der Leser auf diese Weise etwas mehr über die
ethnische Zusammensetzung des Kosovo vor der NATO-Aggression zugunsten
der terroristischen UCK-Nationalisten. Dabei wäre interessant zu wissen,
ob die türkisch-sprechende Minderheit von den westlichen
UCK-Propagandisten auch zu den Albanern gezählt wurde.
In westlichen Medien hieß es bisher immer, daß 90% der Bevölkerung des
Kosovo ethnische Albaner seien. Bei einer Einwohnerzahl von knapp zwei
Millionen müßten folglich die nicht albanische Minderheiten 200.000
Menschen gezählt haben. Geht man jedoch von den offiziellen Zahlen der
UNO-Flüchtlingsorganisation und anderer Organisationen aus, dann sind
zwischen 250.000 und 300.000 Serben, Roma und Sinti, Juden, Griechen,
Ägypter u.a. aus dem Kosovo geflohen und harren z.Z. meist in Serbien
der Rückkehr ins Kosovo. Dort sollen sich nach verschiedenen offiziellen
Schätzungen immer noch bis zu 100.000 Serben befinden. Zählt man die
250.000 Kosovo-Türken - die sich offensichtlich nicht als Albaner sehen
- zu den nicht-albanischen Minderheiten hinzu, dann addieren sich die
Zahlen auf etwa 600.000 Menschen. Wodurch eine andere der vielen Lügen
der westlichen Politiker und Medien über das Kosovo entlarvt wäre.
Saarbrücken den 12.7.2000
* ETHNIC ALBANIAN SLAIN BY COMPATRIOT
GNJILANE, July 12 (Tanjug) In the ethnic Albanianpopulated
village of Velekinac near the town of Gnjilane, an ethnic Albanian was
murdered by his compatriot, said Gnjilane Committee for Civil Rights and
Protection on Tuesday, quoting a KFOR officer.
According to his statement, the murderer was caught and
detained
immediately.
The Committee says that instant arrests of ethnic Albanian
criminals and murderers who committed offenses against their compatriots
have became a quite regular practice for KFOR and the UNMIK police, as
opposed to those cases in which Serbs, or other nonAlbanians, are the
victims.
The mentioned officer said on Tuesday that house searches in
several villages of the Gnjilane municipality resulted in the seizure of
26
handguns, 31 handgrenades, 240 other items, and 2,700 pieces of
ammunition.
He added that those who possessed the weapons were detained.
There have been unofficial claims that another ethnic Albanian
was
killed in a blaze that broke out in a depot situated by the road
connecting
Gnjilane and Pristina on Monday. Two nearby houses caught fire and
collapsed, despite a quick reaction from the fire brigades of Gnjilane
and
Pristina, says the Committee statement.
* KFOR TROOPS PREVENT REGULAR BURIAL OF SERB WOMAN
PRISTINA, July 12 (Tanjug) Dragica Zivanovic, a Serb woman who
died in Besinje village, municipality of Pristina, on Monday, was buried
in
her back yard because international force KFOR troops refused to provide
an
escort for the funeral procession to take the body to the nearby
Orthodox
cemetery, amateur radio operators reported from Serbia's Kosovo and
Metohija province late on Tuesday.
Ethnic Albanian extremists daily provoke and attack Serbs in
Besinje. About eight Serb families remain in the village, mostly elderly
people who did not want to leave their ancestral homes.
The ethnic Albanian terrorists have stolen all agricultural
machinery from the Serb families, so that they cannot work their farms.
KFOR do not guarantee the Serbs' safety even on special occasions, such
as
funerals, said the sources.
* U.S. SOLDIER KILLS SEVENYEAROLD BOY IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA
NEW YORK, July 11 (Tanjug) The Pentagon has announced that a U.S.
soldier of the international force KFOR in Serbia's Kosovo and Metohija
province killed a sevenyearold boy on Monday. The Pentagon alleged the
killing had been accidental, that the soldier's weapon had gone off
accidentally.
Meanwhile, a KFOR spokesman confirmed in Pristina late on
Monday
that an unidentified U.S. soldier had accidentally inflicted mortal
wounds
to an ethnic Albanian boy, Gentrid Rexhepi, 7, and that he soon died of
his
wounds, agencies reported.
The incident occurred near the village of Cerkes Sadovina, near
Vitina, and the boy died after being taken to the hospital in the U.S.
base
Bondsteel.
* Three Serbs Shot in U.S. Sector
.c The Associated Press
By ROBERT H. REID
PRISTINA, Yugoslavia (AP) - Unidentified attackers fired at a car on a
rural
road in Kosovo's American sector Wednesday, wounding three Serb men, the
U.S.
command said.
Yugoslav news agencies identified the wounded as a Serbian Orthodox
priest
and two seminary students.
Later, U.S. troops fired warning shots over a crowd of angry Serbs who
gathered in the town of Klokot to protest the attack, a U.S. statement
said.
There were no injuries, and the crowd broke up.
The U.S. statement said the three men were traveling from Klokot to
Vitina,
about 30 miles south of Pristina when the attack occurred at midday.
U.N. civilian police found the wounded men along the road and took them
to
the U.S. military hospital at Camp Bondsteel where they were listed in
stable
condition pending surgery.
Yugoslavia's private news agency Beta and the state-run Tanjug agency
identified the three as clerics.
The attack was the latest against Kosovo's dwindling Serb minority in
wake
of the June 1999 withdrawal of Yugoslav forces following the 78-day NATO
bombing campaign. The alliance launched the airstrikes to stop Yugoslav
President Slobodan Milosevic's crackdown against ethnic Albanians.
Although the attackers were not identified, ethnic Albanian extremists
have
carried out numerous attacks against Serbs in the American sector over
the
past 13 months.
In another development, Serb villagers in two communities just across
the
provincial boundary from Kosovo reported a mortar fire early Wednesday
and
blamed ethnic Albanian extremists.
There were no injuries, the villagers said. The attack reportedly
occurred
near the Serbian villages of Merdare and nearby Borovac, 120 miles
southeast
of Belgrade.
``This is getting worse and worse,'' said Danijela Pavlovic, 35, who
lives
in Merdare. She said the fire came from Mirovac, an Albanian-populated
village on the other side of the separation line.
``We'll all leave if this continues,'' she said, adding she had sent
her
teen-age son to stay with relatives in a town farther from the border.
Serbian police declined comment, but an officer, speaking on condition
of
anonymity, said the mortar attack shortly after midnight was preceded by
sniper fire against a nearby police checkpoint.
AP-NY-07-12-00 1455EDT
* Diskussion um Trepca: Arbeiterinteressen versus Antiimperialismus?
Date: Sat, 8 Jul 2000 17:51:30 +0200
From: Jug Öster Solibeweg <joesb@...>
To: <joesb@...>
Innerhalb der Linken ist im Rahmen der Debatte um den Nato-Krieg gegen
Jugoslawien und den humanitären Interventionismus von jenen, die die
Agrression befürworteten oder zumindest schwiegen, immer wieder die
Frage
des Bergwerkkomplexes Trepca ins Treffen geführt worden.
Antijugoslawischen und versteckt proimperialistischen Positionen soll
mit
den Aussagen der albanischen Bergarbeitergewerkschaft, die von
"Arbeitereigentum" spricht, der Mantel der Arbeiterinteressen umgehängt
werden.
Stellt man allerdings eine Gesamtanalyse an, so ist klar, dass diese
Frage
der geopolitischen unterzuordnen ist, in der es nur zwei Seiten gibt:
Jugoslawien und die NATO (deren freiwillig versklavsten Anhängsel die
albanischen Kräfte sind). Politisch fordert nämlich die albanische
Bergarbeitergewerkschafts nichts anderes als das Kombinat völlig der
jugoslawischen Kontrolle zu entreißen, alles andere Gefasel ist Beiwerk.
Denn unter den realen Bedingungen heißt albanisches "Arbeitereigentum"
Herrschaft der NATO und UCK. Darum sind wir für die Wiedereingliederung
des
Trepca-Kombinats sowie des gesamtzen Kosovo nach Jugoslawien.
Lesen Sie die ausführliche kontroversielle Debatte unter:
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=all&id=962779078
und
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=all&id=961851904
---
"LO CHIAMEREMO CLINTON"
New York Post, June 13, 2000
BABY AMERIKAN DREAM SHATTERED
By NILES LATHEM
BORN IN THE USA: Baby Americkan, born in a New Jersey
refugee camp 13 months ago, stands up as proud parents
Naim and Lebibe watch. - AP
FERIZAJ, Kosovo - Baby Amerikan is now 13 months old,
plump, wide-eyed and curious. He's just starting to
walk and is grabbing everything in sight.
A year ago - at the height of NATO's bombing of
Yugoslavia - he captured everyone's hearts when he was
born in a New Jersey refugee center and given his
unusual name in a dramatic expression of gratitude by
his parents.
But now, on the anniversary of the end of the Kosovar
war, the feel-good story of Baby Amerikan has reached
a sad chapter.
The little boy, whose nickname is "Amir," and his
parents, Naim and Lebibe Karaliu, have been back in
Kosovo for nine months.
Naim had no choice but to go home. He'd been unable to
find a job that would cover the $900 rent on their
apartment near Dallas after their aid ran out.
They returned to discover that their "duvar" - a
traditional Albanian compound of family homes
surrounded by a wall - in a bucolic mountain village
had been destroyed by Serbian storm troopers.
Now, they share the cramped house - 10 people live
there - of Naim's brother Vesel in this chaotic, dusty
city. Naim, like the great majority of the Kosovar men
who survived Serbian ethnic cleansing, is broke and
jobless.
Lebibe, 22, pretty and stoic, is seven-months pregnant
with the couple's second child. She worries what kind
of future there will be for Amerikan and his new
sibling.
"I am happy Kosovo is free," Lebibe said through a
translator as she chased the active toddler around a
family room decorated with an American flag.
"But life is hard now. I am concerned about my baby
because we are poor."
Although their plight is shared by thousands of other
Kosovars, the Karalius seem especially bitter at
having lost their chance at the American Dream.
Several times, they asked to be paid for this story,
and complained about broken promises of aid workers in
the United States, and about how a trust fund set up
for Amerikan by good Samaritans in New Jersey had been
stolen by relatives.
"I would like to go back to America. I don't see a
good life in Kosovo," Naim said.
At the end of a winding mountain road, Naim got
teary-eyed as he displayed the damage done to his home
by the Serbs.
"This will cost at least $40,000 to fix. I don't know
what I'm going to do."
The topic of conversation later turned to the new
baby. The couple thinks it, too, will be a boy.
"If we get some help from the United States, maybe
we'll name him Clinton."
---
LISTE DI PROSCRIZIONE E CONDANNE SOMMARIE
PUBBLICATE SUI GIORNALI NAZIONALISTI ALBANESI-KOSOVARI
Albanische Zeitungen schüren Lynch-Justiz im Kosovo
("Dadurch werden die Genannten zum Tode verurteilt", Dan Everts,
OSZE-Botschafter)
(von Rainer Rupp)
Kosovo-albanische Journalisten, unterstützt von internationalen Wächtern
der Medienfreiheit, führen z.Z. eine hitzige Kampagne gegen die
UNO-Verwaltung, weil diese angeblich versucht, im Kosovo die
Pressefreiheit einzuschränken. Nach Angaben der New York Times vom
Donnerstag dieser Woche habe der Protest solche Formen angenommen, daß
ein hoher UNO-Beamter angedeutet hat, daß die Versuche, die albanischen
Medien auf einen minimalen Verhaltenskodex festzulegen, wahrscheinlich
aufgegeben würden. ("Death of Serb Named in Newspaper Sparks Battle Over
Media Restrictions in Kosovo", By STEVEN ERLANGER NYT-July 13, 2000)
Ein Gesetz allerdings, mit dem die UNO-Verwaltung eine Zeitung zu einer
Geldstrafe und/oder zur vorübergehenden Schließung verurteilen kann,
soll zur Empörung der freiheitsliebenden Kosovo-Redakteure weiterhin in
Kraft bleiben. Etliche Redakteure haben in ihren Beschwerden darauf
verwiesen, daß ein ähnliches Gesetz bereits unter serbischer Verwaltung
angewandt wurde.
Aber welche Freiheit meinen die radikalen, Kosovo-albanischen
Redakteure, die sie so vehement gegen die UNO verteidigen wollen? Es ist
die Freiheit, ihre Zeitungen auch weiterhin zu Instrumenten des Terrors
und zu Aufrufen zur Lynchjustiz zu benutzen, um somit den blutige
Terrorkrieg gegen Serben weiter zu führen. Dazu werden Namen, Photos,
zuletzt bekannte Adressen, Arbeitsplatz und mehr von angeblichen
serbischen Kriegsverbrechern veröffentlicht. Dadurch werden diese
Personen – und alle, die ihnen ähnlich sehen - praktisch zu
Todeskandidaten der Exekutionskommandos der UCK abgestempelt.
Mit ihren Aufrufen zur Lynchjustiz setzen sich diese kosovo-albanischen
Blätter bewußt über die Presseregeln der OSZE und UNO-Verwaltung im
Kosovo hinweg. Daß die Gefahr für Leib und Leben der in den albanischen
Blättern benannten Serben real ist, wurde letzten Monat durch die
brutale Ermordung eines serbischen UNO-Mitarbeiters (er war Übersetzer)
weltweit bekannt. Am Anfang der tödlichen Entwicklung stand ein
Exklusivbericht der Zeitung Dita, in dem diese behauptete, einen
serbischen Kriegsverbrecher aufgespürt zu haben, der für die UNO-Mission
im Kosovo (UNMIK) arbeitete. Dita veröffentlichte den Namen von Petar
Topoljski und seine Adresse. Keine drei Wochen später wurde die von
zahlreichen Messerstichen verstümmelte Leiche von Petar Topoljski mit
einem Draht um den Hals in einem Dorf außerhalb Pristinas gefunden.
Ähnliche Hetzartikel wie der in Dita sind in den letzten Monaten in der
Kosovo-Albanischen Presse regelmäßig erschienen. Diese indirekten
Aufrufe zum Mord wollte die Organisation für Sicherheit und
Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE), die im Kosovo für die Medien
verantwortlich ist, nicht länger hinnehmen. Dan Everts, OSZE Botschafter
im Kosovo, wurde kürzlich von der BBC wie folgt zitiert "wir haben
einige sehr schlimme Artikel gesehen, in denen Personen dadurch zum Tode
verurteilt wurden, indem ihr Namen, Arbeitsplatz, Adresse und was sonst
noch alles genannt wurden. Das ist, als würde man den Leuten sagen:
<He!, paßt mal auf, hier sind sie und nun tut mit ihnen, was Ihr
wollt>." ("Kosovo papers defy UN", BBC, By Kosovo Correspondent Nicholas
Wood, Thursday, 6 July, 2000, 11:09 GMT 12:09 UK)
Daß die Zeitung Dita wegen ihrer Veröffentlichung über das Mordopfer
Petar Topoljski auf Anordnung der UNO-Verwaltung für eine Woche
geschlossen worden war machte, machte auf die Chefredaktion
offensichtlich keinen Eindruck, außer daß sich die Redakteure
beschwerten, daß es nun unter der UNO genau so schlimm wäre wie unter
Milosevic. Als die Zeitung Dita wieder erscheinen durfte, hatte
Chefredakteur Behlul Becaj nichts eiligeres zu tun, als den
beanstandeten Artikel erneut abzudrucken.
Zugleich ließ Becaj den UNMIK-Chef Bernard Kouchner wissen, daß die
albanische Presse verpflichtet sei, die (angeblichen) serbischen
Kriegsverbrecher zu benennen, solange die internationalen Organisationen
diese nicht verfolgen würden. Und prompt setzte Dita-Chef Behlul Becaj
seine Drohung in die Tat um. Letzte Woche veröffentlichte Dita eine
Doppelseite mit Namen und Photos von 15 Serben, denen die Zeitung
Kriegsverbrechen vorwarf. Auf eine Reaktion von der OSZE oder UNMIK hat
man bisher vergeblich gewartet.
Saarbrücken den 14.7.00
-
NYTimes.com July 13, 2000
Death of Serb Named in Newspaper Sparks Battle Over Media Restrictions
in Kosovo
By STEVEN ERLANGER
PRISTINA, Kosovo, July 6 -- The publication by an Albanian-language
newspaper
of the name and photograph of a Serb accused by the daily of crimes
against
Albanians, and his murder soon after, has stirred passionate debate
about
press freedom and the need to stop revenge killings in Kosovo.
After the murder, the United Nations administration that rules Kosovo
shut
down the newspaper, Dita, for eight days. Then, when Dita reappeared and
promptly reprinted the offending article, international officials sought
to
impose a formal code of conduct on the news media here.
But local Albanian journalists and international news media watch-dog
bodies
have protested the attempts to regulate media so strongly that the
United
Nations administration is likely to abandon the code, a senior United
Nations official says.
A law that provides for the fining, suspension or closing of print or
broadcast media will, however, remain on the books, the official said.
The
regulation, signed by the United Nations chief here, Bernard Kouchner,
is
intended to prevent the publication or broadcasting of personal details
about people who might become targets of Albanian or Serbian vigilantes.
The frustration of the United Nations authorities is evident as
interethnic
attacks continue, especially on the Serbian minority in Kosovo, while a
system of international judges to deal with such crimes is just
beginning to
function.
Mr. Kouchner issued the regulation after Dita published an article on
April
27 accusing two Serbs, Petar Topoljski and his father, of being members
of
paramilitary groups. Petar Topoljski, 25, still lived in Kosovo and
worked
as a translator for the United Nations; the paper published his address
and
photograph.
Three weeks later he was found murdered, stabbed with a wire wound
around
his neck.
His death seemed an example of the press feeding the cycle of vengeance
against Serbs, with no recourse to the police or the courts. While there
could be no direct connection drawn between the Dita article and the
murder,
Mr. Kouchner decided to act, judging that news media self-regulation was
not
working, and closed Dita for eight days.
More moderate Albanian newspapers, like Koha Ditore, criticized the
suspension of Dita as an arbitrary act of personal power. Dita's
publisher,
Behlul Beqaj, justified publication of the information by saying that
the
system of justice in Kosovo was not working, and that there had been no
punishment for people accused of war crimes.
As soon as the suspension was over, Mr. Beqaj republished the article.
Mr.
Kouchner then issued his regulation on June 17 covering broadcast and
print
media, naming a temporary news media commissioner with the power to
impose
sanctions, fine offending media up to $50,000, seize equipment or
material
and suspend or shut down an outlet.
Appeals are subject to a board appointed by Mr. Kouchner.
The commissioner, a former American diplomat, Douglas Davidson, was also
given power to issue temporary codes of conduct to be compiled in
consultation with local editors and imposed "in special circumstances."
Mr. Davidson defended the codes as common in Europe and necessary to
deter
"hate speech." But the United Nations is likely to abandon the effort to
compile a code, after what officials describe as long and frustrating
meetings with editors who oppose it as undemocratic.
Mr. Kouchner's regulation itself caused a furor. It was condemned by the
World Press Freedom Committee and other international news media
watch-dogs,
and Mr. Beqaj tested it on June 26, publishing the names of two Serbs
from
the town of Kosovo Polje accused of attacking ethnic Albanians. One of
those
Serbs is in close contact with the municipality and the United Nations.
This
time, Dita went to the police first, but did not heed United Nations
requests to delay publication.
Mr. Davidson then issued a warning to Dita and said the paper appeared
to
have violated the regulation on publishing personal details that "would
pose
a serious threat to the life, safety or security of any such person
through
vigilante violence or otherwise."
"Publishing names can put people's lives at risk," Mr. Davidson said in
a
statement. "It is also violating a fundamental principle of Western
journalism that someone is innocent until proven guilty."
Then, on July 5, Dita published the names, prewar addresses and
photographs
of 15 more Serbs it accused of committing crimes against ethnic
Albanians.
Mr. Beqaj is unrepentant. In one meeting with Mr. Davidson and other
editors, he noted that Dita was accused of involvement with just one
death
out of 500 or so that have occurred in Kosovo in the year since NATO
troops
arrived.
Mr. Davidson, Mr. Kouchner and other United Nations officials say they
must
have some way to stop hate speech and the incitement to murder
individuals
on the basis of uncorroborated accusations by news media. "This is not
yet a
normal place," Mr. Davidson said. "The international community must have
some control and if it wants to lower the level of hatred and tension
here,
not make it worse, then one thing you must look at is the media."
But Baton Haxhiu, the editor of Koha Ditore, said that Albanian news
executives are able to police themselves, and that the solution lies not
in
restricting press freedom, but in providing a functioning justice
system.
"All this just shows that the internationals are becoming Balkanized,
trying
to put restrictions on the freedom of the press," he said. "This is a
bad
precedent, and it will be used against us by some political party in the
future."
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
il popolo kosovaro fu liberato dai tedeschi.
Tutti i territori albanesi di questo stato, come il Kosova, la
Macedonia occidentale e le regioni di confine del Montenegro
furono riunificate con l'Albania propriamente detta. Furono
ristabilite le scuole in lingua albanese, l'amministrazione del
governo, la stampa e la radio"
(Da: www.klpm.org, sito web affiliato all'UCK).
---
MISCELLANEA DI ATTI TERRORISTICI ED ALTRI CAPOLAVORI DELL'UCKFOR
* CONDEMNATION OF PERSECUTION OF SERB JOURNALISTS
PRISTINA, July 16 (Tanjug) The arrest of Ljubisa Jovanovic, the
correspondent of the Serbian Radio and Television (RTS) from Kosovo
Polje,
by members of the international missions KFOR and UNMIK is yet another
deliberate move aimed at driving away the Serbs and represents a form of
intimidation of the remaining Serbs who are resisting the daily violence
in
KosovoMetohija, the Information SubCommittee of the Yugoslav Committee
for
Cooperation with the U.N. Mission in KosovoMetohija said on Saturday.
The UNMIK police searched Jovanovic's house on Thursday after
receiving a report by his wife that she had seen two ethnic Albanians
fleeing from their back yard upon her return from work. During the
search
of the house, the UNMIK police uncovered an automatic gun clearly
previously planted there. They waited for Jovanovic and took him to the
police station.
SubCommittee VicePresident Milorad Vujovic issued a statement
protesting strongly over the conduct of KFOR and UNMIK and recalling
that
this incident is yet another in a series of persecutions of Serb
journalists in Serbia's southern province who are constantly being
threatened and prevented from doing their job.
Two weeks ago, in the busiest part of Pristina, as yet
unidentified ethnic Albanian terrorists shot and seriously wounded
Valentina Cukic, the reporter of the Serbianlanguage program Radio
Kontakt,
and a man accompanying her, also a Serb.
The tepid position of the members of the international mission
contributes to the continuing jeopardy of the lives of Serb journalists
while, on the other hand, the ethnic Albanian media are publishing
warrants
for the arrest of innocent Serb civilians whom they continue
persecuting.
The Pristina paper Dita and ethnic Albanian radio stations, for
example, persist in issuing calls for the lynching of prominent citizens
and spreading lies and forged "proof" about their alleged involvement in
the 1999 war developments, the statement recalled.
The SubCommittee described the conduct of KFOR and UNMIK as
inadmissible because, instead of protecting the threatened Serbs
victims
of the ethnic Albanian terrorism, they tolerate the daily crimes of the
ethnic Albanian terrorists, such as murders, kidnappings, shelling of
Serb
villages, ethnic cleansing and an overall genocide of the Serb people,
the
statement said.
* ETHNIC ALBANIANS BLOW UP KFOR WATCHTOWER UNDER CONSTRUCTION
LIPLJAN, DOBROTIN, July 16 (Tanjug) Ethnic Albanian terrorists
early on Saturday blew up a KFOR watchtower under construction on the
crossroads of the Pristina Urosevac and Lipljan Janjevo roads only two
kilometres away from the Serb village of Dobrotin, south of Pristina,
local
radio hams said.
The watchtower, which is being built by the Finnish
peacekeepers,
should secure control of all routes in the vicinity, a fact clearly not
to
the liking of the ethnic Albanian extremists.
Eyewitnesses claim that after the KFOR investigators arrived at
the scene of the explosion, the ethnic Albanian translator suggested
that
the Serbs from Dobrotin had fired a rocket launcher at the watchtower.
The
UNMIK police, however, rejected these allegations after uncovering the
remains of the planted explosives.
* Serbs Denounce U.N. Elections
Saturday July 15 6:22 AM ET
By ROBERT H. REID, Associated Press Writer
PRISTINA, Yugoslavia (AP) - Hard-line Serb leaders insist their refusal
to take part in Kosovo's first internationally supervised elections
remains firm - despite a U.N. decision to give them more time to change
their mind.
Saturday had been the deadline for Kosovars of all ethnicities -
Albanian, Serb, Turkish, Gypsies and others - to register for municipal
elections in October. However, U.N. administrator Bernard Kouchner
extended the deadline until the close of business Wednesday after
international officials said they had seen the first clear signs that
some Kosovo Serbs wanted to take part.
``It was decided to give them time to see whether those indications
produce something tangible,´´ said Roland Bless, spokesman for the
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, which will
supervise the balloting.
After that decision Friday, the official Yugoslav news agency Tanjug
quoted the hard-line Serb National Council as ruling out any possibility
of Serbs taking part in registration and elections until Serbs who fled
the province last year can return.
However, U.N. sources, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the Serb
community in the small town of Leposavic was interested in registering.
Tensions flared Saturday in Kosovska Mitrovica after a grenade was fired
into the Serb sector of the city from the ethnic Albanian side, the
NATO-led peacekeeping command said.
No injuries were reported. But the blast prompted rumors that a Serb
cafe had been hit, and a crowd of angry Serbs flooded into the area.
They dispersed Friday night when peacekeepers convinced them the cafe
had not been hit.
But minutes later, another grenade was fired toward a complex of three
apartment buildings on the Serb side, exploding in an empty apartment,
NATO said. That brought crowds back out for an hour.
Kosovska Mitrovica is the site of the largest Serb enclave. And the Serb
leader there, Oliver Ivanovic, remained adamantly against any
participation in the elections.
He wants the United Nations to return 1,500 Serbs to Kosovo by July 25
and a timetable for the return of another 210,000 non-Albanians who fled
the province when Yugoslav forces evacuated in June 1999 following the
78-day NATO bombing campaign.
U.N. officials have resisted the demands, saying a premature return of
Serbs would only worsen the already tense ethnic climate.
``The Serbs from this region will not register nor take part in the vote
until Serbs start returning to Kosovo in bigger numbers,´´ said
Dragisa Milovic, spokesman for Ivanovic.
``If the international community succeeds in organizing the return of
the Serbs, guaranteeing their safety, we will change our minds,´´
Milovic added. ``For now, we have absolutely no security in Kosovo, nor
are we able to move around. Under those conditions, any election would
be absurd.´´
Some leaders of the 15,000-strong Turkish minority were also boycotting.
Only about 1,000 ethnic Turks had registered by late Friday, the OSCE
said.
Without minority participation, U.N. officials would be forced to decide
whether to go ahead with a multiethnic election even if only the
majority Albanians agree to participate in significant numbers.
Ethnic Albanians are believed to comprise more than 90 percent of
Kosovo's estimated 2 million people, although no reliable census has
been taken in decades.
* Mortar shells on Serb part of the town
http://www.serbia-info.com/news
July 15, 2000
Constant provocation of ethnic Albanian terrorists
Kosovska Mitrovica, July 14 - Ethnic Albanian terrorists tonight at
22.15p.m. fired from the southern part of Kosovska Mitrovica two mortar
shells at the Serb part of the town, which exploded on pavement close to
the first apartment building at the beginning of the street, near
bridge, which divides the town into ethnic Albanian and Serb part.
Luckily, there was no one in the street at the time of the blast. French
KFOR soldiers which were standing on the bridge, about 20 meters from
the explosion, panicky ran across the bridge to the southern part of the
town.
Hundreds of Serbs who demanded protection from French soldiers, gathered
in street immediately. According to the eyewitnesses, mortar shells were
fired from the Sport hall, which stands along the coast in the ethnic
Albanian part of the town.
North Brigade Commander General Jean Louis Sivlait hosted a reception
tonight, on the occasion of France's national holiday (July 14) attended
by UNMIK chief Bernard Kouchner and the leaders of the former "KLA"
(Kosovo Liberation Army) and now the commanders of the so-called Kosovo
Protection Corps - Agim Ceku, Sami Ljustaku and Rahman Rama.
Referring to the guests, Kouchner called leaders of both communities in
Kosovska Mitrovica, Oliver Ivanovic and Bajram Redzepi, and specially
General Agim Ceku, according to him, to help UNMIK, KFOR and to all
international community in order to unite the town.
Tonight's attack on Serb part of the town is clear sign of how Ceku's
terrorists see "union of Mitrovica".
* Rifle, grenades fired in troubled Kosovo town
The Associated Press
KOSOVSKA MITROVICA, Yugoslavia (July 15, 2000 3:22 p.m. EDT
http://www.nandotimes.com) - Angry crowds gathered early Saturday on the
Serb side of this ethnically divided city after a grenade was fired from
the ethnic Albanian area, setting off two hours of unrest.
No one was believed injured in the blast or the two-hour melee which
followed, according to the French military command. Leaders of both
ethnic communities appealed for calm.
After the blast, rumors spread through the Serb community that the
grenade, fired at about 11 p.m., had hit a Serb café frequented by
Serbs who monitor traffic across a bridge over the Ibar River, which
divides the city into Albanian and Serb districts.
Believing the café had been hit, a crowd of about 500 angry Serbs
rushed to the scene, shouting and taunting French peacekeepers. French
Brig. Gen. Jean-Louis Sublet rushed to the scene and spoke with Serb
community leader Oliver Ivanovic, convincing him the café had not been
hit and promising to investigate.
By midnight the crowd dispersed but a few minutes later, gunshots rang
out and another grenade was fired toward a complex of three apartment
buildings on the north side of the river, exploding in an empty
apartment, NATO said.
The complex, although located on the Serb side, contains apartments of
ethnic Albanians who were resettled in the area months ago by NATO
troops against the wishes of the Serb community.
The second grenade brought crowds back into the streets on the Serb side
of the river. They finally went home about 1 a.m., NATO said.
On Saturday, leaders of the Albanian and Serb communities - Dr. Bajram
Rexhepi and Ivanovic - met with the regional U.N. administrator William
L. Nash to discuss the security situation. Afterward, they issued a
joint statement condemning the violence.
"We are determined, however, to continue our efforts to improve
security, the rule of law, the return of displaced persons and the
economic development of the region," the statement said. "We will not be
deterred by the actions of a few."
In Belgrade, the opposition Serbian Renewal Movement called the
incidents "another denial of claims by international community officials
that the situation in Kosovo has stabilized," and that ethnic Albanian
militants have been disarmed.
The Democratic Party of Serbia said the attack "clearly shows that it is
futile for Serbs to try take part in the elections" planned for October.
Kosovska Mitrovica is the tensest city in the province because of the
presence of large numbers of Serbs and ethnic Albanians. French troops
have enforced an informal division of the city, which the ethnic
Albanians have denounced as a violation of the June 1999 peace agreement
which provided for a multiethnic Kosovo in which people could return to
their former homes.
* EIGHT BODIES UNCOVERED IN HOSPITAL GARBAGE CONTAINER IN GNJILANE
GNJILANE, July 14 (Tanjug) UNMIK police spokesmen in the town of
Gnjilane, eastern KosovoMetohija governed by the United Nations for more
than a year, said on Friday that eight bodies had been uncovered in a
metal
garbage container belonging to the local hospital.
The Committee for Protection and Human Rights of Gnjilane said
that the bodies had been in the garbage dump for more than eight months,
which means that they were hidden during the first or second week after
the
arrival of the U.N. peacekeepers to KosovoMetohija and the stationing of
the French and U.N. troops in Gnjilane.
It is believed that the victims are Serbs. The local Serbs have
demanded that the bodies be examined by foreign and domestic
pathologists
to determine the truth about this crime.
About 70 families of Serbs who were kidnapped from Gnjilane and
its vicinity, are very concerned and are awaiting the results of the
investigation with trepidation.
* ETHNIC ALBANIANS SHELL SERB PART OF KOSOVSKA MITROVICA
KOSOVSKA MITROVICA, July 15 (Tanjug) Ethnic Albanian terrorists
on Friday evening fired from the southern part of Kosovska Mitrovica two
mortar shells at the northern (Serb) part of this town in central
KosovoMetohija.
The shells exploded in the street close to the first apartment
building near the bridge which divides the town into two parts (Serb and
ethnic Albanian).
Luckily, there was no one in the street at the time of the
blast.
Immediately before, North Brigade Commander General Jean Louis
Sivlait hosted a reception on the occasion of France's national holiday
(July 14) attended by UNMIK chief Bernard Kouchner and the leaders of
the
former "KLA" (Kosovo Liberation Army) and now the commanders of the
socalled Kosovo Protection Corps Agim Ceku, Sami Ljustaku and Rahman
Rama.
* GROUP OF ETHNIC ALBANIANS BEAT ELDERLY SERB
LIPLJAN, July 15 (Tanjug) A group of ethnic Albanians on Friday
evening beat 80yearold Serb Nikola Perencevic in the village of Lipljan,
some 20 km south of Pristina.
Local radio hams reported that the old man sustained serious
head
injuries.
Perencevic was taken by Finnish KFOR troops to the Russian
military hospital in Kosovo Polje to receive medical treatment.
The same sources say that so far KFOR has done nothing to find
and
arrest this group of ethnic Albanians.
* KOUCHNER EXTENDS DEADLINE FOR VOTER REGISTRATION
PRISTINA, July 15 (Tanjug) The head of the U.N. civilian mission
for KosovoMetohija, Bernard Kouchner, has extended for three more days
the
deadline for voter registration for elections to be held in this Serbian
province despite the fact that they are turning into a farce.
The final day for the registration was today. Kouchner decided
to
wait three more days because the nonAlbanians failed to respond to the
registration calls.
Field estimates show that the majority of the nonAlbanian
population could not have taken part in the forming of the election
lists
since during the one year U.N. administration the ethnic Albanian
extremists drove away from KosovoMetohija more than 350,000 Serbs,
Muslims,
Romanies, Goranci and others. In most cities there are no longer any
Serbs,
250,000 of whom have been expelled.
In Pristina it is said that the extension of the registration
deadline is the best proof of the failure of Kouchner's election option.
It is certain that neither the Serbs or the other nonAlbanians
will take part in the elections so that it is already possible to speak
about the total collapse of Kouchner's and UNMIK's mission.
The basic condition of the Serbs in KosovoMetohija for voting
at
the elections is the return of the expelled and the securing of the
safety
of their life and property all tasks UNMIK and KFOR should have carried
out in keeping with U.N. Security Council Resolution 1244 dating from
1999.
* ETHNIC ALBANIAN EXTREMISTS THROW MOLOTOV COCKTAILS AT SERB HOUSE
OBILIC, July 15 (Tanjug) Ethnic Albanian extremists on Thursday
and Friday threw Molotov cocktails at the house of Nada Stolic, a Serb
woman from the town of Obilic, north of Pristina.
The ensuing fires, which were rapidly put out with the help of
the
neighbours, caused much material damage but no one was injured.
Local radio hams said that the first Molotov cocktail was
thrown
on Thursday at 2 p.m. and the other on Friday at 8 a.m
* KFOR and UNMIK are violating human rights of Gorani
http://www.serbia-info.com/news Tanjug
July 14, 2000
Exerting pressure on Gorani to take Islam
Prizren, July 13 - So-called UN peace mission in
Kosovo and Metohija - UNMIK and KFOR - in the
municipality Gora, in the area of Dragas are extorting
strong pressures on Gorani who live in that area with
the basic intention to denationalize them, "declare"
them as Muslims, which represents dramatic violation
of basic human rights, claims Center for peace and
tolerance from Prizren. This kind of violence
represents moral fall of UN representatives in Kosovo
and Metohija, because question is being asked, if the
UN after these "actions" can survive. With these
actions, which have not been seen since fascist
invasion on Kosovo and Metohija in 1941, according to
relevant evaluations of citizens of this area, first
of all, UN Charter is being destroyed, stresses
Center.
Center for peace and tolerance from Prizren has
respectable evidence of this violence, which is
underway in the municipality of Gora. There KFOR and
UNMIK are threatening to the population of this area
that they will take their property, cars, destroy
hoses, that they will be expelled if they do not
respond to the census and if they do not declare
themselves as representatives of nonexistent new
composed national community of Muslim nation…
President of the National community of Gorani and
member of Kosovo-Metohija Provisional Executive
Council Mr.Ibro Vait points out that KFOR and UNMIK
were trying to deny origin of Gorani with the
intention to "declare" them as Muslims, with ethnic
Albanians, from their arrival in Kosovo and Metohija.
"KFOR and UNMIK's pressure represents flagrant
violation of basic human rights and international
standards, calculated to destroy origin of Gorani",
warned Vait in today's statement to Tanjug, evaluating
that "peacekeepers' intention", in fact, is to
denationalize one ethnic community.
* Russia Opposes Elections in Kosovo
.c The Associated Press
By EDITH M. LEDERER
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Russia is arguing against U.N. plans to hold a
supervised election in Kosovo, warning that deteriorating security
conditions
for Serbs prevent any vote from being free and fair.
If the internationally monitored municipal elections go ahead this
year,
ethnic Albanian hard-liners will take power and the chance of creating a
truly multiethnic and democratic Kosovo will be lost, Russia's U.N.
Ambassador Sergey Lavrov told the Security Council Thursday.
The province's estimated 100,000 Serbs are boycotting the electoral
process
until the United Nations satisfies their demands for security against
ethnic
Albanian attacks and provides for the return of Serbs who fled when
Yugoslav
forces withdrew in June 1999 after a 78-day NATO bombing campaign.
He warned that their non-participation ``would distort both the ethnic
and
the political picture in Kosovo.''
Russia has close cultural and religious ties with the Serbs and has
been
Yugoslavia's strongest supporter on the Security Council along with
China,
which also questioned whether elections could be held freely and safely
when
minorities in Kosovo are still subject to numerous and well-organized
attacks.
With registration for the municipal elections set to end Saturday,
Assistant
Secretary-General Hedi Annabi told the Security Council that nearly
900,000
applications have been received. But despite intensive efforts by the
U.N.
mission which is administering Kosovo, the Serbs and much of Kosovo's
Turkish
population refuse to end their boycott, he said.
U.S. deputy ambassador James Cunningham said the United States believes
``the solution to violence lies in the political process'' and elections
and
a responsible government structure ``are the best way to temper
passions.''
Kosovo's chief U.N. administrator, Bernard Kouchner, signed a
regulation
July 8 which gives him the authority to determine the date for the
municipal
elections after consulting Secretary-General Kofi Annan.
It is widely expected to take place in October.
AP-NY-07-14-00 0113EDT
* PRIEST KOJIC, TWO OTHER PASSENGERS WOUNDED IN TERRORIST ATTACK
KOSOVSKA VITINA, July 13 (Tanjug) An automobile driven by Serbian
Orthodox priest Dragan Kojic of Vitina came under bursts of machinegun
fire
on the road VitinaKlokot on Wednesday and the priest was critically
wounded
in this incident, amateur radio operators reported from Serbia's Kosovo
and
Metohija province.
The attack was launched by ethnic Albanian terrorist from a
passing automobile where a road branches for Mogila village.
The priest has been taken to the military hospital at the U.S.
base Bondsteel where doctors are trying to save his life. Three other
persons were travelling with the priest, one of them his son. Two
passengers were also injured, but their wounds are not lifethreatening.
Villagers started to rally in Klokot after they heard of the
attack, protesting against this brutal attack on a man of the cloth.
International force KFOR troops blocked all approaches to this Serb
village, the sources said.
* UNHCR DENIES SERBS THE RIGHT TO TRANSPORT
VELIKA HOCA, July 13 (Tanjug) UNHCR representatives decided to
deprive the inhabitants of the Serbpopulated village Velika Hoca in
KosovoMetohija of the right to use the bus line commuting to Serbia
proper
on Wednesdays, local amateur radio operators said on Wednesday.
This decision came as a result of a recent incident, in which a
group of angry villagers set up barricades, in response to KFOR's
lenient
attitude towards repeated mortar attacks on Velika Hoca. In this
incident,
clashes took place between the villagers and KFOR soldiers, also, two
vehicles were demolished.
The radiooperators also say that the KFOR has not reacted at
all
to the shelling of Velika Hoca, even though it is known that the attack
were perpetrated by ethnic Albanians of Brestovac village.
* Klagen der türkischen Minorität im Kosovo
Mehr Rechte unter serbischer als unter UNO-Veraltung
(von Rainer Rupp)
Seitdem die NATO mit ihrem Einmarsch der UCK die Terrorherrschaft im
Kosovo gesichert hat, gehören nicht nur andersgläubige Serben und Roma
und Sinti zu den verfolgten Minderheiten in der serbischen Provinz,
sondern auch die muslimische, türkisch-sprechende Volksgruppe im Kosovo.
Der Verteidigung ihrer Rechte hat sich nun der türkische Außenminister
Cem Ismail in Ankara angenommen.
In einem Brief an UNO Generalsekretär Kofi Annan hat Außenminister Cem
seiner "großen Sorge" über die gleichgültige Haltung der UNO-Verwaltung
im Kosovo gegenüber den Anliegen der Kosovo-Türkischen Minorität
Ausdruck verleihen. In der Tat ist die türkische Minderheit so gut wie
nicht in dem "Interim Verwaltungsrat" vertreten, der von dem
umstrittenen UNMIK-Chef Bernard Kouchner ins Leben gerufen wurde. Auch
waren Mitglieder der türkischen Minderheit in der Vergangenheit
wiederholt Opfer von UCK-Anschlägen gewesen. Nicht wenige sind im
letzten Jahr nach Serbien oder Montenegro geflohen.
Außenminister Cem hob in seinem Brief an Kofi Anan hervor, daß sein Land
bereits verschiedene Male die Aufmerksamkeit der UNO-Verwaltung auf die
besonders Situation der türkischen Minderheit gelenkt habe und u.a. drei
Briefe an den UNO-Sondergesandten im Kosovo geschickt habe. Keine dieser
Initiativen hätte auch nur im geringsten gefruchtet und die drei Briefe
seien unbeantwortet geblieben.
Nach einem Bericht der albanischen Zeitung "Albanian Daily News" habe
der türkische Minister in diesem Zusammenhang betont, daß es um die
Minoritätenrechte der türkisch-sprachigen Volksgruppe im Kosovo "unter
UNO-Verwaltung schlechter bestellt ist als zu Zeiten der serbischen
Verwaltung". Nach Angaben der Zeitung "sprechen ungefähr 250.000
Einwohner der zwei Millionen zählenden Vorkriegsbevölkerung des Kosovo
zu Hause türkisch. ("Turkey Says Minority Rights Worse than Under
Serbian Rule"), Albanian Daily News, 11/07/2000)
Ganz nebenbei erfährt der Leser auf diese Weise etwas mehr über die
ethnische Zusammensetzung des Kosovo vor der NATO-Aggression zugunsten
der terroristischen UCK-Nationalisten. Dabei wäre interessant zu wissen,
ob die türkisch-sprechende Minderheit von den westlichen
UCK-Propagandisten auch zu den Albanern gezählt wurde.
In westlichen Medien hieß es bisher immer, daß 90% der Bevölkerung des
Kosovo ethnische Albaner seien. Bei einer Einwohnerzahl von knapp zwei
Millionen müßten folglich die nicht albanische Minderheiten 200.000
Menschen gezählt haben. Geht man jedoch von den offiziellen Zahlen der
UNO-Flüchtlingsorganisation und anderer Organisationen aus, dann sind
zwischen 250.000 und 300.000 Serben, Roma und Sinti, Juden, Griechen,
Ägypter u.a. aus dem Kosovo geflohen und harren z.Z. meist in Serbien
der Rückkehr ins Kosovo. Dort sollen sich nach verschiedenen offiziellen
Schätzungen immer noch bis zu 100.000 Serben befinden. Zählt man die
250.000 Kosovo-Türken - die sich offensichtlich nicht als Albaner sehen
- zu den nicht-albanischen Minderheiten hinzu, dann addieren sich die
Zahlen auf etwa 600.000 Menschen. Wodurch eine andere der vielen Lügen
der westlichen Politiker und Medien über das Kosovo entlarvt wäre.
Saarbrücken den 12.7.2000
* ETHNIC ALBANIAN SLAIN BY COMPATRIOT
GNJILANE, July 12 (Tanjug) In the ethnic Albanianpopulated
village of Velekinac near the town of Gnjilane, an ethnic Albanian was
murdered by his compatriot, said Gnjilane Committee for Civil Rights and
Protection on Tuesday, quoting a KFOR officer.
According to his statement, the murderer was caught and
detained
immediately.
The Committee says that instant arrests of ethnic Albanian
criminals and murderers who committed offenses against their compatriots
have became a quite regular practice for KFOR and the UNMIK police, as
opposed to those cases in which Serbs, or other nonAlbanians, are the
victims.
The mentioned officer said on Tuesday that house searches in
several villages of the Gnjilane municipality resulted in the seizure of
26
handguns, 31 handgrenades, 240 other items, and 2,700 pieces of
ammunition.
He added that those who possessed the weapons were detained.
There have been unofficial claims that another ethnic Albanian
was
killed in a blaze that broke out in a depot situated by the road
connecting
Gnjilane and Pristina on Monday. Two nearby houses caught fire and
collapsed, despite a quick reaction from the fire brigades of Gnjilane
and
Pristina, says the Committee statement.
* KFOR TROOPS PREVENT REGULAR BURIAL OF SERB WOMAN
PRISTINA, July 12 (Tanjug) Dragica Zivanovic, a Serb woman who
died in Besinje village, municipality of Pristina, on Monday, was buried
in
her back yard because international force KFOR troops refused to provide
an
escort for the funeral procession to take the body to the nearby
Orthodox
cemetery, amateur radio operators reported from Serbia's Kosovo and
Metohija province late on Tuesday.
Ethnic Albanian extremists daily provoke and attack Serbs in
Besinje. About eight Serb families remain in the village, mostly elderly
people who did not want to leave their ancestral homes.
The ethnic Albanian terrorists have stolen all agricultural
machinery from the Serb families, so that they cannot work their farms.
KFOR do not guarantee the Serbs' safety even on special occasions, such
as
funerals, said the sources.
* U.S. SOLDIER KILLS SEVENYEAROLD BOY IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA
NEW YORK, July 11 (Tanjug) The Pentagon has announced that a U.S.
soldier of the international force KFOR in Serbia's Kosovo and Metohija
province killed a sevenyearold boy on Monday. The Pentagon alleged the
killing had been accidental, that the soldier's weapon had gone off
accidentally.
Meanwhile, a KFOR spokesman confirmed in Pristina late on
Monday
that an unidentified U.S. soldier had accidentally inflicted mortal
wounds
to an ethnic Albanian boy, Gentrid Rexhepi, 7, and that he soon died of
his
wounds, agencies reported.
The incident occurred near the village of Cerkes Sadovina, near
Vitina, and the boy died after being taken to the hospital in the U.S.
base
Bondsteel.
* Three Serbs Shot in U.S. Sector
.c The Associated Press
By ROBERT H. REID
PRISTINA, Yugoslavia (AP) - Unidentified attackers fired at a car on a
rural
road in Kosovo's American sector Wednesday, wounding three Serb men, the
U.S.
command said.
Yugoslav news agencies identified the wounded as a Serbian Orthodox
priest
and two seminary students.
Later, U.S. troops fired warning shots over a crowd of angry Serbs who
gathered in the town of Klokot to protest the attack, a U.S. statement
said.
There were no injuries, and the crowd broke up.
The U.S. statement said the three men were traveling from Klokot to
Vitina,
about 30 miles south of Pristina when the attack occurred at midday.
U.N. civilian police found the wounded men along the road and took them
to
the U.S. military hospital at Camp Bondsteel where they were listed in
stable
condition pending surgery.
Yugoslavia's private news agency Beta and the state-run Tanjug agency
identified the three as clerics.
The attack was the latest against Kosovo's dwindling Serb minority in
wake
of the June 1999 withdrawal of Yugoslav forces following the 78-day NATO
bombing campaign. The alliance launched the airstrikes to stop Yugoslav
President Slobodan Milosevic's crackdown against ethnic Albanians.
Although the attackers were not identified, ethnic Albanian extremists
have
carried out numerous attacks against Serbs in the American sector over
the
past 13 months.
In another development, Serb villagers in two communities just across
the
provincial boundary from Kosovo reported a mortar fire early Wednesday
and
blamed ethnic Albanian extremists.
There were no injuries, the villagers said. The attack reportedly
occurred
near the Serbian villages of Merdare and nearby Borovac, 120 miles
southeast
of Belgrade.
``This is getting worse and worse,'' said Danijela Pavlovic, 35, who
lives
in Merdare. She said the fire came from Mirovac, an Albanian-populated
village on the other side of the separation line.
``We'll all leave if this continues,'' she said, adding she had sent
her
teen-age son to stay with relatives in a town farther from the border.
Serbian police declined comment, but an officer, speaking on condition
of
anonymity, said the mortar attack shortly after midnight was preceded by
sniper fire against a nearby police checkpoint.
AP-NY-07-12-00 1455EDT
* Diskussion um Trepca: Arbeiterinteressen versus Antiimperialismus?
Date: Sat, 8 Jul 2000 17:51:30 +0200
From: Jug Öster Solibeweg <joesb@...>
To: <joesb@...>
Innerhalb der Linken ist im Rahmen der Debatte um den Nato-Krieg gegen
Jugoslawien und den humanitären Interventionismus von jenen, die die
Agrression befürworteten oder zumindest schwiegen, immer wieder die
Frage
des Bergwerkkomplexes Trepca ins Treffen geführt worden.
Antijugoslawischen und versteckt proimperialistischen Positionen soll
mit
den Aussagen der albanischen Bergarbeitergewerkschaft, die von
"Arbeitereigentum" spricht, der Mantel der Arbeiterinteressen umgehängt
werden.
Stellt man allerdings eine Gesamtanalyse an, so ist klar, dass diese
Frage
der geopolitischen unterzuordnen ist, in der es nur zwei Seiten gibt:
Jugoslawien und die NATO (deren freiwillig versklavsten Anhängsel die
albanischen Kräfte sind). Politisch fordert nämlich die albanische
Bergarbeitergewerkschafts nichts anderes als das Kombinat völlig der
jugoslawischen Kontrolle zu entreißen, alles andere Gefasel ist Beiwerk.
Denn unter den realen Bedingungen heißt albanisches "Arbeitereigentum"
Herrschaft der NATO und UCK. Darum sind wir für die Wiedereingliederung
des
Trepca-Kombinats sowie des gesamtzen Kosovo nach Jugoslawien.
Lesen Sie die ausführliche kontroversielle Debatte unter:
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=all&id=962779078
und
http://www.vorstadtzentrum.net/cgi-bin/joesb/news/viewnews.cgi?category=all&id=961851904
---
"LO CHIAMEREMO CLINTON"
New York Post, June 13, 2000
BABY AMERIKAN DREAM SHATTERED
By NILES LATHEM
BORN IN THE USA: Baby Americkan, born in a New Jersey
refugee camp 13 months ago, stands up as proud parents
Naim and Lebibe watch. - AP
FERIZAJ, Kosovo - Baby Amerikan is now 13 months old,
plump, wide-eyed and curious. He's just starting to
walk and is grabbing everything in sight.
A year ago - at the height of NATO's bombing of
Yugoslavia - he captured everyone's hearts when he was
born in a New Jersey refugee center and given his
unusual name in a dramatic expression of gratitude by
his parents.
But now, on the anniversary of the end of the Kosovar
war, the feel-good story of Baby Amerikan has reached
a sad chapter.
The little boy, whose nickname is "Amir," and his
parents, Naim and Lebibe Karaliu, have been back in
Kosovo for nine months.
Naim had no choice but to go home. He'd been unable to
find a job that would cover the $900 rent on their
apartment near Dallas after their aid ran out.
They returned to discover that their "duvar" - a
traditional Albanian compound of family homes
surrounded by a wall - in a bucolic mountain village
had been destroyed by Serbian storm troopers.
Now, they share the cramped house - 10 people live
there - of Naim's brother Vesel in this chaotic, dusty
city. Naim, like the great majority of the Kosovar men
who survived Serbian ethnic cleansing, is broke and
jobless.
Lebibe, 22, pretty and stoic, is seven-months pregnant
with the couple's second child. She worries what kind
of future there will be for Amerikan and his new
sibling.
"I am happy Kosovo is free," Lebibe said through a
translator as she chased the active toddler around a
family room decorated with an American flag.
"But life is hard now. I am concerned about my baby
because we are poor."
Although their plight is shared by thousands of other
Kosovars, the Karalius seem especially bitter at
having lost their chance at the American Dream.
Several times, they asked to be paid for this story,
and complained about broken promises of aid workers in
the United States, and about how a trust fund set up
for Amerikan by good Samaritans in New Jersey had been
stolen by relatives.
"I would like to go back to America. I don't see a
good life in Kosovo," Naim said.
At the end of a winding mountain road, Naim got
teary-eyed as he displayed the damage done to his home
by the Serbs.
"This will cost at least $40,000 to fix. I don't know
what I'm going to do."
The topic of conversation later turned to the new
baby. The couple thinks it, too, will be a boy.
"If we get some help from the United States, maybe
we'll name him Clinton."
---
LISTE DI PROSCRIZIONE E CONDANNE SOMMARIE
PUBBLICATE SUI GIORNALI NAZIONALISTI ALBANESI-KOSOVARI
Albanische Zeitungen schüren Lynch-Justiz im Kosovo
("Dadurch werden die Genannten zum Tode verurteilt", Dan Everts,
OSZE-Botschafter)
(von Rainer Rupp)
Kosovo-albanische Journalisten, unterstützt von internationalen Wächtern
der Medienfreiheit, führen z.Z. eine hitzige Kampagne gegen die
UNO-Verwaltung, weil diese angeblich versucht, im Kosovo die
Pressefreiheit einzuschränken. Nach Angaben der New York Times vom
Donnerstag dieser Woche habe der Protest solche Formen angenommen, daß
ein hoher UNO-Beamter angedeutet hat, daß die Versuche, die albanischen
Medien auf einen minimalen Verhaltenskodex festzulegen, wahrscheinlich
aufgegeben würden. ("Death of Serb Named in Newspaper Sparks Battle Over
Media Restrictions in Kosovo", By STEVEN ERLANGER NYT-July 13, 2000)
Ein Gesetz allerdings, mit dem die UNO-Verwaltung eine Zeitung zu einer
Geldstrafe und/oder zur vorübergehenden Schließung verurteilen kann,
soll zur Empörung der freiheitsliebenden Kosovo-Redakteure weiterhin in
Kraft bleiben. Etliche Redakteure haben in ihren Beschwerden darauf
verwiesen, daß ein ähnliches Gesetz bereits unter serbischer Verwaltung
angewandt wurde.
Aber welche Freiheit meinen die radikalen, Kosovo-albanischen
Redakteure, die sie so vehement gegen die UNO verteidigen wollen? Es ist
die Freiheit, ihre Zeitungen auch weiterhin zu Instrumenten des Terrors
und zu Aufrufen zur Lynchjustiz zu benutzen, um somit den blutige
Terrorkrieg gegen Serben weiter zu führen. Dazu werden Namen, Photos,
zuletzt bekannte Adressen, Arbeitsplatz und mehr von angeblichen
serbischen Kriegsverbrechern veröffentlicht. Dadurch werden diese
Personen – und alle, die ihnen ähnlich sehen - praktisch zu
Todeskandidaten der Exekutionskommandos der UCK abgestempelt.
Mit ihren Aufrufen zur Lynchjustiz setzen sich diese kosovo-albanischen
Blätter bewußt über die Presseregeln der OSZE und UNO-Verwaltung im
Kosovo hinweg. Daß die Gefahr für Leib und Leben der in den albanischen
Blättern benannten Serben real ist, wurde letzten Monat durch die
brutale Ermordung eines serbischen UNO-Mitarbeiters (er war Übersetzer)
weltweit bekannt. Am Anfang der tödlichen Entwicklung stand ein
Exklusivbericht der Zeitung Dita, in dem diese behauptete, einen
serbischen Kriegsverbrecher aufgespürt zu haben, der für die UNO-Mission
im Kosovo (UNMIK) arbeitete. Dita veröffentlichte den Namen von Petar
Topoljski und seine Adresse. Keine drei Wochen später wurde die von
zahlreichen Messerstichen verstümmelte Leiche von Petar Topoljski mit
einem Draht um den Hals in einem Dorf außerhalb Pristinas gefunden.
Ähnliche Hetzartikel wie der in Dita sind in den letzten Monaten in der
Kosovo-Albanischen Presse regelmäßig erschienen. Diese indirekten
Aufrufe zum Mord wollte die Organisation für Sicherheit und
Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE), die im Kosovo für die Medien
verantwortlich ist, nicht länger hinnehmen. Dan Everts, OSZE Botschafter
im Kosovo, wurde kürzlich von der BBC wie folgt zitiert "wir haben
einige sehr schlimme Artikel gesehen, in denen Personen dadurch zum Tode
verurteilt wurden, indem ihr Namen, Arbeitsplatz, Adresse und was sonst
noch alles genannt wurden. Das ist, als würde man den Leuten sagen:
<He!, paßt mal auf, hier sind sie und nun tut mit ihnen, was Ihr
wollt>." ("Kosovo papers defy UN", BBC, By Kosovo Correspondent Nicholas
Wood, Thursday, 6 July, 2000, 11:09 GMT 12:09 UK)
Daß die Zeitung Dita wegen ihrer Veröffentlichung über das Mordopfer
Petar Topoljski auf Anordnung der UNO-Verwaltung für eine Woche
geschlossen worden war machte, machte auf die Chefredaktion
offensichtlich keinen Eindruck, außer daß sich die Redakteure
beschwerten, daß es nun unter der UNO genau so schlimm wäre wie unter
Milosevic. Als die Zeitung Dita wieder erscheinen durfte, hatte
Chefredakteur Behlul Becaj nichts eiligeres zu tun, als den
beanstandeten Artikel erneut abzudrucken.
Zugleich ließ Becaj den UNMIK-Chef Bernard Kouchner wissen, daß die
albanische Presse verpflichtet sei, die (angeblichen) serbischen
Kriegsverbrecher zu benennen, solange die internationalen Organisationen
diese nicht verfolgen würden. Und prompt setzte Dita-Chef Behlul Becaj
seine Drohung in die Tat um. Letzte Woche veröffentlichte Dita eine
Doppelseite mit Namen und Photos von 15 Serben, denen die Zeitung
Kriegsverbrechen vorwarf. Auf eine Reaktion von der OSZE oder UNMIK hat
man bisher vergeblich gewartet.
Saarbrücken den 14.7.00
-
NYTimes.com July 13, 2000
Death of Serb Named in Newspaper Sparks Battle Over Media Restrictions
in Kosovo
By STEVEN ERLANGER
PRISTINA, Kosovo, July 6 -- The publication by an Albanian-language
newspaper
of the name and photograph of a Serb accused by the daily of crimes
against
Albanians, and his murder soon after, has stirred passionate debate
about
press freedom and the need to stop revenge killings in Kosovo.
After the murder, the United Nations administration that rules Kosovo
shut
down the newspaper, Dita, for eight days. Then, when Dita reappeared and
promptly reprinted the offending article, international officials sought
to
impose a formal code of conduct on the news media here.
But local Albanian journalists and international news media watch-dog
bodies
have protested the attempts to regulate media so strongly that the
United
Nations administration is likely to abandon the code, a senior United
Nations official says.
A law that provides for the fining, suspension or closing of print or
broadcast media will, however, remain on the books, the official said.
The
regulation, signed by the United Nations chief here, Bernard Kouchner,
is
intended to prevent the publication or broadcasting of personal details
about people who might become targets of Albanian or Serbian vigilantes.
The frustration of the United Nations authorities is evident as
interethnic
attacks continue, especially on the Serbian minority in Kosovo, while a
system of international judges to deal with such crimes is just
beginning to
function.
Mr. Kouchner issued the regulation after Dita published an article on
April
27 accusing two Serbs, Petar Topoljski and his father, of being members
of
paramilitary groups. Petar Topoljski, 25, still lived in Kosovo and
worked
as a translator for the United Nations; the paper published his address
and
photograph.
Three weeks later he was found murdered, stabbed with a wire wound
around
his neck.
His death seemed an example of the press feeding the cycle of vengeance
against Serbs, with no recourse to the police or the courts. While there
could be no direct connection drawn between the Dita article and the
murder,
Mr. Kouchner decided to act, judging that news media self-regulation was
not
working, and closed Dita for eight days.
More moderate Albanian newspapers, like Koha Ditore, criticized the
suspension of Dita as an arbitrary act of personal power. Dita's
publisher,
Behlul Beqaj, justified publication of the information by saying that
the
system of justice in Kosovo was not working, and that there had been no
punishment for people accused of war crimes.
As soon as the suspension was over, Mr. Beqaj republished the article.
Mr.
Kouchner then issued his regulation on June 17 covering broadcast and
media, naming a temporary news media commissioner with the power to
impose
sanctions, fine offending media up to $50,000, seize equipment or
material
and suspend or shut down an outlet.
Appeals are subject to a board appointed by Mr. Kouchner.
The commissioner, a former American diplomat, Douglas Davidson, was also
given power to issue temporary codes of conduct to be compiled in
consultation with local editors and imposed "in special circumstances."
Mr. Davidson defended the codes as common in Europe and necessary to
deter
"hate speech." But the United Nations is likely to abandon the effort to
compile a code, after what officials describe as long and frustrating
meetings with editors who oppose it as undemocratic.
Mr. Kouchner's regulation itself caused a furor. It was condemned by the
World Press Freedom Committee and other international news media
watch-dogs,
and Mr. Beqaj tested it on June 26, publishing the names of two Serbs
from
the town of Kosovo Polje accused of attacking ethnic Albanians. One of
those
Serbs is in close contact with the municipality and the United Nations.
This
time, Dita went to the police first, but did not heed United Nations
requests to delay publication.
Mr. Davidson then issued a warning to Dita and said the paper appeared
to
have violated the regulation on publishing personal details that "would
pose
a serious threat to the life, safety or security of any such person
through
vigilante violence or otherwise."
"Publishing names can put people's lives at risk," Mr. Davidson said in
a
statement. "It is also violating a fundamental principle of Western
journalism that someone is innocent until proven guilty."
Then, on July 5, Dita published the names, prewar addresses and
photographs
of 15 more Serbs it accused of committing crimes against ethnic
Albanians.
Mr. Beqaj is unrepentant. In one meeting with Mr. Davidson and other
editors, he noted that Dita was accused of involvement with just one
death
out of 500 or so that have occurred in Kosovo in the year since NATO
troops
arrived.
Mr. Davidson, Mr. Kouchner and other United Nations officials say they
must
have some way to stop hate speech and the incitement to murder
individuals
on the basis of uncorroborated accusations by news media. "This is not
yet a
normal place," Mr. Davidson said. "The international community must have
some control and if it wants to lower the level of hatred and tension
here,
not make it worse, then one thing you must look at is the media."
But Baton Haxhiu, the editor of Koha Ditore, said that Albanian news
executives are able to police themselves, and that the solution lies not
in
restricting press freedom, but in providing a functioning justice
system.
"All this just shows that the internationals are becoming Balkanized,
trying
to put restrictions on the freedom of the press," he said. "This is a
bad
precedent, and it will be used against us by some political party in the
future."
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
YUGOSLAV DAILY SURVEY
BELGRADE, 9 July 2000 No. 3102
S P E C I A L I S S U E
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
The present Amendments shall form an integral part of the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia and shall enter into force on the date of their
promulgation.
AMENDMENT II
1. The Federal Assembly:
shall elect and replace: the President and members of the
Federal Government, judges of the
Federal Constitutional Court, judges of the Federal Court, the Federal
State Prosecutor, Governor
of the Yugoslav National Bank and other federal officials as designated
by the federal law.
2. This Amendment shall replace Article 78, paragraph 7 of the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT III
1. The Chamber of Republics shall be comprised of 20 federal
deputies each from each
constituent Republic, elected at direct elections.
Election and end of the term of office of a federal deputy to
the Chamber of Citizens and the
Chamber of Republics of the Federal Assembly shall be regulated by the
federal law.
A federal deputy shall decide and vote at his own discretion and
may not be recalled.
2. This Amendment shall replace Article 80, paragraph 3, and
Article 81, paragraph 2, and
shall supplement Article 86 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT IV
1. Federal laws on the flag, coat of arms and the national
anthem shall be passed by the
Federal Assembly by a two-thirds majority of all federal deputies voting
in each of the two
parliamentary Chambers.
2. This Amendment shall replace Article 90, paragraph 2 of the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT V
1. The President of Republic shall be elected at direct
elections by a secret ballot.
The term of office of the President shall be four years.
The same person may be elected as President of Republic twice at
the most.
The President of Republic and the President of the Federal
Government, as a rule, may not be
from the same constituent Republic.
The President of Republic shall enjoy the same immunities as the
federal deputy.
Immunities enjoyed by the President of Republic shall be decided
by the Federal Assembly.
2. This Amendment shall replace Article 97 of the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT VI
1. The term of the President of the Republic shall end before
the expiry of the period for which
he has been elected, if he is removed from office or if he resigns.
The term of the President of Republic shall end on the date of
his resignation or removal from
office.
2. This Amendment shall replace the provisions of Article 98,
paragraphs 1 and 2 of the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT VII
1. The Federal Assembly may remove from office the President of
Republic if the Federal
Constitutional Court finds that he has violated the present
Constitution.
Procedure for removal from office of the President of Republic
may be initiated at least by
half the federal deputies in both Chambers of the Federal Assembly.
Removal of the President of Republic from office may not be put
to a vote before 15 days
have expired from the date on which the Federal Constitutional Court has
forwarded its decision to
the Federal Assembly referred to in paragraph 1 above.
The President of Republic shall be deemed removed from office if
both Chambers of the
Federal Assembly have accepted the motion by a two-thirds majority of
the federal deputies.
If the Federal Assembly declines the motion, it may not be voted
on again before the expiry of
six months.
This Amendment shall replace section V, paragraph 2 of the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT VIII
1. The Federal Government shall be deemed elected if the
majority of all federal deputies in
both Chambers have voted for it by a secret ballot.
The Federal Government shall be accountable to the Federal
Assembly.
The Federal Assembly may vote a no confidence motion to the
Federal Government.
The President of the Federal Government may propose replacement
of some Federal
Government members.
No confidence motion may be voted on at least three days after
the motion was moved.
The no-confidence motion shall be voted down if the majority of
all federal deputies in each
of the Chambers have gone along with it.
The Federal Government and each of its members may hand in their
resignations to the
Federal Assembly.
AMENDMENT IX
The Constitutional Law shall be adopted to implement Amendments
II to VIII above.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF AMENDMENTS II TO VIII TO THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
Article 1
Within 60 days from the date of entry into force of Amendments
II to VIII to the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, federal laws shall be passed on
the election and end of
term of office for the deputies to the Chamber of Republic of the
Federal Assembly and on the
election and removal from office of the President of Republic.
Article 2
Both Chambers of the Federal Assembly shall sit until the expiry
of the term of office of the
federal deputies to the Chambers of Citizens, in accordance with Article
81, paragraph 1 of the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, whereupon elections
will be held for federal
deputies to both Chambers of the Federal Assembly.
The President of Republic shall resume his duties until the
expiry of his term as set out in
Article 97, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia, until which time
elections for President of Republic shall be held in accordance with
Amendment V to the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Federal Government shall resume its work until its election
in accordance with
Amendment VIII to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia.
Article 3
The provisions of paragraph 3, subparagraph 1 of Amendment V to
the Constitution of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia deal only with the persons elected as
President of Republic in
accordance with this Amendment.
Article 4
The present Law shall enter into force on the date on which it
is proclaimed by both
Chambers of the Federal Assembly.
---
PARLIAMENT PROCLAIMED YUGOSLAV CONSTITUTION AMENDMENTS
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - The Yugoslav parliament proclaimed
Yugoslav
Constitution Amendments and a Constitutional Law on their implementation
at
an official joint session of both chambers on Thursday.
Thunderous applause welcomed chairman Srdja Bozovic's words when
he
proclaimed the amendments to the Constitution.
Addressing MPs, Bozovic said the proclamation of the
Constitutional
amendments was a big step in the further promotion and overall
democratic
development of the country's social and political systems.
"The Constitutional amendments do not pertain to the established
system of
distribution of power and do not affect the Constitutionally guaranteed
mechanisms of equality of the federal units," Bozovic said.
The direct election of federal MPs to the Chamber of Republics,
at general
elections, as it is done for the Chamber of Citizens, secures a
democratic
and authentic expression of the will of the citizens of Serbia and
Montenegro in constituting both chambers of the federal parliament. This
method, which is applied in most federal states in the world, "secures
the
full democratic legitimacy of the upper house of federal parliament and
eliminates any form of mediation between citizens and their political
institutions," Bozovic said.
The changes in the manner of electing the head of state and
enabling his
election at direct elections ensures that the top state function in
Yugoslavia is based on the absolute democratic determination of those
who
carry national sovereignty - the citizens of Yugoslavia, Bozovic said,
adding that the Constitutional authorities of the president remain the
same.
The firmer linking of the mandates of federal government members
to the
federal parliament shows a due implementation of the parliamentary
system
as the foundation for the organization of state authorities in
Yugoslavia,
Bozovic said.
---
SULLA AUTOPROCLAMATA MISSIONE DIPLOMATICA MONTENEGRINA ALL'ONU
(COMPOSTA DAL SOLO SIGNOR PEROVIC ZELJKO)
Montenegro More Visible at UN
.c The Associated Press
By NICOLE WINFIELD
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - From his one-bedroom apartment in midtown
Manhattan,
Zeljko Perovic has begun a campaign to give Montenegro a greater voice
at the
United Nations, setting up a one-man ``mission'' and getting himself
invited
to U.N. meetings.
One of two republics that make up what is left of the former
Yugoslavia,
Montenegro has no independent legal status at the United Nations.
Montenegro
and Serbia are represented together by Belgrade's U.N. mission.
But with tensions between the two republics increasing - and heightened
last
week with constitutional changes that seek to reduce Montenegro's status
-
Montenegro is seeking to increase its own diplomatic visibility and
garner
support for its pro-Western cause.
``We have to protect our interests,'' said Perovic, Montenegro's
self-proclaimed ``head of mission and U.N. liaison officer,'' in an
interview
Friday.
Montenegro is finding support in its campaign from the four former
republics
that separated from Belgrade in the early 1990s: Slovenia, Croatia,
Macedonia
and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
On Friday, Slovenia circulated a second letter in three weeks on behalf
of
Montenegro to the Security Council, enclosing the text of a resolution
adopted by the Montenegrin parliament rejecting the constitutional
amendments
enacted by the Yugoslav federal assembly.
The amendments aim to concentrate power in the hands of Yugoslav
President
Slobodan Milosevic while reducing Montenegro's status. One paves the way
for
Milosevic's re-election, the other says parliament's upper house will be
chosen by popular vote, curtailing the influence of Montenegro's
parliament,
which is dominated by Milosevic's opponents.
Slovenia's deputy U.N. ambassador, Samuel Zbogar, said Friday that his
government had decided to help Montenegro gain greater visibility at the
United Nations because Belgrade wasn't representing its interests here.
That support includes circulating letters to U.N. ambassadors on behalf
of
Montenegro and inviting Perovic and other Montenegrin officials to the
United
Nations as ``guests'' of the Slovene mission.
Visitors to the non-public areas of the United Nations must be
accredited to
the organization or be escorted into the building as a ``guest'' of
someone
who is.
``They are the democratic light in Yugoslavia and you have to support
that,'' Zbogar said in an interview.
Yugoslavia's representative at the United Nations, Vladislav Jovanovic,
has
bitterly complained about what he calls Slovenia's interference in
Yugoslav
internal affairs. He has also dismissed Montenegro's quest for official,
or
even unofficial, recognition at the organization.
``Parts of member states are not entitled to have any official or
semi-official mission within the U.N. The appearance of one person
claiming
to represent Montenegro in the U.N. is totally private business and
doesn't
have anything to do with the U.N. membership,'' he said in an interview.
Indeed, as a part of Yugoslavia, Montenegro cannot be recognized as an
independent U.N. member state. It probably couldn't even get
``observer''
status, which has been granted to entities such as the Palestine
Liberation
Organization.
In their dispute with Milosevic's regime, Montenegro officials have
talked
of breaking from Belgrade, but they have stopped short of making a
direct
move for independence.
Similarly, Montenegro's moves at the United Nations have not been
presented
as a step toward statehood. But Zbogar and Perovic said they were
looking
into ways to allow Montenegro to have some type of other accreditation
at the
United Nations - or at least be given the same type of access as
Belgrade's
U.N. representatives.
Belgrade's envoys don't have full rights at the United Nations. In
1992,
they were stripped of some membership rights following the independence
of
four of its six republics. The United States, Britain and the four
former
Yugoslav republics have demanded that Belgrade apply for membership as a
new
country.
Belgrade has so far refused, arguing that the independence of its
republics
didn't affect the ``continuity'' of the country.
Last month, U.S. Ambassador Richard Holbrooke raised Yugoslavia's
disputed
status as one reason for limiting its access to U.N. meetings. He
successfully got the Security Council to block Jovanovic from
participating
in a council debate on the Balkans, primarily on grounds that Milosevic
and
other key leaders have been indicted for war crimes.
Montenegro's foreign minister, Branko Lukovac, attended the Security
Council
debate as a guest of Slovenia, Zbogar said.
AP-NY-07-15-00 0217EDT
---
LA RF DI JUGOSLAVIA E' ISOLATA A LIVELLO INTERNAZIONALE - OPPURE NO?
STOP NATO: ¡NO PASARAN! - HTTP://WWW.STOPNATO.COM
Belgrade Says West's Isolation Bid Has Failed
BELGRADE, Jul 12, 2000 -- (Reuters)
Belgrade's foreign minister said on Friday
the West's bid to isolate Yugoslavia
and strangle its economy had failed and world
support for the government was
growing, state news agency Tanjug reported.
"Yugoslavia's ties and cooperation
with three-quarters of the world's nations,
which accept it as a valid, reliable
and equal partner, and its achievements in
reconstruction and development both
testify to this," Zivadin Jovanovic said.
The United States and most Western
nations withdrew diplomats from Belgrade
last year before NATO launched air
strikes on Yugoslavia over its repression of
majority ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.
Yugoslav President Slobodan
Milosevic's Socialist-led regime embarked on a
heavily-publicized reconstruction
campaign after the air war damaged much of the
country's infrastructure.
"We never begged around for help. We
did not waste time hoping for help from
abroad. Our future is not in the
hands of the European Union, NATO or any other
foreign factor, but in our own
hands," Jovanovic said.
High-ranking delegations from
Brazil, China, Iraq, Myanmar and Russia are among
those that recently visited
Belgrade.
"If the philosophy of sanctions and
isolation has helped in any way then it is in
raising awareness that nothing
positive can be achieved in southeast Europe
without Yugoslavia's equal
participation as a key economic, political and
security
factor in the region," Jovanovic
said.
Yugoslavia maintains diplomatic
relations with 166 countries and has other
government offices in 97 countries.
There are 70 foreign embassies in Belgrade.
---
RUSSIA: IMPORTANCE IN PRINCIPLE TO PRESERVE YUGOSLAVIA
MOSCOW, July 11 (Tanjug) The new foreign policy concept of the
Russian Federation underscores that it is important in principle for
Russia
that Yugoslavia's territorial integrity should be preserved and any
attempts at its dismembering prevented.
Yugoslavia's dismembering would pose a threat of a general
conflict breaking out in the Balkans with unpredictable consequences,
said
the document which was endorsed by President Vladimir Putin at the end
of
June, and whose full text was announced for the first time on Tuesday.
The special 22page document also says that Russia will do its
utmost to contribute toward finding a lasting and just solution to the
situation in the Balkans, which will be founded on coordinated decisions
of
the international community.
The Balkans is also mentioned in the part Concepts, which
defines
Moscow's relations toward the Organization for Security and Cooperation
in
Europe (OSCE). Russia will resolutely oppose any narrowing of the OSCE's
functions, primarily meaning any attempts to direct activities of this
organization exclusively to the postSoviet area and the Balkans.
---
-------------------------
Via Workers World News Service
Reprinted from the June 29, 2000
issue of Workers World newspaper
-------------------------
EDITORIAL: YUGOSLAVIA: NOT SO ISOLATED AFTER ALL
When NATO moved into the Serbian province of Kosovo and
Metohija a year ago on June 10, U.S. plans were to continue
to isolate and dismember what was left of Yugoslavia. The
"International Tribunal" in The Hague--set up and paid for
by U.S.-NATO forces--had indicted Yugoslav President
Slobodan Milosevic for alleged war crimes. It looked like
Montenegro, the remaining republic joined with Serbia to
form Yugoslavia, would be the next target.
Now a year has passed, and it turns out Yugoslavia is not
so isolated after all.
Li Peng, chairperson of the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress of the People's Republic of
China, addressed a joint session of the Federal Assembly of
Yugoslavia this June.
Li said the U.S. missile attack on the Chinese Embassy in
Belgrade 13 months ago that killed three Chinese
journalists and rendered the embassy building unusable is
"a case of grave international wrongdoing seldom seen in
the history of diplomacy and a gross violation of China's
sovereignty.''
He attacked the U.S. and expressed solidarity with
Yugoslavia.
The head of a Cuban Communist Party delegation visiting
the hometown of President Milosevic in June said the people
of Yugoslavia, "just like the Cubans, have shown they are
not ready to lose their identity no matter what price they
have to pay for that."
He added that the Cubans "admire Yugoslav resistance" to
the "policy of hegemony of the West," during and after
NATO's bombing campaign against Yugoslavia last year. "Both
Yugoslavia and Cuba have the same enemy, but it is most
important that we are not afraid of that enemy."
So China and Cuba have reaffirmed their solidarity with
Yugoslavia. And other forces are chipping away at the U.S.
position. Even Amnesty International has accused U.S.-NATO
forces of war crimes.
And then there is the story of Danish soccer star Peter
Schmeichel. After his team lost a match June 16 in the EURO
2000 games, Schmeichel made an astonishing announcement to
the media.
He said, "Tonight I officially applied at the embassy of
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for a Yugoslavian
passport. The Yugoslav football team is excellent, and it
is the only team I would like to play for. I personally
asked President Slobodan Milosevic to grant me Yugoslavian
National Passport, because I highly respect him and his
achievements in last year's war against NATO aggressors."
It's hard to imagine a superstar athlete making such a
remark unless this reflects an attitude more widely held in
the population.
And in Montenegro itself, local elections have put pro-
Yugoslavia and pro-Milosevic parties in office in some of
the most important cities, despite all the funds pumped
into the anti-Yugoslavia parties by the U.S. and its NATO
allies.
Yugoslavia deserves all the solidarity it can get. And it
is getting some.
- END -
(Copyleft Workers World Service. Everyone is permitted to
copy and distribute verbatim copies of this document, but
changing it is not allowed. For more information contact
Workers World, 55 W. 17 St., NY, NY 10011; via e-mail:
ww@.... For subscription info send message
to: info@.... Web: http://www.workers.org)
---
ALLE NAZIONI UNITE GLI U.S.A IMPONGONO L'ESCLUSIONE DEL RAPPRESENTANTE
DELLA REPUBBLICA FEDERALE DI JUGOSLAVIA (IL MAGGIORE PAESE BALCANICO PER
NUMERO DI ABITANTI) DA UN DIBATTITO SULLA SITUAZIONE NEI BALCANI.
I RAPPRESENTANTI RUSSO E CINESE ESCONO DALL'AULA PER PROTESTA.
>
>The defenders of 'Western civilization' are in the East...
>
>Russia, China Conduct Walk Out in U.N. Council over Yugo exclusion
>By Evelyn Leopold (6-23-00)
>
>www.tenc.net [emperors-clothes]
>
>"Gagging people's mouths is not the best way to discuss the acute
>international problems in this way,'' [Russian UN Ambassador] Lavrov said.
>"Even a defendant has a right to defend his or her position.''
>
>UNITED NATIONS (Reuters, Friday June 23 3:02 PM ET ) - The Security Council
>took the unusual step of excluding Yugoslavia's U.N. envoy from a debate on
>the Balkans on Friday, prompting Russia's ambassador to stage a
>demonstrative walk out.
>
>"To discuss the Balkan problem without Yugoslavia is nonsense,'' Ambassador
>
>Sergei Lavrov said before leaving the chamber and placing a junior envoy in
>the Russian seat.
>
>China's envoy followed a few minutes later during a speech by Javier
>Solana, the European Union's foreign policy chief, presumably because he
>headed NATO during its 11-week bombing of Serbia during the Kosovo crisis
>last year.
>China, however, participated in the debate on the Balkans whereas no
>Russian diplomat spoke after the controversy over Yugoslavia's presence.
>
>U.S. ambassador Richard Holbrooke led the challenge on grounds that the
>Yugoslav leadership, including President Slobodan Milosevic, was under
>indictment by a U.N. tribunal for alleged crimes committed during last
>year's Kosovo crisis.
>"It would be inappropriate to allow the representative of this government
to
>use this council in a discussion of where we stand on Kosovo,'' he said.
>Yugoslavia's envoy Vladislav Jovanovic has spoken to the council many times
>before on Balkan issues, the last being one year ago shortly after the
>indictments in May 1999.
>Diplomats said he had tried to since then but was prevented in private
>consultations. One key council envoy said Friday's confrontation was
>ordered by Milosevic.
>
>Milosevic and four of his top lieutenants were indicted as war criminals by
>the Hague-based tribunal for crimes against humanity, including murder,
>during the Kosovo conflict.
>
>The indictments took place amid last spring's NATO bombing raid against
>Serbia to force Belgrade's troops out of Kosovo province where they were
>killing and expelling in large numbers the country's ethnic Albanian
>majority.
>
>The vote on whether Jovanovic should speak was four in favor, seven against
>with four abstentions in the 15-member council. Under council rules,
>procedural matters needs nine ''yes'' votes, with permanent members, such
as
>Russia, the United States, Britain, China and France, unable to use their
>veto.
>
>Voting in favor of Jovanovic were Russia, China, Ukraine and Namibia; those
>against were the United States, Britain, France, the Netherlands,
>Bangladesh, Malaysia and Canada; abstaining were Mali, Tunisia, Argentina
>and Jamaica.
>Jovanovic told reporters the action in the council was part ''of the
>aggressive policy which the U.S. administration has been pursing against
>Yugoslavia for years.''
>He said that the seven votes against him were from NATO members and two
>"extremist'' Islamic countries, Bangladesh and Malaysia, thereby
>constituting a "moral victory'' for Belgrade.
>Lavrov told the council the vote was against the spirit of the U.N. Charter
>which allowed even a country that was not a U. N. member to participate
when
>it was a party to a conflict the council was discussing.
>
>"Gagging people's mouths is not the best way to discuss the acute
>international problems in this way,'' Lavrov said.
>
>"A very dangerous precedent has thus been created when states that are
>unpalatable for political reasons are being isolated from participation in
>the work of the United Nations,'' Lavrov said.
>
>"Yugoslavia has a right to participate. It is a country whose interests are
>directly affected by this question,'' Lavrov told the council, adding that
>the tribunal was a politically motivated.
>
>"Even a defendant has a right to defend his or her position,'' he said.
>
>After the vote on Yugoslavia, China's deputy ambassador, Shen Guofang,
>walked out of the council during an address by Javier Solana, now the
>secretary-general of a European Union council on a common foreign policy.
>
>When he returned Shen mentioned the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in
>Belgrade, which Washington says was due to bad maps. He also reminded the
>council that every country had a right to state its views. "This decision
is
>a wrong decision'' and "does not help a solution in the Balkans,'' Shen
>said.
>
>Solana was secretary-general of NATO during its air campaign to force
>Belgrade to stop repressing ethnic Albanians in Kosovo province, thousands
>of whom were expelled..
>
>Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations has been in dispute since
>1992, when four of its six constituent republics declared their
>independence. It has been suspended from the U.N. General Assembly until
its
>status is cleared.
>
>www.tenc.net [emperors-clothes]
>
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
YUGOSLAV DAILY SURVEY
BELGRADE, 9 July 2000 No. 3102
S P E C I A L I S S U E
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
The present Amendments shall form an integral part of the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia and shall enter into force on the date of their
promulgation.
AMENDMENT II
1. The Federal Assembly:
shall elect and replace: the President and members of the
Federal Government, judges of the
Federal Constitutional Court, judges of the Federal Court, the Federal
State Prosecutor, Governor
of the Yugoslav National Bank and other federal officials as designated
by the federal law.
2. This Amendment shall replace Article 78, paragraph 7 of the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT III
1. The Chamber of Republics shall be comprised of 20 federal
deputies each from each
constituent Republic, elected at direct elections.
Election and end of the term of office of a federal deputy to
the Chamber of Citizens and the
Chamber of Republics of the Federal Assembly shall be regulated by the
federal law.
A federal deputy shall decide and vote at his own discretion and
may not be recalled.
2. This Amendment shall replace Article 80, paragraph 3, and
Article 81, paragraph 2, and
shall supplement Article 86 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT IV
1. Federal laws on the flag, coat of arms and the national
anthem shall be passed by the
Federal Assembly by a two-thirds majority of all federal deputies voting
in each of the two
parliamentary Chambers.
2. This Amendment shall replace Article 90, paragraph 2 of the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT V
1. The President of Republic shall be elected at direct
elections by a secret ballot.
The term of office of the President shall be four years.
The same person may be elected as President of Republic twice at
the most.
The President of Republic and the President of the Federal
Government, as a rule, may not be
from the same constituent Republic.
The President of Republic shall enjoy the same immunities as the
federal deputy.
Immunities enjoyed by the President of Republic shall be decided
by the Federal Assembly.
2. This Amendment shall replace Article 97 of the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT VI
1. The term of the President of the Republic shall end before
the expiry of the period for which
he has been elected, if he is removed from office or if he resigns.
The term of the President of Republic shall end on the date of
his resignation or removal from
office.
2. This Amendment shall replace the provisions of Article 98,
paragraphs 1 and 2 of the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT VII
1. The Federal Assembly may remove from office the President of
Republic if the Federal
Constitutional Court finds that he has violated the present
Constitution.
Procedure for removal from office of the President of Republic
may be initiated at least by
half the federal deputies in both Chambers of the Federal Assembly.
Removal of the President of Republic from office may not be put
to a vote before 15 days
have expired from the date on which the Federal Constitutional Court has
forwarded its decision to
the Federal Assembly referred to in paragraph 1 above.
The President of Republic shall be deemed removed from office if
both Chambers of the
Federal Assembly have accepted the motion by a two-thirds majority of
the federal deputies.
If the Federal Assembly declines the motion, it may not be voted
on again before the expiry of
six months.
This Amendment shall replace section V, paragraph 2 of the
Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
AMENDMENT VIII
1. The Federal Government shall be deemed elected if the
majority of all federal deputies in
both Chambers have voted for it by a secret ballot.
The Federal Government shall be accountable to the Federal
Assembly.
The Federal Assembly may vote a no confidence motion to the
Federal Government.
The President of the Federal Government may propose replacement
of some Federal
Government members.
No confidence motion may be voted on at least three days after
the motion was moved.
The no-confidence motion shall be voted down if the majority of
all federal deputies in each
of the Chambers have gone along with it.
The Federal Government and each of its members may hand in their
resignations to the
Federal Assembly.
AMENDMENT IX
The Constitutional Law shall be adopted to implement Amendments
II to VIII above.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF AMENDMENTS II TO VIII TO THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
Article 1
Within 60 days from the date of entry into force of Amendments
II to VIII to the Constitution
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, federal laws shall be passed on
the election and end of
term of office for the deputies to the Chamber of Republic of the
Federal Assembly and on the
election and removal from office of the President of Republic.
Article 2
Both Chambers of the Federal Assembly shall sit until the expiry
of the term of office of the
federal deputies to the Chambers of Citizens, in accordance with Article
81, paragraph 1 of the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, whereupon elections
will be held for federal
deputies to both Chambers of the Federal Assembly.
The President of Republic shall resume his duties until the
expiry of his term as set out in
Article 97, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia, until which time
elections for President of Republic shall be held in accordance with
Amendment V to the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Federal Government shall resume its work until its election
in accordance with
Amendment VIII to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia.
Article 3
The provisions of paragraph 3, subparagraph 1 of Amendment V to
the Constitution of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia deal only with the persons elected as
President of Republic in
accordance with this Amendment.
Article 4
The present Law shall enter into force on the date on which it
is proclaimed by both
Chambers of the Federal Assembly.
---
PARLIAMENT PROCLAIMED YUGOSLAV CONSTITUTION AMENDMENTS
BELGRADE, July 7 (Tanjug) - The Yugoslav parliament proclaimed
Yugoslav
Constitution Amendments and a Constitutional Law on their implementation
at
an official joint session of both chambers on Thursday.
Thunderous applause welcomed chairman Srdja Bozovic's words when
he
proclaimed the amendments to the Constitution.
Addressing MPs, Bozovic said the proclamation of the
Constitutional
amendments was a big step in the further promotion and overall
democratic
development of the country's social and political systems.
"The Constitutional amendments do not pertain to the established
system of
distribution of power and do not affect the Constitutionally guaranteed
mechanisms of equality of the federal units," Bozovic said.
The direct election of federal MPs to the Chamber of Republics,
at general
elections, as it is done for the Chamber of Citizens, secures a
democratic
and authentic expression of the will of the citizens of Serbia and
Montenegro in constituting both chambers of the federal parliament. This
method, which is applied in most federal states in the world, "secures
the
full democratic legitimacy of the upper house of federal parliament and
eliminates any form of mediation between citizens and their political
institutions," Bozovic said.
The changes in the manner of electing the head of state and
enabling his
election at direct elections ensures that the top state function in
Yugoslavia is based on the absolute democratic determination of those
who
carry national sovereignty - the citizens of Yugoslavia, Bozovic said,
adding that the Constitutional authorities of the president remain the
same.
The firmer linking of the mandates of federal government members
to the
federal parliament shows a due implementation of the parliamentary
system
as the foundation for the organization of state authorities in
Yugoslavia,
Bozovic said.
---
SULLA AUTOPROCLAMATA MISSIONE DIPLOMATICA MONTENEGRINA ALL'ONU
(COMPOSTA DAL SOLO SIGNOR PEROVIC ZELJKO)
Montenegro More Visible at UN
.c The Associated Press
By NICOLE WINFIELD
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - From his one-bedroom apartment in midtown
Manhattan,
Zeljko Perovic has begun a campaign to give Montenegro a greater voice
at the
United Nations, setting up a one-man ``mission'' and getting himself
invited
to U.N. meetings.
One of two republics that make up what is left of the former
Yugoslavia,
Montenegro has no independent legal status at the United Nations.
Montenegro
and Serbia are represented together by Belgrade's U.N. mission.
But with tensions between the two republics increasing - and heightened
last
week with constitutional changes that seek to reduce Montenegro's status
-
Montenegro is seeking to increase its own diplomatic visibility and
garner
support for its pro-Western cause.
``We have to protect our interests,'' said Perovic, Montenegro's
self-proclaimed ``head of mission and U.N. liaison officer,'' in an
interview
Friday.
Montenegro is finding support in its campaign from the four former
republics
that separated from Belgrade in the early 1990s: Slovenia, Croatia,
Macedonia
and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
On Friday, Slovenia circulated a second letter in three weeks on behalf
of
Montenegro to the Security Council, enclosing the text of a resolution
adopted by the Montenegrin parliament rejecting the constitutional
amendments
enacted by the Yugoslav federal assembly.
The amendments aim to concentrate power in the hands of Yugoslav
President
Slobodan Milosevic while reducing Montenegro's status. One paves the way
for
Milosevic's re-election, the other says parliament's upper house will be
chosen by popular vote, curtailing the influence of Montenegro's
parliament,
which is dominated by Milosevic's opponents.
Slovenia's deputy U.N. ambassador, Samuel Zbogar, said Friday that his
government had decided to help Montenegro gain greater visibility at the
United Nations because Belgrade wasn't representing its interests here.
That support includes circulating letters to U.N. ambassadors on behalf
of
Montenegro and inviting Perovic and other Montenegrin officials to the
United
Nations as ``guests'' of the Slovene mission.
Visitors to the non-public areas of the United Nations must be
accredited to
the organization or be escorted into the building as a ``guest'' of
someone
who is.
``They are the democratic light in Yugoslavia and you have to support
that,'' Zbogar said in an interview.
Yugoslavia's representative at the United Nations, Vladislav Jovanovic,
has
bitterly complained about what he calls Slovenia's interference in
Yugoslav
internal affairs. He has also dismissed Montenegro's quest for official,
or
even unofficial, recognition at the organization.
``Parts of member states are not entitled to have any official or
semi-official mission within the U.N. The appearance of one person
claiming
to represent Montenegro in the U.N. is totally private business and
doesn't
have anything to do with the U.N. membership,'' he said in an interview.
Indeed, as a part of Yugoslavia, Montenegro cannot be recognized as an
independent U.N. member state. It probably couldn't even get
``observer''
status, which has been granted to entities such as the Palestine
Liberation
Organization.
In their dispute with Milosevic's regime, Montenegro officials have
talked
of breaking from Belgrade, but they have stopped short of making a
direct
move for independence.
Similarly, Montenegro's moves at the United Nations have not been
presented
as a step toward statehood. But Zbogar and Perovic said they were
looking
into ways to allow Montenegro to have some type of other accreditation
at the
United Nations - or at least be given the same type of access as
Belgrade's
U.N. representatives.
Belgrade's envoys don't have full rights at the United Nations. In
1992,
they were stripped of some membership rights following the independence
of
four of its six republics. The United States, Britain and the four
former
Yugoslav republics have demanded that Belgrade apply for membership as a
new
country.
Belgrade has so far refused, arguing that the independence of its
republics
didn't affect the ``continuity'' of the country.
Last month, U.S. Ambassador Richard Holbrooke raised Yugoslavia's
disputed
status as one reason for limiting its access to U.N. meetings. He
successfully got the Security Council to block Jovanovic from
participating
in a council debate on the Balkans, primarily on grounds that Milosevic
and
other key leaders have been indicted for war crimes.
Montenegro's foreign minister, Branko Lukovac, attended the Security
Council
debate as a guest of Slovenia, Zbogar said.
AP-NY-07-15-00 0217EDT
---
LA RF DI JUGOSLAVIA E' ISOLATA A LIVELLO INTERNAZIONALE - OPPURE NO?
STOP NATO: ¡NO PASARAN! - HTTP://WWW.STOPNATO.COM
Belgrade Says West's Isolation Bid Has Failed
BELGRADE, Jul 12, 2000 -- (Reuters)
Belgrade's foreign minister said on Friday
the West's bid to isolate Yugoslavia
and strangle its economy had failed and world
support for the government was
growing, state news agency Tanjug reported.
"Yugoslavia's ties and cooperation
with three-quarters of the world's nations,
which accept it as a valid, reliable
and equal partner, and its achievements in
reconstruction and development both
testify to this," Zivadin Jovanovic said.
The United States and most Western
nations withdrew diplomats from Belgrade
last year before NATO launched air
strikes on Yugoslavia over its repression of
majority ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.
Yugoslav President Slobodan
Milosevic's Socialist-led regime embarked on a
heavily-publicized reconstruction
campaign after the air war damaged much of the
country's infrastructure.
"We never begged around for help. We
did not waste time hoping for help from
abroad. Our future is not in the
hands of the European Union, NATO or any other
foreign factor, but in our own
hands," Jovanovic said.
High-ranking delegations from
Brazil, China, Iraq, Myanmar and Russia are among
those that recently visited
Belgrade.
"If the philosophy of sanctions and
isolation has helped in any way then it is in
raising awareness that nothing
positive can be achieved in southeast Europe
without Yugoslavia's equal
participation as a key economic, political and
security
factor in the region," Jovanovic
said.
Yugoslavia maintains diplomatic
relations with 166 countries and has other
government offices in 97 countries.
There are 70 foreign embassies in Belgrade.
---
RUSSIA: IMPORTANCE IN PRINCIPLE TO PRESERVE YUGOSLAVIA
MOSCOW, July 11 (Tanjug) The new foreign policy concept of the
Russian Federation underscores that it is important in principle for
Russia
that Yugoslavia's territorial integrity should be preserved and any
attempts at its dismembering prevented.
Yugoslavia's dismembering would pose a threat of a general
conflict breaking out in the Balkans with unpredictable consequences,
said
the document which was endorsed by President Vladimir Putin at the end
of
June, and whose full text was announced for the first time on Tuesday.
The special 22page document also says that Russia will do its
utmost to contribute toward finding a lasting and just solution to the
situation in the Balkans, which will be founded on coordinated decisions
of
the international community.
The Balkans is also mentioned in the part Concepts, which
defines
Moscow's relations toward the Organization for Security and Cooperation
in
Europe (OSCE). Russia will resolutely oppose any narrowing of the OSCE's
functions, primarily meaning any attempts to direct activities of this
organization exclusively to the postSoviet area and the Balkans.
---
-------------------------
Via Workers World News Service
Reprinted from the June 29, 2000
issue of Workers World newspaper
-------------------------
EDITORIAL: YUGOSLAVIA: NOT SO ISOLATED AFTER ALL
When NATO moved into the Serbian province of Kosovo and
Metohija a year ago on June 10, U.S. plans were to continue
to isolate and dismember what was left of Yugoslavia. The
"International Tribunal" in The Hague--set up and paid for
by U.S.-NATO forces--had indicted Yugoslav President
Slobodan Milosevic for alleged war crimes. It looked like
Montenegro, the remaining republic joined with Serbia to
form Yugoslavia, would be the next target.
Now a year has passed, and it turns out Yugoslavia is not
so isolated after all.
Li Peng, chairperson of the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress of the People's Republic of
China, addressed a joint session of the Federal Assembly of
Yugoslavia this June.
Li said the U.S. missile attack on the Chinese Embassy in
Belgrade 13 months ago that killed three Chinese
journalists and rendered the embassy building unusable is
"a case of grave international wrongdoing seldom seen in
the history of diplomacy and a gross violation of China's
sovereignty.''
He attacked the U.S. and expressed solidarity with
Yugoslavia.
The head of a Cuban Communist Party delegation visiting
the hometown of President Milosevic in June said the people
of Yugoslavia, "just like the Cubans, have shown they are
not ready to lose their identity no matter what price they
have to pay for that."
He added that the Cubans "admire Yugoslav resistance" to
the "policy of hegemony of the West," during and after
NATO's bombing campaign against Yugoslavia last year. "Both
Yugoslavia and Cuba have the same enemy, but it is most
important that we are not afraid of that enemy."
So China and Cuba have reaffirmed their solidarity with
Yugoslavia. And other forces are chipping away at the U.S.
position. Even Amnesty International has accused U.S.-NATO
forces of war crimes.
And then there is the story of Danish soccer star Peter
Schmeichel. After his team lost a match June 16 in the EURO
2000 games, Schmeichel made an astonishing announcement to
the media.
He said, "Tonight I officially applied at the embassy of
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for a Yugoslavian
passport. The Yugoslav football team is excellent, and it
is the only team I would like to play for. I personally
asked President Slobodan Milosevic to grant me Yugoslavian
National Passport, because I highly respect him and his
achievements in last year's war against NATO aggressors."
It's hard to imagine a superstar athlete making such a
remark unless this reflects an attitude more widely held in
the population.
And in Montenegro itself, local elections have put pro-
Yugoslavia and pro-Milosevic parties in office in some of
the most important cities, despite all the funds pumped
into the anti-Yugoslavia parties by the U.S. and its NATO
allies.
Yugoslavia deserves all the solidarity it can get. And it
is getting some.
- END -
(Copyleft Workers World Service. Everyone is permitted to
copy and distribute verbatim copies of this document, but
changing it is not allowed. For more information contact
Workers World, 55 W. 17 St., NY, NY 10011; via e-mail:
ww@.... For subscription info send message
to: info@.... Web: http://www.workers.org)
---
ALLE NAZIONI UNITE GLI U.S.A IMPONGONO L'ESCLUSIONE DEL RAPPRESENTANTE
DELLA REPUBBLICA FEDERALE DI JUGOSLAVIA (IL MAGGIORE PAESE BALCANICO PER
NUMERO DI ABITANTI) DA UN DIBATTITO SULLA SITUAZIONE NEI BALCANI.
I RAPPRESENTANTI RUSSO E CINESE ESCONO DALL'AULA PER PROTESTA.
>
>The defenders of 'Western civilization' are in the East...
>
>Russia, China Conduct Walk Out in U.N. Council over Yugo exclusion
>By Evelyn Leopold (6-23-00)
>
>www.tenc.net [emperors-clothes]
>
>"Gagging people's mouths is not the best way to discuss the acute
>international problems in this way,'' [Russian UN Ambassador] Lavrov said.
>"Even a defendant has a right to defend his or her position.''
>
>UNITED NATIONS (Reuters, Friday June 23 3:02 PM ET ) - The Security Council
>took the unusual step of excluding Yugoslavia's U.N. envoy from a debate on
>the Balkans on Friday, prompting Russia's ambassador to stage a
>demonstrative walk out.
>
>"To discuss the Balkan problem without Yugoslavia is nonsense,'' Ambassador
>
>Sergei Lavrov said before leaving the chamber and placing a junior envoy in
>the Russian seat.
>
>China's envoy followed a few minutes later during a speech by Javier
>Solana, the European Union's foreign policy chief, presumably because he
>headed NATO during its 11-week bombing of Serbia during the Kosovo crisis
>last year.
>China, however, participated in the debate on the Balkans whereas no
>Russian diplomat spoke after the controversy over Yugoslavia's presence.
>
>U.S. ambassador Richard Holbrooke led the challenge on grounds that the
>Yugoslav leadership, including President Slobodan Milosevic, was under
>indictment by a U.N. tribunal for alleged crimes committed during last
>year's Kosovo crisis.
>"It would be inappropriate to allow the representative of this government
to
>use this council in a discussion of where we stand on Kosovo,'' he said.
>Yugoslavia's envoy Vladislav Jovanovic has spoken to the council many times
>before on Balkan issues, the last being one year ago shortly after the
>indictments in May 1999.
>Diplomats said he had tried to since then but was prevented in private
>consultations. One key council envoy said Friday's confrontation was
>ordered by Milosevic.
>
>Milosevic and four of his top lieutenants were indicted as war criminals by
>the Hague-based tribunal for crimes against humanity, including murder,
>during the Kosovo conflict.
>
>The indictments took place amid last spring's NATO bombing raid against
>Serbia to force Belgrade's troops out of Kosovo province where they were
>killing and expelling in large numbers the country's ethnic Albanian
>majority.
>
>The vote on whether Jovanovic should speak was four in favor, seven against
>with four abstentions in the 15-member council. Under council rules,
>procedural matters needs nine ''yes'' votes, with permanent members, such
as
>Russia, the United States, Britain, China and France, unable to use their
>veto.
>
>Voting in favor of Jovanovic were Russia, China, Ukraine and Namibia; those
>against were the United States, Britain, France, the Netherlands,
>Bangladesh, Malaysia and Canada; abstaining were Mali, Tunisia, Argentina
>and Jamaica.
>Jovanovic told reporters the action in the council was part ''of the
>aggressive policy which the U.S. administration has been pursing against
>Yugoslavia for years.''
>He said that the seven votes against him were from NATO members and two
>"extremist'' Islamic countries, Bangladesh and Malaysia, thereby
>constituting a "moral victory'' for Belgrade.
>Lavrov told the council the vote was against the spirit of the U.N. Charter
>which allowed even a country that was not a U. N. member to participate
when
>it was a party to a conflict the council was discussing.
>
>"Gagging people's mouths is not the best way to discuss the acute
>international problems in this way,'' Lavrov said.
>
>"A very dangerous precedent has thus been created when states that are
>unpalatable for political reasons are being isolated from participation in
>the work of the United Nations,'' Lavrov said.
>
>"Yugoslavia has a right to participate. It is a country whose interests are
>directly affected by this question,'' Lavrov told the council, adding that
>the tribunal was a politically motivated.
>
>"Even a defendant has a right to defend his or her position,'' he said.
>
>After the vote on Yugoslavia, China's deputy ambassador, Shen Guofang,
>walked out of the council during an address by Javier Solana, now the
>secretary-general of a European Union council on a common foreign policy.
>
>When he returned Shen mentioned the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in
>Belgrade, which Washington says was due to bad maps. He also reminded the
>council that every country had a right to state its views. "This decision
is
>a wrong decision'' and "does not help a solution in the Balkans,'' Shen
>said.
>
>Solana was secretary-general of NATO during its air campaign to force
>Belgrade to stop repressing ethnic Albanians in Kosovo province, thousands
>of whom were expelled..
>
>Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations has been in dispute since
>1992, when four of its six constituent republics declared their
>independence. It has been suspended from the U.N. General Assembly until
its
>status is cleared.
>
>www.tenc.net [emperors-clothes]
>
--------- COORDINAMENTO ROMANO PER LA JUGOSLAVIA -----------
RIMSKI SAVEZ ZA JUGOSLAVIJU
e-mail: crj@... - URL: http://marx2001.org/crj
http://www.egroups.com/group/crj-mailinglist/
------------------------------------------------------------
