Informazione
Riceviamo e volentieri giriamo, scusandoci per il ritardo nella comunicazione. CNJ
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comunicato stampa da Ufficio Stampa Teatro di Roma
IL TEATRO DI ROMA PRESENTA:
PER L’EUROPA
dal 25 Settembre al 16 Ottobre 2006
POST JUGOSLAVIA, rassegna di teatro danza e musica
9 spettacoli nei teatri Argentina, India e Valle
ALBERTAZZI: "LA EX JUGOSLAVIA: NATURALE LABORATORIO DI INNOVAZIONE VERSO L’EUROPA DEL TERZO MILLENNIO".............
Un intreccio di culture. Un luogo di stimolante creatività, che può scaturire anche da forti contrapposizioni., dove l’arte e la cultura sono antitesi e antidoto alla guerra. Un naturale laboratorio di innovazione verso l’Europa del terzo millennio.
Da questi presupposti, nasce Post Jugoslavia, rassegna di teatro, danza e musica organizzata dal Teatro di Roma e curata da Giorgio Ursini Ursic: dal 25 Settembre al 16 Ottobre 2006 si alterneranno sui palcoscenici dei teatri Argentina, India e Valle nove spettacoli proposti dai paesi della ex Jugoslavia.
La ex-Jugoslavia, infatti, ci appare oggi come il territorio culturale, sociale e poetico di un’esperienza condivisa: l’ultima eredità della mitteleuropa, delle sue utopie, delle sue disillusioni. Ecco perché questo ultimo, sontuoso strascico di Mitteleuropa nel Terzo Millennio va conosciuto e analizzato come un laboratorio naturale. Come il punto di incontro fra quello che siamo stati e quello che possiamo diventare: un sobrio richiamo al nostro passato, filtrato dagli strappi della guerra e proiettato verso l’intreccio di culture che dovremo accettare come peculiarità dell’Europa del futuro a cura di Giorgio Ursini Ursic.
Aprirà la rassegna il TEATRO NAZIONALE CROATO "IVAN ZAJC " di FIUME con
Casimiro e Carolina (teatro Argentina, 25 e 26 Settembre 2006, prima assoluta)
di Ödön von Horváth, autore di spicco della cultura in lingua tedesca degli anni Trenta, tragico cantore di un’Europa avviata ormai verso la catastrofe del nazismo. In questa commedia, viene ritratta un’umanità piccolo borghese egoista e asservita al denaro, schiava delle convenzioni sociali, dove la storia di due fidanzati di diversa estrazione sociale è assunta a pretesto per raccontare un paesaggio di disoccupazione, piccola delinquenza, prostituzione. Firma la regia Paolo Magelli, artista di origine italiana, allievo di Strehler ed esperto di von Horváth, che sottolinea la straordinaria attualità dei temi trattati.
DUE SPETTACOLI DELLA SERBIA. Ancora un amore negato per il denaro sarà al centro de
Il valzer dei cani (teatro Valle, 30 Settembre e 1 Ottobre 2006), di Leonid Andrejev (nato ad Orel nel 1871 e morto in Finlandia nel 1919), definito "l’Amleto della letteratura russa", proposto dallo Jugoslovensko Dramsko Pozori te di Belgrado, per la regia di Dejan Mijac .
KO TO TAMO PEVA (Who is singing over there) (teatro India, 4 e 5 Ottobre 2006),
proposto dal TEATRO NAZIONALE DI BELGRADO, è uno spettacolo di danza tratto dall’omonimo film antologico dello scrittore Dusan Kovacevic e del regista Slobodan Sijan, riletto da Stasa Zurovac, coreografo e primo ballerino del Teatro. Il film è la storia dei passeggeri di un bus che stanno tentando di raggiungere Belgrado nel corso dell’invasione nazista del paese nel 1941, trasfigurata da Zurovac in "archetipo, una storia che può essere trasportata in qualsiasi tempo, spazio, posto o contesto".
Due le proposte del DRAMSKI TEATR DI SKOPJE, Macedonia: un testo contemporaneo e un classico, entrambi messi in scena dal giovane, promettente regista Aleksandar Popovski. Di "bruciante attualità"
Divo meso (Carne Selvaggia) (teatro India, 7 Ottobre 2006),
testo profetico scritto nel 1980 da Goran Stefanovski, drammaturgo tra i più interessanti dell’area balcanica. Il capolavoro di Molière,
Don Giovanni (teatro India, 8 Ottobre 2006),
viene riletto da Popovski come "un viaggio, un’opera su un uomo che viaggia".
Il KAMERNI TEATAR DI SARAJEVO, in Bosnia e Erzegovina, punto di riferimento insostituibile che persino negli anni del conflitto è rimasto fedele alla sua "missione teatrale", propone
La notte di Helver, (teatro India, 10 e 11 Ottobre 2006)
spettacolo pluripremiato che mostra come sia facile manipolare le persone in tempi di isterismo colettivo.
La SLOVENIA, presenta due spettacoli. Il SLOVENSKO MALDINSKO GLEDALISCE di Lubiana, presenta
Fragile! (teatro India, 12 e 13 Ottobre 2006),
capolavoro di Tena Stivicic per la regia di Matja Pograjc: movimentata storia di novelli emigranti a Londra in cui tutto è al limite, caratterizzata dal continuo gioco tra reale e virtuale, tra vita vera e Grande Fratello, creando una perfetta fusione tra la teconolgia e l’essere umano.
La compagnia En-Knap, sempre di Lubiana, propone uno spettacolo di teatro danza,
S.K.I.N., dei due coreografi-ballerini-registi Iztok Kovac e Julyen Hamilton.
Lo spettacolo - che trae ispirazione, tra l’altro, dal romanzo La pelle di Curzio Malaparte -
Concluderà la rassegna
un grande concerto, al teatro Argentina il 16 Ottobre 2006,
proposto da Ljiljana Buttler e MOSTAR SEVDAH REUNION, dalla Bosnia e Erzegovina. La Sevdah è la musica tradizionale bosniaca, una musica che – alle note di fisarmonica, violino, chitarra, clarinetto e voce - evoca forti emozioni (il termine stesso significa amore, desiderio, estasi). Una musica che veniva suonata durante la guerra, alla luce delle candele, perché la musica unisce e "occorre stare insieme in occasione delle tragedie". Proprio durante la guerra si è formato il Mostar Sevdah Reunion, oggi uno dei gruppi più rappresentativi della tradizione musicale bosniaca.
Durante Post Jugoslavia, dal primo al 16 Ottobre 2006, il teatro India ospiterà una mostra dedicata al poliedricoartista croato Kadele, drammaturgo, regista, pittore le cui opere sono caratterizzate dall’interazione tra pittura e video installazioni...
http://www.labournetaustria.at/aktion93.htm
Aktionen
Von: "Promedia" <............>
Betreff: Germinal Civikov: Der Milosevic-Prozess
Datum: Montag, 02. Oktober 2006
Der "Promedia Verlag" lädt zur Präsentation des Buches "Der Milosevic-Prozess" von Germinal Civikov.
Das Buch:
Germinal Civikov
DER MILOSEVIC-PROZESS
Bericht eines Beobachters
ISBN 3-85371-264-9, br., 216 Seiten, 13,90 Euro, 24,70 sFr.
Wann?
Donnerstag, 19. Oktober 2006, 20 Uhr
Wo?
Neues Institutsgebäude der Universität Wien (NIG), Hörsaal
II
Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Wien
Was?
Es diskutieren:
Germinal Civikov (Autor),
Heinz Vana (Rechtsanwalt)
Dario Brentin (Moderation)
Zum Buch:
Am 11. März 2006 wurde Slobodan Milosevic tot in seiner Zelle in Den Haag aufgefunden. Damit fand der so genannte "Prozess des Jahrhunderts" gegen den Präsidenten des dritten und letzten Jugoslawien ein jähes, unerwartetes Ende. Der 1995 vom UNO-Sicherheitsrat ins Leben gerufene Internationale Strafgerichtshof für das ehemalige Jugoslawien (ICTY) hatte am 27. Mai 1999, mitten im Bombenkrieg der NATO gegen Belgrad, Anklage gegen den damaligen jugoslawischen Präsidenten wegen Kriegsverbrechen in der Provinz Kosovo erhoben. Im Oktober und November 2001 erweiterte das Tribunal die Anklageschrift auf Kriegsverbrechen und Vertreibungen in Kroatien 1991-1992 sowie auf Völkermord in Bosnien 1992-1995. Im Februar 2002 wurden die drei Anklagen zu einem Gesamtprozess gebündelt.
Nach 300 Zeugen der Anklage lief seit September 2005 die Beweisführung der Verteidigung.
In der Essenz der Anklage warf der Strafgerichtshof Milosevic vor, eine kriminelle Vereinigung (Joint Criminal Enterprise) angeführt zu haben, die auf den Trümmern des zerfallenen Jugoslawien ein Groß-Serbien errichten wollte. Als Mittel zu diesem Zweck hätten Milosevic und seine Vereinigung die Kriege in Kroatien, Bosnien und im Kosovo entfacht, systematische ethnische Säuberungen durchgeführt und verschiedene Kriegsverbrechen verübt, darunter auch einen Völkermord in Bosnien. In seiner Verteidigung klagte Milosevic seinerseits die führenden westlichen Staaten an, politisch und militärisch die separatistischen Kräfte unterstützt und auf diese Weise den blutigen Zerfall Jugoslawiens vorangetrieben zu haben.
Germinal Civikov, während des Prozesses von Beginn an als Journalist anwesend, berichtet in diesem Buch vom Verlauf und Wesen des Verfahrens, wie er es beobachtet hat. Die Beweisführung der Anklage erfuhr ein komplettes Fiasko, das Verfahren erwies sich als politischer Schauprozess, in dem Richter und Ankläger in ihren Rollen oft nicht zu unterscheiden waren, während die so genannte "Wahrheitsfindung" zu einer Farce geriet, deren Drehbuch politischen Vorgaben folgte. Alles in allem war es ein der europäischen Rechtsstaatlichkeit und der strafrechtlichen Kultur wesensfremder Prozess, den schon aus diesem Grund die Öffentlichkeit nie hätte zulassen dürfen.
Zum Autor:
Germinal Civikov ist 1945 in der bulgarischen Donaustadt Russe geboren und lebt sein 1975 in den Niederlanden. Er hat in Sofia und Leiden Germanistik und Slavistik studiert und war bis 2004 Redakteur bei der Südosteuropa-Redaktion der "Deutschen Welle". Seine kritischen Beobachtungen zum Milosevic -Prozess veröffentlicht der Autor seit 2002 in zahlreichen Artikeln für niederländische, deutsche und bulgarische Zeitungen. 2004 war er am dreiteiligen Dokumentarfilm "Der Fall Milosevic" beteiligt, den der Regisseur Jos de Putter für das niederländische Fernsehen gedreht hat und der dort mehrmals zu sehen war.
Wir freuen uns auf Ihr Kommen.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Hannes Hofbauer / Promedia Verlag
Kontakt/Diskussionsmöglichkeit
TRIESTE ITALIANA
Da Il Piccolo del 4 ottobre 2006:
Domani e venerdì alla radio
La Rai regionale ricorda la rivolta di Trieste per i cantieri San Marco
TRIESTE Domani e venerdì, alle 11, i programmi della radio Rai
regionale ricorderanno - con la voce dei protagonisti e i ricordi dei
testimoni - le giornate di rivolta a Trieste contro la chiusura dei
cantieri San Marco (nella foto). Nel 1966, a seguito di un piano di
ristrutturazione nazionale della cantieristica messo a punto dal
Cipe, fu decretata la fine dei cantieri di Trieste. Si trattava di
una realtà operaia (migliaia i lavoratori coinvolti) e storico-
sociale di grande rilevanza. E la città reagì con una vera e propria
sollevazione popolare che portò, nell'ottobre di 40 anni fa, a
violenti scontri di piazza.
Dalla lista http://it.groups.yahoo.com/group/resistenza_partigiana/ :
Io c'ero. Chi ha tempo apra la radio ed ascolti.
Quel giorno Trieste insorse, e per dare una sola idea delle
proporzioni della sollevazione popolare, ricordo che in una sola
mattinata vi furono 400 (quattrocento) arresti.
Il padre di un nostro iscritto (vale per l'altra ML Gdc, ma che
invito amici e compagni a visitare) vennero a prenderlo in casa, e lo
trasferirono in carcere come fosse un delinquente. Solo più tardi si
era riconosciuto che i triestini insorsero per alti motivi sociali e
morali. Ancora una volta i nostri governanti (al di la della facile
retorica di Trieste cara al cuore)dimostrarono di capire molto poco
questa città, e più in generale le nostre terre.
fabio
Da Il Piccolo del 4 ottobre 2006:
Domani e venerdì alla radio
La Rai regionale ricorda la rivolta di Trieste per i cantieri San Marco
TRIESTE Domani e venerdì, alle 11, i programmi della radio Rai
regionale ricorderanno - con la voce dei protagonisti e i ricordi dei
testimoni - le giornate di rivolta a Trieste contro la chiusura dei
cantieri San Marco (nella foto). Nel 1966, a seguito di un piano di
ristrutturazione nazionale della cantieristica messo a punto dal
Cipe, fu decretata la fine dei cantieri di Trieste. Si trattava di
una realtà operaia (migliaia i lavoratori coinvolti) e storico-
sociale di grande rilevanza. E la città reagì con una vera e propria
sollevazione popolare che portò, nell'ottobre di 40 anni fa, a
violenti scontri di piazza.
Dalla lista http://it.groups.yahoo.com/group/resistenza_partigiana/ :
Io c'ero. Chi ha tempo apra la radio ed ascolti.
Quel giorno Trieste insorse, e per dare una sola idea delle
proporzioni della sollevazione popolare, ricordo che in una sola
mattinata vi furono 400 (quattrocento) arresti.
Il padre di un nostro iscritto (vale per l'altra ML Gdc, ma che
invito amici e compagni a visitare) vennero a prenderlo in casa, e lo
trasferirono in carcere come fosse un delinquente. Solo più tardi si
era riconosciuto che i triestini insorsero per alti motivi sociali e
morali. Ancora una volta i nostri governanti (al di la della facile
retorica di Trieste cara al cuore)dimostrarono di capire molto poco
questa città, e più in generale le nostre terre.
fabio
Budapest 1956: l’Europa ad un passo dal conflitto nucleare. Pentimenti e ipocrisie di postcomunisti cinquanta anni dopo.
di Sergio Ricaldone
Uno dei temi (non il solo s’intende) su cui sinistra e destra hanno mostrato una significativa convergenza di giudizi storici riguarda le celebrazioni del 50° anniversario del ’56 ungherese, ossia dell’evento definito, senza tanti complimenti, “la più grande insurrezione popolare anticomunista schiacciata nel sangue dai carri sovietici”. Su questo lapidario giudizio scolpito sui marmi di Budapest si ritrovano a riflettere, con commenti variamente modulati ma convergenti (lo dico con tutto il rispetto delle loro funzioni istituzionali), da una parte Giorgio Napolitano, Fausto Bertinotti, Pietro Ingrao (e molti altri), dall’altra Gianfranco Fini, Mirko Tremaglia (e molti altri).
Mai, prima d’ora, era successo che il ceto politico, salvo pochissime eccezioni, si ritrovasse su posizioni così similari nel ripresentare le tragiche giornate di Budapest come l’apice delle infamie prodotte dal comunismo nel 20° secolo. Il tutto con il pieno sostegno della grande stampa, della TV di stato, dell’editoria, di alcune lobbies universitarie.
In un quadro così spudoratamente manicheo l’Europa e il mondo occidentale di quei giorni lontani appaiono perciò come un tranquillo giardino fiorito di nazioni libere, democratiche e pacifiche, rispettose le une delle altre, minacciate unicamente dalla follia sanguinaria dei comunisti (sovietici e non) pronti a schiacciare chiunque sotto i cingoli dei carri armati. Si evita di ricordare che tra le “nazioni libere” della moderna “santa alleanza” atlantica erano inclusi, all’epoca, due Stati fascisti, il Portogallo e la Spagna, paesi nei quali il massacro dei comunisti, con i plotoni e la garrota, continuò indisturbato e benedetto dal Vaticano fino all’uscita di scena di Franco e Salazar.
Singolare questo speculare accanimento revisionistico. Fascisti incalliti da una parte e voltagabbana ex e post dall’altra, si ritrovano a celebrare con giudizi simili il memorial day del 56 ungherese, ma con i primi più che mai orgogliosi di essere stati i più coerenti difensori dei valori e della civiltà occidentale, mentre i secondi, recitano tardivi mea culpa per i loro peccati giovanili e chiedono scusa per essersi schierati allora dalla parte sbagliata. Ma entrambi si guardano bene dal riproporre il contesto politico reale della guerra fredda dalla quale riemergono, non solo i fatti di Budapest, ma molti altri eventi che mostrano come in quegli anni terribili il sangue avesse ripreso a scorrere in molti altri angoli del pianeta situati, si badi bene, fuori dalla sfera di intervento dei cingolati sovietici ma ben dentro quella della Nato e del Pentagono. Interventi il cui obbiettivo principale, come documenta lo storico svizzero Daniele Ganser nel suo libro – Gli eserciti segreti della Nato – (Fazi editore, 2005, pag. 448), era quello di ristabilire il primato del comando politico e militare in Europa dopo che la guerra contro il nazifascismo aveva messo in crisi di consenso gli antichi centri di potere e aperto all’antagonista storico di quei poteri – il movimento operaio – spazi di agibilità politica considerati intollerabili dal grande capitale monopolistico. Il libro di Ganser ci racconta come la CIA sia diventata in quegli anni animatrice e guida di una gigantesca organizzazione eversiva, quale è stata Gladio, che da Capo Nord al Mediterraneo e da Londra alla “cortina di ferro”, ha alimentato il terrorismo, la “strategia della tensione”, i tentativi di colpi di stato, la tortura. In Inghilterra la stampa ha commentato la nascita di Gladio come “il segreto politico-militare meglio nascosto e più pericoloso dai tempi della seconda guerra mondiale.”
Negli anni a cavallo del 1956, benché la guerra si chiamasse fredda, gli Stati Uniti intervennero militarmente o indirettamente con colpi di stato e appoggi diretti alle potenze imperialiste alleate, come la Francia e l’Inghilterra, per schiacciare regimi democratici e movimenti di liberazione antimperialisti, compiendo veri e propri genocidi non solo di comunisti ma di intere popolazioni. Grecia, Filippine, Malesia, Birmania, Guatemala, Vietnam, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Libano, Cambogia, Salvador, Nicaragua, Congo belga, Angola Mozambico, Guinea Bissau, Zimbabwe, Cile... L’elenco è, ovviamente, incompleto ma la somma delle vittime – milioni di morti - massacrate dalle armi imperialiste, fasciste e golpiste, rigorosamente “made in USA”, è agghiacciante.
Non è difficile intuire che in quel contesto le pur comprensibili aspirazioni ad una maggiore libertà espressa nei loro cortei dagli studenti di Budapest, nell’ottobre del ’56, furono ben presto spazzate via dalle immagini atroci delle migliaia di comunisti massacrati come bestie e appesi per i piedi agli alberi della capitale magiara. Questo repentino passaggio dalla protesta alla “insurrezione popolare contro il regime comunista” assunse la dimensione di una vera e propria carneficina controrivoluzionaria sostenuta apertamente dalle strutture eversive esterne della Nato: aerei che dalla Germania trasportavano armi agli insorti, gruppi di emigrati fascisti ungheresi che rientravano in patria dall’Austria armati fino ai denti, grandi industriali e proprietari terrieri che, intervistati, annunciavano il ritorno in patria e la ripresa di tutte le loro antiche proprietà, i fascisti, camerati di Tremaglia, impazienti di riproporre altrove la macelleria di Budapest (a Milano e in altre città tentarono di assaltare le sedi comuniste ma furono messi in fuga a pedate), la radio della CIA, Europa libera, che lanciava furiosi appelli all’insurrezione armata a tutti i paesi dell’est. Ma giunsero anche notizie che gli operai di molte fabbriche di Budapest si erano barricati nelle officine e, benché disarmati e a prezzo di pesanti perdite, impedirono ai rivoltosi di occuparle.
Il clima che si respirava in quegli anni in questa parte di mondo definito “libero e democratico” viene descritto molto bene dal filosofo Ludovico Geymonat nel suo libro-intervista “Dialoghi sulla pace e la libertà” (Quaderni di Giano, 1992, pag. 223):
“La minaccia di utilizzare la bomba atomica contro l’Unione Sovietica fu in realtà una minaccia enorme e si volle tutta la durezza del governo sovietico per non cedere a questa minaccia. Non sarà privo di interesse ricordare che lo stesso Bertrand Russel nel 1960 partecipando ad una tavola rotonda sulle questioni nucleari con la signora Eleonora Roosvelt fu scandalizzato nell’ascoltare la moglie del Presidente americano che affermava preferire che la razza umana andasse distrutta piuttosto che pensarla “preda del comunismo”. Insomma, se per Russel poteva anche essere accettabile lo slogan provocatorio “meglio rossi che morti” va anche ricordato che vi era però chi gli ribatteva, con non minore polemica, “meglio morti che rossi”.
La suprema follia di quello slogan spiega come “la caccia alle streghe” imposta dalla paranoia anticomunista del maccartismo, sia stata per lunghi anni il filo conduttore che ha ispirato la politica interna ed estera degli Stati Uniti e della Nato. Erano gli anni in cui l’FBI di Edgar Hoover spedì i Rosemberg sulla sedia elettrica e centinaia di americani, sospetti “comunisti”, nel penitenziario di Sing Sing. Non è un caso se il grande Charlie Chaplin decise di fuggire da quel clima infernale.
Sebbene non ci siano mai state indifferenti le legittime motivazioni che accesero inizialmente la protesta degli studenti di Budapest, non possiamo non vedere come la successiva escalation insurrezionale, sicuramente non spontanea né innocente, puntasse alla separazione dell’Ungheria dall’orbita sovietica e dal Patto di Varsavia e al suo successivo arruolamento nella Nato. Un azzardato e irresponsabile tentativo di Washington di mettere con le spalle al muro l’URSS sottraendogli una postazione di rilevanza strategica in Europa centrale. Dunque, un gravissimo punto di rottura degli equilibri mondiali sanciti a Yalta dalle grandi potenze, che trasformò il conflitto interno ungherese in una minacciosa contesa tra la Nato e il Patto di Varsavia che condusse l’Europa ad un passo dal conflitto nucleare.
Qui e non altrove va ricercato il prevalente politico-strategico che provocò l’intervento sovietico. Detestabile e condannabile fin che si vuole ma inevitabile se collocato nella logica degli accordi di Yalta. La stessa Cina di Mao sostenne apertamente l’intervento militare sovietico e fu la leadership di Pechino che consigliò l’esitante Nikita Krusciov di invadere militarmente l’Ungheria. (Universale Feltrinelli: Tensioni e conflitti del mondo contemporaneo, pag. 348)
Proviamo ad immaginare cosa sarebbe successo in Italia se il PCI, anziché attenersi alla logica di Yalta avesse trasformato lo sciopero di protesta seguito all’attentato di Togliatti in un movimento insurrezionale e in una rivoluzione socialista. C’è qualcuno, sano di mente, convinto che gli americani avrebbero osservato impassibili un simile evento senza usare i loro cingolati? O non avrebbero invece fatto come in Grecia dove un tentativo del genere fu soffocato nel sangue di centinaia di migliaia di comunisti?
Che nel 1956 il mondo fosse una polveriera (nucleare) pronta ad esplodere sta scritto in tante buone letture che ci raccontano con dovizia di particolari anche per colpa di chi. Nel suo pregevole volume – Storia sociale del mondo contemporaneo – (Feltrinelli, 1982, pag. 638), Enzo Santarelli ci racconta quanto successe in quegli stessi giorni dell’ottobre ’56, duemila km. più a sud di Budapest. Il presidente egiziano Gamal Abdel Nasser, uno dei leaders nazionalisti e antimperialisti protagonista dei processi di liberazione in atto contro i vecchi imperi coloniali, aveva da poco nazionalizzato il canale di Suez, sottraendolo alla compagnia anglo-francese. Quel gesto, sicuramente audace ma moralmente e politicamente ineccepibile, scatenò un furibonda reazione imperialista. Il 29 ottobre i cingolati di Israele dilagarono in territorio egiziano, oltre la striscia di Gaza occupando il Sinai fino alla sponda orientale del canale. Due giorni dopo, il 31 ottobre, gli anglo-francesi bombardarono il Cairo, Alessandria, rasero al suolo Suez, Porto Said e Ismailia e occuparono con i paracadutisti il canale. La proditoria aggressione cessò solo quando l’Unione Sovietica e la Cina minacciarono di intervenire militarmente a fianco dell’Egitto. Quanti egiziani siano stati massacrati in quei giorni non lo sappiamo. Quel che sappiamo è che mentre si piangono le vittime di Budapest su quegli altri morti è stato calato il sipario ed Israele continua ad occupare – 50 anni dopo! – gran parte dei territori occupati con i carri armati nel ’56.
Budapest e Suez: due eventi scoppiati simultaneamente in una certa fase, forse la più pericolosa della guerra fredda. Varrebbe la pena di ridiscuterne senza bugie, opportunismi, ipocrisie e patetici sensi di colpa. Gli insegnamenti della storia non si colgono raccontando ciò che fa comodo davanti a telecamere compiacenti ma partendo da quello che molti autorevoli storici ci documentano con lucido raziocinio. Ed anche ascoltando le sincere e genuine testimonianze di chi – come Antonio Costa autore della documentata memoria che segue – quegli avvenimenti li ha vissuti in prima persona da militante del movimento operaio.
Nenni, Bertinotti e gli avvenimenti d’Ungheria del ‘56
Di Antonio Costa
Tra i regimi socialisti sorti nell’Europa dell’est sull’onda della sconfitta nazista, caratteristiche molto particolari aveva assunto quello dell’Ungheria.
La struttura sociale ungherese, all’avvento della democrazia popolare, non aveva praticamente riscontro in Europa. Vi sopravvivevano istituti e rapporti sociali di tipo feudale (ad esempio la titolarità dei pubblici uffici era ereditaria).
Un certo sviluppo industriale, che pure era avvenuto durante la seconda guerra mondiale, rimaneva un fatto marginale all’interno di una società agricola (700.000 lavoratori circa su 10 milioni di abitanti). E nell’agricoltura dominava il latifondo: 2000 proprietari possedevano il 56% della terra (e tra questi il più grande era la chiesa con il 6% della proprietà). Inoltre 500.000 contadini medi e piccoli erano padroni del 35% della terra. Poi il grosso dei piccolissimi coltivatori: 1.500.000 proprietari.
Ma la proprietà di 360.000 di questi ultimi si riduceva ad un fazzoletto di terra totalmente insufficiente al sostentamento e potevano perciò essere sommati ai 500.000 contadini senza terra. Un totale di 800.000 persone in condizioni miserabili, 1.140.000 estremamente poveri, 500.000 di condizione altalenante e infine 2.000 che vivevano nel lusso e nelle condizioni di privilegio le più sfrenate.
Le riforme sociali conseguenti all’avvento del potere socialista non potevano quindi non avere una duplice faccia: quella di un consenso largo, soprattutto nelle campagne, che avrebbe fatto sentire il suo peso nei momenti critici, una rabbiosa, disperata resistenza dei privilegiati, sommata a quella di una parte dei 500.000 contadini medi, unbitamente alla borghesia declassata e a quel centro di potere particolare che era la chiesa latifondista di Mindzenty.
Un altro fattore di pesante incidenza era la scelta, in una certa misura obbligata, di mantenere un sostanziale privilegio verso l’industria pesante a forte scapito della produzione dei beni di consumo. Vi erano alle spalle lunghi anni di guerra fredda. Era opinione diffusa che ciò fosse il preludio alla guerra calda, quindi gli investimenti militari apparivano come una scelta obbligata con ovvie, pesanti conseguenze su strutture economiche e sociali in uno stato di estrema fragilità in un paese come l’Ungheria che si avviava alla modernizzazione dopo secoli di buio clericale e borghese. E infine, su tutto, influivano scelte politiche generali riguardanti l’assetto dei paesi socialisti dell’Europa dell’est sorti dopo la seconda guerra mondiale.
Il consolidamento e lo sviluppo dei regimi di democrazia popolare richiedevano in generale, ma particolarmente in una realtà come quella ungherese, la ricerca di una via nazionale ed autonoma nell’edificazione del socialismo, capace di utilizzare il patrimonio elaborato dall’Unione Sovietica, non per trasferirlo meccanicamente nella propria realtà, ma per elaborare una soluzione originale ai problemi del paese. Invece, dopo i successi iniziali di sviluppo quantitativo dell’economia, si erano venuti accumulando errori di indirizzo politico che avevano portato ad una situazione davvero esplosiva: errori che potevano ravvisarsi in una insufficiente capacità di rendere trasparente e mobilitante la prospettiva della edificazione del socialismo con una politica capace di collegarsi alle strutture sociali, alla storia, alla tradizione nazionale del paese.
Grandi erano le difficoltà oggettive: la guerra fredda, la pressione offensiva dei gruppi imperialisti che si avvaleva di una forte emigrazione avvenuta contestualmente alla liberazione del paese, il pericolo della guerra calda con la richiamata necessità della difesa militare e l’impulso straordinario all’industria pesante, gravarono duramente, inasprendo quelle difficoltà.
Ma esse venivano affrontate applicando un modello uniforme, schemi e direttive che non si raccordavano con la realtà nazionale; difettò la capacità di elaborare un’analisi puntuale delle forze motrici della rivoluzione e di approfondire i legami con le grandi tradizioni patriottiche e nazionali. Perciò erano prevalsi metodi di direzione dall’alto che avevano impedito di trasfondere nella stessa classe operaia la chiarezza della prospettiva ed un suo coinvolgimento pieno nella elaborazione della linea politica; e ciò non poteva non avere grandi conseguenze nel rapporto Stato-masse allorché sacrifici anche pesanti si imponevano per superare un passaggio vitale nella storia della nuova Repubblica Popolare. E oltre al rapporto Stato-masse, queste condizioni avevano provocato grave nocumento alla democrazia interna di Partito, rendendo difficile il percorso di superamento delle difficoltà e degli errori, innescando una lotta interna aspra e disgregatrice - degenerata in una sterile esplosione di proteste, risentimenti, scontri di fazione – che anziché dare ai problemi una soluzione politica costruttiva, spezzava il Partito intaccando la sua egemonia tra le masse operaie e popolari, offrendo spazio e iniziativa ad altri centri di influenza e organizzazione ormai inquinati da tentazioni eversive.
Una vera sommossa nasceva dunque dal malcontento e dalle proteste popolari, deluse dai mancati aggiustamenti richiesti, ma anche confuse e disorientate al punto da non comprendere più l’esigenza di difendere comunque le basi popolari del regime come condizione per nuove conquiste sociali e civili. In quel momento, in quella ben precisa situazione storica la protesta degenerava ed assumeva il carattere di insurrezione armata contro le organizzazioni dirigenti del potere popolare e dunque, necessariamente, essa apriva le porte ad un ritorno delle forze politiche e di classe che erano state sconfitte dal regime di democrazia popolare mettendo in pericolo la fondamentale conquista che quel regime – pur tra errori e deviazioni – aveva realizzato: l’abbattimento del dominio politico ed economico delle classi capitalistiche.
Quando nei paesi socialisti la lotta politica o la protesta popolare assumono il carattere di insurrezione armata è inevitabile che si apra la strada alla provocazione e all’avventura reazionaria. Quali che fossero i sentimenti e i propositi di masse e strati di lavoratori che dagli errori e dalle colpe del passato erano stati trascinati nella sommossa, in quel momento la posta in gioco diveniva il ritorno o meno del vecchio regime capitalistico.
In quell’ora tragica si doveva sbarrare la strada a questo ritorno. In caso contrario le basi fondamentali del regime di democrazia popolare sarebbero state distrutte, non si sarebbe più parlato di sviluppo di una democrazia socialista ma di restaurazione dei vecchi rapporti di classe aprendo le porte ai piani di rivincita reazionaria più folli e pericolosi.
Non va dimenticato che proprio in quelle ore, sfruttando i tragici avvenimenti ungheresi, l’imperialismo tentava una sortita, pericolosissima per la pace mondiale, contro l’Egitto (vicenda del canale di Suez), per fortuna bloccata tempestivamente dall’intervento estremamente energico dell’Unione Sovietica.
Certo, era doloroso che il governo ungherese non fosse in grado di respingere con le sue forze la minaccia di un ritorno reazionario e dovesse pertanto richiedere l’intervento delle truppe sovietiche. Ma la realtà configurava un’alternativa netta e precisa: o difesa delle fondamenta popolari del nuovo regime o ritorno del potere latifondista. La scelta dell’intervento era dunque una scelta obbligata, anche per ridurre al minimo i danni materiali e umani che la situazione stava producendo.
Per cinquanta anni i fatti d’Ungheria sono stati il leit-motiv anticomunista di tanti, di troppi. Cinquanta anni dopo dobbiamo constatare invece che l’intervento, anzi il duplice intervento delle truppe sovietiche in Ungheria, non solo non ha impedito ma, con l’ascesa al potere di Janos Kadar, ha addirittura stimolato un processo di rinnovamento e sviluppo complesso ma chiaro e positivo: sotto la guida del comunista Kadar il nuovo regime è durato più di trent’anni e ha raggiunto obbiettivi di sviluppo economico, sociale e civile inconfutabili anche da parte occidentale. Paradossalmente ciò ha consentito che il passaggio di regime nell’89, dopo la caduta del muro, avvenisse senza traumi e violente lacerazioni. Rimane il fatto che dopo 15 anni di ritorno al capitalismo e di “normalizzazione” liberal-democratica i conti non tornano e l’Ungheria si ritrova a sua volta immersa nelle patologie tipiche provocate da un capitalismo selvaggio e corrotto: disuguaglianze, disoccupazione, povertà, precarietà sociale.
Quanto alle conseguenze nel nostro paese di quell’intervento, va, a mio avviso, totalmente rovesciato il discorso periodicamente riemergente della “occasione storica perduta”.
Il PCI espresse allora la sua solidarietà all’intervento. La maggioranza del PSI invece lo criticò. I comunisti e una forte minoranza del PSI formarono in tal modo un blocco che impedì il dilagare di una socialdemocratizzazione della sinistra di classe Quelli che rimpiangono l’occasione perduta sono costretti perciò ad ignorare il seguito della storia e cioè che il movimento operaio italiano resistendo agli inviti liquidatori dei critici dell’intervento ha saputo dar vita ad un percorso che, negli anni successivi, ha fortemente modificato le basi della società italiana realizzando conquiste economiche e sociali che hanno eliminato differenze storiche con i paesi più avanzati d’Europa, conquiste dell’ordinamento civile e democratico, peraltro messe periodicamente in discussione dalle forze conservatrici.
Ecco perché Nenni ha sbagliato nella sua radicale condanna dell’Unione Sovietica e nella conseguente rottura del Patto di Unità d’azione con il PCI.
Ecco perché Bertinotti sbaglia due volte nella rivalutazione delle posizioni di Nenni sui fatti d’Ungheria cinquanta anni dopo.
Dichiarazione finale del Seminario Internazionale
I partecipanti al Seminario Internazionale indetto dal WFDY
(Federazione Mondiale della Gioventù Democratica) delle
organizzazioni giovanili comuniste, anti-imperialiste e progressiste
(EDON, UJDL, UJCE, JCP, KNE, GUPS, YOUTH OF TKP, FGCI, YS CROATIA,
SKOJ, Norway KU, RKSM(B) C.Y POLAND) a margine del 32° Odigitis
Festival del KNE (Gioventù Comunista Greca), denunciano il barbaro
attacco al Libano e il continuo massacro in Palestina, ad opera di
Israele, in linea con il piano imperialista della Nato per il Nuovo
Medio Oriente, pianificato e promosso dagli Usa, con l’aiuto dei loro
volontari alleati. L’obiettivo di questo piano è il controllo
imperialista del Medio Oriente, una regione di enorme importanza
strategica
Questo tentativo è portato avanti in vari modi; in questa
occasione mediante bombardamenti, massacri ed embarghi criminali ai
danni del Libano e della Palestina, in altre occasioni con i così
detti mezzi della diplomazia, in nome di una pace falsa, intervenendo
per portare a termine ciò che non sono riusciti a concludere sul
campo di guerra. Contemporaneamente continuano a minacciare con ogni
mezzo stati, governi e popoli che non riconoscono come la Siria,
l’Iran, la Corea del Nord etc. Al tempo stesso, le minacce a Cuba e
al Venezuela raggiungono il punto massimo.
Gli attacchi ai diritti e le battaglie dei giovani per
l’educazione, l’impiego e una vita con i diritti si sta rafforzando.
Di fronte a questa situazione, salutiamo ed esprimiamo la nostra
incondizionata solidarietà al popolo libanese e palestinese. La
resistenza dei popoli del Medio Oriente riempie di ottimismo e
coraggio i popoli e la gioventù del mondo intero. Questa è la
dimostrazione che l’iniziativa delle masse può essere vincente a
bloccare i piani imperialisti. Esprimiamo solidarietà alla lotta dei
5 eroi cubani detenuti da 8 anni nelle carceri di Miami, imprigionati
dagli Usa. Le organizzazioni della regione del Medio Oriente che sono
oggi fra noi, hanno dato un contributo d’avanguardia e distintivo
nell’organizzazione della battaglia della gioventù nella regione, dei
giovani lavoratori, negli studenti universitari e degli studenti in
generale, a fronte di circostanze estremamente difficili.
Siamo ispirati dal sacrificio eroico dei 5 membri e quadri martiri
dell’UDYL che si sono aggiunti alla lunga lista delle oltre 1000
vittime degli attacchi al Libano e Palestina e ai più di 5000
palestinesi morti dall’inizio dell’Intifada. Sottolineiamo anche
l’importanza della resistenza in Iraq all’occupazione americana.
Le mobilitazioni di solidarietà organizzate in tutto il mondo, il
contributo delle organizzazioni giovanili comuniste, anti-
imperialiste e progressiste con il coordinamento del WFDY hanno
giocato un ruolo primario ad orientare questa battaglia sia contro la
selvaggia, imperialista ed interventista guerra sia dal punto di
vista della resistenza e della battaglia dei popoli. I giovani sono
scesi nelle strade in ogni angolo del mondo ed hanno denunciato
l’attacco al Libano ed alla Palestina, e adesso hanno preso coscienza
del fatto che l’imperialismo, che priva loro dei diritti riguardo
alla sfera dell’educazione, del lavoro a tempo indeterminato e con
ogni tipo di diritti, dei diritti democratici, è lo stesso che è
responsabile delle guerre.
Ci impegniamo a continuare con ancor più persistenza nel tentativo
che il movimento giovanile contribuisca nella battaglia affinché
Israele si ritiri da tutti i territori libanesi e palestinesi,
siriani e tutti i territori arabi, in accordo con le risoluzioni
delle Nazioni Unite, così com’era prima del 1967. È anche importante
esercitare le più forti pressioni per chiedere la liberazione di
tutti i prigionieri arabi. Le popolazioni della regione dovrebbero
scegliere il proprio futuro.
Uniamo le nostre voci e le nostre azioni in prima linea per la
mobilitazione delle organizzazioni giovanili di massa, costruendo
iniziative di solidarietà in tutto il mondo con l’aiuto e il
coordinamento del WFDY, specialmente nella regione Medio Orientale, e
naturalmente uniremo tutti i nostri sforzi per organizzare un grosso
evento internazionale per celebrare l’anniversario per i 60 anni di
nascita del Festival Mondiale della Gioventù e degli Studenti, nel
2007 in Venezuela.
Lunga vita alla solidarietà internazionale.
Lunga vita alla battaglia delle giovani generazioni e dei popoli
contro l’imperialismo.
Athene, 16/9/2006
Fonte: www.solidnet.org
Traduzione di: Francesco Maringiò
I partecipanti al Seminario Internazionale indetto dal WFDY
(Federazione Mondiale della Gioventù Democratica) delle
organizzazioni giovanili comuniste, anti-imperialiste e progressiste
(EDON, UJDL, UJCE, JCP, KNE, GUPS, YOUTH OF TKP, FGCI, YS CROATIA,
SKOJ, Norway KU, RKSM(B) C.Y POLAND) a margine del 32° Odigitis
Festival del KNE (Gioventù Comunista Greca), denunciano il barbaro
attacco al Libano e il continuo massacro in Palestina, ad opera di
Israele, in linea con il piano imperialista della Nato per il Nuovo
Medio Oriente, pianificato e promosso dagli Usa, con l’aiuto dei loro
volontari alleati. L’obiettivo di questo piano è il controllo
imperialista del Medio Oriente, una regione di enorme importanza
strategica
Questo tentativo è portato avanti in vari modi; in questa
occasione mediante bombardamenti, massacri ed embarghi criminali ai
danni del Libano e della Palestina, in altre occasioni con i così
detti mezzi della diplomazia, in nome di una pace falsa, intervenendo
per portare a termine ciò che non sono riusciti a concludere sul
campo di guerra. Contemporaneamente continuano a minacciare con ogni
mezzo stati, governi e popoli che non riconoscono come la Siria,
l’Iran, la Corea del Nord etc. Al tempo stesso, le minacce a Cuba e
al Venezuela raggiungono il punto massimo.
Gli attacchi ai diritti e le battaglie dei giovani per
l’educazione, l’impiego e una vita con i diritti si sta rafforzando.
Di fronte a questa situazione, salutiamo ed esprimiamo la nostra
incondizionata solidarietà al popolo libanese e palestinese. La
resistenza dei popoli del Medio Oriente riempie di ottimismo e
coraggio i popoli e la gioventù del mondo intero. Questa è la
dimostrazione che l’iniziativa delle masse può essere vincente a
bloccare i piani imperialisti. Esprimiamo solidarietà alla lotta dei
5 eroi cubani detenuti da 8 anni nelle carceri di Miami, imprigionati
dagli Usa. Le organizzazioni della regione del Medio Oriente che sono
oggi fra noi, hanno dato un contributo d’avanguardia e distintivo
nell’organizzazione della battaglia della gioventù nella regione, dei
giovani lavoratori, negli studenti universitari e degli studenti in
generale, a fronte di circostanze estremamente difficili.
Siamo ispirati dal sacrificio eroico dei 5 membri e quadri martiri
dell’UDYL che si sono aggiunti alla lunga lista delle oltre 1000
vittime degli attacchi al Libano e Palestina e ai più di 5000
palestinesi morti dall’inizio dell’Intifada. Sottolineiamo anche
l’importanza della resistenza in Iraq all’occupazione americana.
Le mobilitazioni di solidarietà organizzate in tutto il mondo, il
contributo delle organizzazioni giovanili comuniste, anti-
imperialiste e progressiste con il coordinamento del WFDY hanno
giocato un ruolo primario ad orientare questa battaglia sia contro la
selvaggia, imperialista ed interventista guerra sia dal punto di
vista della resistenza e della battaglia dei popoli. I giovani sono
scesi nelle strade in ogni angolo del mondo ed hanno denunciato
l’attacco al Libano ed alla Palestina, e adesso hanno preso coscienza
del fatto che l’imperialismo, che priva loro dei diritti riguardo
alla sfera dell’educazione, del lavoro a tempo indeterminato e con
ogni tipo di diritti, dei diritti democratici, è lo stesso che è
responsabile delle guerre.
Ci impegniamo a continuare con ancor più persistenza nel tentativo
che il movimento giovanile contribuisca nella battaglia affinché
Israele si ritiri da tutti i territori libanesi e palestinesi,
siriani e tutti i territori arabi, in accordo con le risoluzioni
delle Nazioni Unite, così com’era prima del 1967. È anche importante
esercitare le più forti pressioni per chiedere la liberazione di
tutti i prigionieri arabi. Le popolazioni della regione dovrebbero
scegliere il proprio futuro.
Uniamo le nostre voci e le nostre azioni in prima linea per la
mobilitazione delle organizzazioni giovanili di massa, costruendo
iniziative di solidarietà in tutto il mondo con l’aiuto e il
coordinamento del WFDY, specialmente nella regione Medio Orientale, e
naturalmente uniremo tutti i nostri sforzi per organizzare un grosso
evento internazionale per celebrare l’anniversario per i 60 anni di
nascita del Festival Mondiale della Gioventù e degli Studenti, nel
2007 in Venezuela.
Lunga vita alla solidarietà internazionale.
Lunga vita alla battaglia delle giovani generazioni e dei popoli
contro l’imperialismo.
Athene, 16/9/2006
Fonte: www.solidnet.org
Traduzione di: Francesco Maringiò
[ Traduit en français par le PTB. La première partie à lire ici :
http://www.michelcollon.info/articles.php?dateaccess=2006-09-04%2006:54:28&log=lautrehistoire
ou ici :
Extrait: "Certaines forces, en particulier autour du « parti de la gauche européenne », sont non seulement arrivées à la conclusion que la lutte armée était devenue obsolète, mais remettent même en cause la légitimité de cette forme de lutte. Outre qu’elles excluent l’usage de la force dans la lutte de classe à l’intérieur du pays, elles critiquent ouvertement les peuples qui résistent aux attaques militaires impérialistes".
De la part du Parti Communiste de Grèce, vendredi 8 septembre 2006
==================================================
Notes sur la Guerre civile grecque (1946-1949) – Quelques réflexions
Par Costas Pateras*
La camarade Aleka Papariga dans son discours lors du mémorial a fait référence aux questions qui se posent à propos de la décision du KKE de commémorer le 60ème anniversaire de la formation de l’Armée démocratique de Grèce (ADG):
« Pourquoi remuons-nous les souvenirs, pourquoi amenons-nous de nouveau cette lutte particulière dans le discours public, une lutte que certains ont baptisée une ‘guerre de bandits’ et que d’autres jugent être une guerre civile impitoyable des deux côtés ? »
Il s’agit d’abord, bien sûr, d’honorer les militants qui ont combattu dans les rangs de l’ADG : ceux qui ont été tués, emprisonnés, torturés et exilés durant la guerre civile et les années qui ont suivi. Cela afin de souligner les sacrifices que ces hommes et femmes ordinaires ont accomplis dans la lutte pour la démocratie, l’indépendance nationale et le socialisme.
Il s’agit ensuite de se souvenir de l’intervention impérialiste anglo-américaine, de leurs gouvernements fantoches, des îles-prisons telles que Makronissos, de la violence et de l’intransigeance de la classe dominante. Cela en soi est déjà suffisant, mais il en découle bien sûr différentes questions qui sont d’une importance cruciale dans le monde d’aujourd’hui.
C’est une occasion de contrer la réécriture de l’histoire, les calomnies et les mensonges qui ont caractérisé le discours majoritaire sur cette lutte (c’est-à-dire celui de la classe dominante) depuis 60 ans. Le langage de la droite est instructif. L’ADG était considérée entre autres comme « étant dirigée par l’étranger », comme une armée « bulgare », une armée de « bandits ». Cette attaque idéologique patente allait de pair avec une historiographie d’opportunistes et de sociaux-démocrates qui s’étendait, en les déformant, sur les erreurs réelles et imaginaires de l’ADG et du KKE, et qui minimisait l’importance de l’intervention impérialiste en Grèce et le niveau de violence dirigée contre le mouvement populaire. Cette approche cherche à désorienter les progressistes et à les empêcher d’essayer de rechercher un changement radical. Face à tout cela, il est urgent de réaffirmer que la lutte de l’ADG était la continuation de la lutte démocratique anti-impérialiste de l’EAM contre l’occupation fasciste, cette fois contre l’impérialisme anglo-américain et leurs collaborateurs domestiques, urgent aussi d’expliquer au peuple les véritables raisons de la guerre civile ; en particulier à la lumière de l’anti-communisme renouvelé, dont un exemple a été la motion récente passée par le Conseil de l’Europe.
L’étude des expériences et des leçons de la Guerre civile grecque - période de la lutte de classe la plus intense jusqu’à présent dans l’histoire grecque - est inestimable pour le mouvement populaire d’aujourd’hui. Les erreurs commises peuvent être convenablement analysées dans leur plein contexte historique, la vraie nature de la réaction intérieure et de l’impérialisme, les formes nécessaires de la lutte, le développement des institutions du pouvoir populaire dans les zones libérées, le travail idéologique réalisé parmi les rangs des combattants, etc.
Après les contre-révolutions en URSS et dans les pays socialistes d’Europe de l’Est, l’impérialisme est entré dans une phase nouvelle, plus agressive. Les compromis anciens ont été abandonnés, libérés de l’influence contraignante du bloc socialiste. Cela a signifié de nouvelles guerres coloniales et des attaques féroces contre les droits sociaux et démocratiques de la classe ouvrière partout dans le monde. Les peuples résistent bien sûr, que ce soit en combattant contre l’occupation au Liban, en Palestine et en Irak, en conservant des gouvernements démocratiques et anti-impérialistes comme au Venezuela ou en poursuivant leur développement socialiste comme à Cuba, ou encore par les luttes de la classe ouvrière partout dans le monde contre les restructurations. Les puissances impérialistes utilisent toutes les approches - diplomatique et militaire - nécessaires pour écraser la résistance – sans succès jusqu’ici.
Cela s’accompagne d’une bataille idéologique pour criminaliser ceux qui résistent, en les accusant de « terrorisme », et pour décourager les autres de suivre le chemin du combat. Allant même au-delà, ils parlent maintenant de la « nécessité de combattre les idées et organisations extrémistes ». Les mouvements populaires et ouvriers, les mouvements et les luttes de libération nationale sont diffamés et on invoque un « humanisme » pharisien afin de présenter leurs combattants armés comme des terroristes et des assassins patentés. Et cela alors que le terrorisme d’Etat des Etats capitalistes s’accentue tant contre leur propre classe ouvrière que contre d’autres peuples et pays, en utilisant tous les moyens, politiques, diplomatiques et militaires, menant la violence d’Etat impérialiste à des niveaux sans précédent et la dotant de nouvelles caractéristiques de classe.
La propagande bourgeoise prend constamment et de façon consistante pour cible la lutte de classe, indépendamment des formes qu’elle peut adopter, la déclarant obsolète et nuisible aux intérêts du peuple. Ce faisant, elle tente de calomnier les idées les plus hautes et nobles que l’humanité ait connues, c’est-à-dire les idées et les objectifs communistes.
On notera que, dans le même temps, abondent les arguments soutenant la « réconciliation de classe », le « dialogue social » entre les soi-disant « partenaires sociaux ». La collaboration de classe est présentée comme le moyen de faire face aux « défis modernes », comme le chemin menant au progrès social.
Un argument courant de la bourgeoisie est d’affirmer que le droit de la classe ouvrière et de ses alliés d’utiliser la violence est extrémiste. Elle dissimule le fait que la violence du mouvement populaire est utilisée défensivement contre la violence de la classe dominante, tandis qu’en même temps elle continue à masquer la violence de l’Etat bourgeois, de ses institutions et de sa machinerie. De même pour la violence à plusieurs facettes que les capitalistes exercent sur les travailleurs sur les lieux de travail. Quand des armées impérialistes occupent des pays ou envoient des escadrons de police pour réprimer les piquets de grève, comment devrait répondre le mouvement populaire ? La bourgeoisie cherche à empêcher le peuple de se poser la question de base à propos du pouvoir que Bertolt Brecht a exprimée de façon concise : « A qui appartient demain – à qui appartient le monde ? »
Sous cet aspect, les points de vue réformistes et opportunistes convergent vers l’idéologie impérialiste, chose qui est également présente dans les discussions sur la « non-violence ». Certaines forces, en particulier autour du « parti de la gauche européenne », sont non seulement arrivées à la conclusion que la lutte armée était devenue obsolète, mais remettent même en cause la légitimité de cette forme de lutte. Outre qu’elles excluent l’usage de la force dans la lutte de classe à l’intérieur du pays, elles critiquent ouvertement les peuples qui résistent aux attaques militaires impérialistes. Dans le contexte de l’agressivité renforcée de l’impérialisme aujourd’hui, appeler les mouvements à s’abstenir d’utiliser toutes les formes possibles de lutte constitue en fait un compromis avec l’impérialisme : une caractéristique de base de l’opportunisme. C’est également évident au vu de la position prise par ces forces concernant le déploiement de troupes en Afghanistan, la participation de leurs pays à la nouvelle force d’occupation de l’Onu qui sera déployée au Liban, etc.
Un argument semblable considère « la lutte armée comme un dernier recours ». Cela semble être raisonnable à première vue, mais tant l’expérience que la réalité réfutent cette thèse. Les partisans de cette proposition tendent d’une manière non dialectique à opposer le travail pacifique de masse à l’activité armée de groupes élitistes de partisans, en affirmant la supériorité morale de la non-violence. En présentant la question comme une question morale, il en découle que, s’il est possible d’organiser une manifestation avec succès, c’est alors une erreur d’effectuer également des actions armées. En fait, en période de luttes de classe intenses, toutes les formes de lutte peuvent être utilisées, de la grève à la guérilla. Les expériences des mouvements de résistance en Europe pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale illustrent cela, y compris la Guerre civile grecque. Dans ces situations, il est dangereux de tergiverser (un danger implicite de ce slogan). Le mouvement populaire n’a pas d’autre option que d’agir d’une manière décidée pour contrer la violence de la classe dominante afin d’amener une conclusion favorable.
Cette thèse alimente l’illusion quant à la possibilité que la classe bourgeoise, que ce soit dans son propre pays ou dans le cadre de l’occupation d’une autre nation, remettra allégrement le pouvoir au mouvement populaire. Il ne peut y avoir un « partage » du pouvoir, ni de « troisième » voie ou de chemin « intermédiaire » en faveur des intérêts du peuple. Du moins telle n’a pas été l’expérience des mouvements communiste et de libération nationale au XXe siècle. Certaines des conclusions de base qu’a tirées le KKE lorsqu’il a évalué d’une façon critique ses activités de 1944 à 1947 sont centrées précisément sur ces points. L’histoire de notre mouvement est jonchée d’avertissements salutaires, ainsi que de fausses espérances qui ont rapidement abouti à la désillusion, à la capitulation et à l’assimilation comme ce fut le cas des diverses tendances de centre-gauche.
En nous souvenant aujourd’hui de la lutte de l’Armée démocratique de Grèce, nous affirmons le droit des peuples de résister à l’impérialisme et de décider de leur propre avenir. La résistance héroïque du peuple libanais à l’invasion israélienne soutenue par les USA et le grand mouvement de solidarité qui s’en est suivi, ainsi que le rôle des communistes au sein de celui-ci, montre que la résistance au prétendu « Nouvel Ordre mondial » est à la fois possible et nécessaire.
Néanmoins, aussi longtemps qu’un mouvement communiste distinct n’émerge pas suffisamment fort et capable de conduire une contre-attaque stratégique, les mouvements populaires, les forces progressistes radicales qui émergent seront plus vulnérables à la confusion et à la manipulation.
Les évolutions récentes ont contredit ceux qui proclamaient la « fin de l’histoire » et « l’inévitable défaite » du marxisme-léninisme et des partis communistes. Au contraire, les faits eux-mêmes mettent en lumière le rôle indispensable des partis communistes et du socialisme comme seule alternative à la barbarie capitaliste.
*Costas Pateras, associé de la section internationale du KKE
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(english - con telegrafici titoli in lingua italiana)
Neverending pogroms in Kosmet (6): Come la Transnistria
Sources of most of the following texts are:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/stopnato
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/
------
PICCHIATO UN SERBO NEL CENTRO DI DECANI
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/b92082306.htm
SERB REPORTEDLY BEATEN UP BY TWO ALBANIANS IN KOSOVO TOWN
BBC Monitoring International Reports - August 23, 2006 Wednesday
Text of report by Belgrade-based Radio B92 on 23 August
[Newsreader] Two [Kosovo] Albanians have beaten up a 55-year old
[Serb] Vuk Danilovic in the centre of Decani while he was attended
the opening of a multiethnic camp organized by the OSCE, the [Serbian
Orthodox Church's] Raska Prizren Eparchy information office has
reported.
The attack took place yesterday, a day after the opening of the
multiethnic camp, at which 30 children from the Serb, Albanian and
Rom communities had gathered. The Eparchy said that the perpetrators
had fled the scene and that the incident was reported to the Kosovo
Police Service [KPS].
---
IL PARTITO SOCIALISTA SERBO STIGMATIZZA LE DICHIARAZIONI RAZZISTE DI
AHTISAARI
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/beta082606.htm
SOCIALIST PARTY LEADER UN ENVOY STATEMENT ON KOSOVO SHOWS ANTI-SERB
PREJUDICE
BBC Monitoring International Reports - August 26, 2006 Saturday
Text of report by Serbian news agency Beta
Ivica Dacic, chairman of the main committee of The Socialist Party of
Serbia (SPS) said that the most recent statement made by UN Envoy
Martti Ahtisaari in connection with Kosovo reflects his prejudice and
stems from his desire to "pass judgment on an entire nation".
"This is yet further confirmation that these are not negotiations but
an imposed solution and he is not a mediator but the Albanian side's
helper," Dacic told Beta Agency in connection with Ahtisaari's
statement that the policy that was conducted by Slobodan Milosevic
"has to be taken into consideration" in deciding on the status of
Kosovo.
"Besides, not even the Chernomyrdin-Ahtisaari plan for a stop to the
bombing is being respected today and Serbia must respond to that
urgently and unanimously," Dacic said.
According to him, Serbia should respond that it considers Kosovo its
unalienable part and that it is prepared to talk about the autonomy
of Kosovo within Serbia, but that it will not accept an imposed
solution.
"That is why we are demanding an urgent session of our assembly on
this issue," Dacic said, pointing out that in addition to Ahtisaari's
statements it is also necessary to hold an assembly session because
of indications that an imposed solution on the province's
independence would be attempted by the end of the year.
He said that the Serb nation in the former Yugoslavia "was actually
the greatest victim of nationalism, terrorism, and separatism".
"Today there are no more Serbs in Knin, in Pristina, and very few are
left in the Federation of Bosnia-Hercegovina, so who was it then that
carried out ethnic cleansing?" Dacic said.
He pointed out that all "government factors" today have the same view
"in connection with Kosovo", just as the SPS has had "all these
years, because that is not a party issue but a state and national
issue".
Speaking at today's news conference in response to the demands of the
coordinators of the Serbian negotiating team who asked him to clarify
his statement that the "Serbs were culpable as a nation", Ahtisaari
said that "every nation in the world has its burden for which it has
to pay".
---
NOTIZIE DI ATTIVITÀ PARAMILITARI PRESSO ISTOK
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/fonet090306.htm
Kosovo Serbs alarmed by reports of paramilitary activity
BBC Monitoring Europe (Political) - September 3, 2006 Sunday
Text of report by Serbian independent news agency FoNet
Zubin Potok, 2 September: Zubin Potok Deputy Mayor Srdjan Djurovic
today told FoNet that around thirty armed persons wearing black
uniforms had been spotted on the slopes of Mt Mokra Gora on 30 August.
"They practiced shooting in the area between Zubin Potok and Istok
municipalities and their presence, and the fact that they were not
members of Kfor [NATO-led Kosovo Force], has greatly upset the Serb
population in this part of Kosovo," Djurovic said.
Representatives of Zubin Potok municipality informed NATO southern
wing commander Admiral Harry Ulrich about the incident at a meeting
today.
"He told us that Kfor was investigating the report. The newly
appointed Kfor commander, German Gen Roland Kather, and the commander
of the Multinational Brigade North, French Gen Jean-Jacques Barthes,
also attended the meeting," Djurovic said.
---
BOMBA CONTRO CASA SERBA PRESSO KLINA
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/kp091306.htm
UN CONFIRMS BOMBING OF KOSOVO SERB HOME NEAR KLINA
BBC Monitoring International Reports - September 13, 2006 Wednesday
Text of report by Serbia-Montenegrin radio Kontakt Plus on 13 September
[Presenter] UNMIK [UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo] today
confirmed that that the Vasic family home in the village of Stupelj
near Klina had been bombed day before yesterday.
Unknown attackers tried to torch another house belonging to the Vasic
family, but failed in their intention, UNMIK police spokesman Thomas
Leigh [phonetic] said at a news conference in Pristina. Leigh said
that the International Police and the Kosovo Police Service had
launched an investigation into the incident, but that their efforts
were being hampered by the silence of the neighbours.
Leigh added that this incident should not threaten the "good
relations" between Albanians and Serbs in Klina municipality.
UNMIK spokeswoman Miriam Dessables said that UNMIK deputy chief
Steven Schook was on a visit to Klina municipality over the bombing
of the Vasic family home, and that he would discuss the problems
encountered by Serb returnees with local officials.
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=11937
Voice of Russia - September 13, 2006
A Serbian family house blown up in the northwest of Kosovo
A Serbian family house has been blown up in the
northwest of Kosovo, specifically, in the village of
Stupel, near the city of Klin.
The recently rebuilt house was the one of a Serbian
refugee family which has returned to the province
recently.
A neighbouring house, also of a Serb family, has been
gravely damaged.
There was no one in the houses when the explosive
device went off, so no casualties have been reported.
Kosovo Albanians, who’ve been pressing for a
withdrawal of the province from under Belgrade’s
jurisdiction, have repeatedly threatened to blow up
all houses that Serbian refugees may return to.
---
LA RUSSIA INTENZIONATA A PORRE IL VETO IN CASO DI VOTO ALL'ONU PER LA
SECESSIONE DEL KOSOVO
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n95647
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria)
September 11, 2006
Russia Will not Waver to Impose Veto if Decision for
Kosovo is Unacceptable for Moscow
London - Russian President Vladimir Putin doesn’t rule
out the possibility for Russia to impose a veto on the
UN Security Council decision for Kosovo if it is not
acceptable for Moscow, BETA agency announced, citing
the Financial Times.
Putin warned the West that Kosovo’s independence will
create a precedent in other problematic regions
including Abhazia and South Osetia in Georgia.
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?
cat=Politics&loid=8.0.339251872&par=0
ADN Kronos International (Italy) - September 12, 2006
KOSOVO: POSSIBLE RUSSIAN U.N. VETO ON INDEPENDENCE BUOYS SERBIA
Belgrade - Serbia's government has said it is cheered
by Russia's premier Vladimir Putin's recent comments
apparently hinting his country could veto any
"unacceptable" United Nations Security Council
resolution, such as one backing independence for the
breakaway province of Kosovo.
Serbian government spokesman Srdjan Djuric hailed
Putin's statement as a "principled stand, in harmony
with the highest principles of international law," on
the inviolability of the existing state borders.
Belgrade's press on Tuesday ran banner headlines
hailing Serbia's "Russian brothers."
Former foreign minister, Goran Svilanovic, called for
caution, however. He said the issue would never come
before the UN Security Council - the organisation's
top decision-making body - unless the decision was
first agreed upon in the so-called Contact Group for
Kosovo, which includes the United States, Great
Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia.
UN special envoy for Kosovo, Martti Ahtisaari, was due
to present a report on progress in negotiations
between Serbs and majority ethnic Albanians in Kosovo
during a meeting of the Contact Group on Monday
through Tuesday.
Elena Guskova, a Russian academic and an expert on
Balkans, told Belgrade media it was too early to say
what the Russian position on Kosovo might ultimately
be.
On one hand, Kosovo's independence would grant the
same rights to the people of the breakaway regions of
South Ossetia and Abkhazia in the former Soviet
republic of Georgia. But on the other hand, it could
boost separatist movements in Russian republics such
as Chechnya, she said.
Putin - whose country is one of the UN Security
Council's permanent five veto-wielding members, along
with Britain, France, the US and China - was quoted on
Monday by Britain's Financial Times newspaper as
saying: "If we find the solution for Kosovo
unacceptable, we will not hesitate to use our veto
right in the UN Security Council."
Putin's allegedly made the remarks last last Saturday
at a dinner with a group of American and Russian
journalists and businessmen at his residence in
Moscow. But a Russian government official neither
confirmed nor denied the statement, saying only he
couldn’t recall the word "veto" being used.
Putin reportedly said that the same yardstick should
be applied to Kosovo and the former Soviet republics.
"If a precedent is set, it will negatively reflect on
the post-Soviet region and it will be difficult to
explain to the peoples of South Ossetia and Abkhazia
why Albanians (in Kosovo) can breakaway from Serbia
and they cannot," he stated, quoted in the Financial
Times.
Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo say they will settle for
nothing less than independence, but Belgrade opposes
this, offering instead a form of wide local autonomy.
It has warned that if the province secedes from
Serbia, this would trigger a chain reaction in other
disputed regions in Europe and throughout the world.
Kosovo has been under UN control since 1999 and the
world powers, including the United States, have hinted
they are prepared to grant independence to Kosovo
ethnic Albanians, who make a 1.7 million majority
compared with just 100,000 Serbs remaining in the
province.
---
DEL PONTE: L'UCK UCCIDE I TESTIMONI
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n95643
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria)
September 11, 2006
Vecerne Novosti: KLA Rules Kosovo
Belgrade - The acknowledgement of the Chief Prosecutor
of the Hague Tribunal Carla Del Ponte that the Kosovo
Liberation Army (KLA) kills potential witnesses
against [its members] accused of war crimes is raising
the question for the responsibility of all who have
performed war crimes in Kosovo and will not be tried,
Vecerne Novosti reports.
The Hague Tribunal admits that is a sensitive topic
and they are not apt to talk about it.
But it acknowledges that without good witness
protection there is no way to reach the truth.
The KLA and its ex-commanders are now politicians,
state employees, leaders in the Corps for Defense of
Kosovo [Kosovo Protection Corps] and leaders of
criminal clans who have sent a clear message to their
compatriots - those who dare to speak [against] war
crimes will be liquidated.
That decision of the shadow cabinet was taken seven
years ago after the arrival of the international
[NATO] forces in Kosovo.
---
I TERRORISTI PAN-ALBANESI ATTIVI IN MONTENEGRO HANNO NAZIONALITÀ
STATUNITENSE
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n95668
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria)
September 11, 2006
Six US Citizens Planned Terrorist Attacks in Montenegro
Podgorica - Six US citizens together with allies from
Montenegro have planned to carry out terrorist attacks
on the territory of Malesia and Tuzi (in Montenegro)
on 10 and 11 September, the Directorate of the
Montenegrin police announced on Monday, cited by the
independent Montenegrin news portal PCNEN.
The US citizens - four of whom have been captured and
two are wanted - originate from the territory of
Malesia, Tuzi and Kosovo.
According to the chief of the criminal police in
Montenegro Ivan Masulovic, 12 people were arrested in
relation to the findings.
Masulovic added that former members of the Army for
the Liberation of Kosovo [Kosovo Liberation Army] had
also intended to participate in the terrorist attacks
and were expected to illegally enter Kosovo and
Montenegro.
Masulovic said that a small part of the weapons
intended for the attacks was found in the homes of the
detainees.
The larger part was found in a cave near Tuzi, where
the suspects were supposed to hide after the attack.
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n95686
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 12, 2006
Montenegrin Police Order International Search of Five
Albanian Terrorist Suspects
Podgorica - The police in Montenegro announced an
international search for five Albanians, four of whom
are US citizens, who are suspected of terrorism, the
Serbian agency TANJUG informs.
It is believed they had been planning a terrorist
attack in Montenegro.
However, officials of the international police force
in Kosovo stated the request of Montenegro’s police
has not yet been handed into the authorities in
Pristina, but added that the police of the UN Mission
in Kosovo (UNMIK) will react immediately if such a
request is filed.
---
"IN SUD OSSEZIA FAREMO COME IN KOSOVO"
http://www.interfax.com/3/192426/news.aspx
Interfax - September 12, 2006
Recognition of referendums in CIS issue for
international community - Prikhodko
MOSCOW - The Kremlin recognizes the principle
of territorial integrity, Russian presidential aide
Sergei Prikhodko said, adding that real political
processes should be taken into consideration not only
in South Ossetia and Transdniestria, but also in
other similar situations.
"The territorial integrity of a state, above all of a
state with which we have close relations, is
imperative; however, the imperative should assume
real political processes not only in [South Ossetia
and Transdniestria], but also in other parts of the
world, where there are referendums and parallels can
be drawn, despite where this happens,' he said.
---
FUCILATE CONTRO I SERBI DISARMATI CHE RACCOLGONO LA LEGNA
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/fonet091406.htm
Serbs collecting wood reportedly fired upon in Kosovo
BBC Monitoring Europe (Political) - September 14, 2006 Thursday
Text of report by Serbian independent news agency FoNet
Source: FoNet news agency, Belgrade, in Serbian 2030 gmt 13 Sep 06
Copyright 2006 British Broadcasting Corporation - Posted for Fair Use
only.
Kosovska Mitrovica, 13 September: Unknown persons have fired shots at
seven Serbs from Banje villages in Srbica municipality but nobody was
injured in the incident, the [Serbian] International Press Centre of
the Coordination Centre for Kosovo-Metohija [headed by Sanda Raskovic-
Ivic] has said.
Unidentified persons from the direction of Albanian-populated village
of Radesevo opened heavy fire against the Serbs who were going to the
woods to collect wood.
A statement said that the Kosovo Police Service [KPS] conducted an
investigation but in untimely manner.
"In this part of Kosovo-Metohija, Serbs own all forested land plots
which are constantly the target of stealing. Members of the Kosovo
Police Service are no longer making any efforts to protect property
of the Serbs in province," the statement said.
Five Serbs have been killed while 17 have been wounded in Banje and
Suvo Grlo village area since 1999 [arrival of NATO-led Kosovo Force].
At the end of 2000, three Serbs were killed and ten were wounded in
an attack on UNMIK [UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]
coach, the statement recalled.
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n95801
Unknown Attackers Shoot at Serbs in Kosovo
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 13, 2006
Kosovska Mitrovica - Unknown attackers shot at a group
of Serbs in the village of Bane, Srbica municipality.
This is what the press center of the Coordination
Center for Kosovo announced cited by RTS.
No Serbs were injured.
While they were gathering wood in the forest the Serbs
became the target of fierce firing coming from the
once mixed and now completely Albanian village of
Radesevo.
The Serbs own the land in this part of Kosovo and it
is exactly these plots that are the target of constant
pilfering on the part of the Albanians from the nearby
villages.
Since 1999 5 Serbs have been killed and 17 others have
been wounded in the territory of the Srbica
municipality.
The most serious crime was committed at the end of the
year 2000 when three Serbs were killed and ten others
were wounded during an attack against a UNMIK bus.
So far none of the perpetrators have been arrested,
RTS notes.
---
PUTIN: BASTA CON I "DUE PESI DUE MISURE"!
http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=19200
Putin: Recognition of Kosovo Independence May Have
Negative Impact on Conflict Settlements
PanArmenian.net - September 12, 2006
In case of declaring the independence of Kosovo
against Serbia's will, Russia will veto the decision
of the UN Security Council, Russian President Vladimir
Putin stated at a meeting with a group of scientists
from foreign countries in Moscow last week-end.
In the opinion of the Russian President, recognition
of Kosovo independence may have a negative impact on
conflict settlements in Nagorno Karabakh,
Transniestria, South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
"We should think of the regional consequences of the
recognition of Kosovo independence," the Russian
President said.
http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?menu=1&id_issue=11587510
Interfax - September 13, 2006
Putin calls for unified approach to Kosovo, Abkhazia,
South Ossetia
MOSCOW - The international community's approaches
toward settling the problems of Kosovo, Abkhazia, and
South Ossetia should be unified, Russian President
Vladimir Putin said at a recent meeting with Western
political analysts, the transcript of which is
available on the official presidential website.
"You cannot apply one set of standards to Kosovo and
another to Abkhazia and South Ossetia," Putin said.
"What is the difference between the situation in
Kosovo and that in Abkhazia or South Ossetia? There's
no difference at all," he said.
"Once we start manipulating public opinion or try to
do so, we will face problems," he said.
"People will feel cheated. Both in Southern Europe and
in the South Caucasus. This kind of policy cannot be
considered moral. It has no prospects," Putin said.
http://www.vor.ru/Exclusive/excl_next8300_eng.html
Voice of Russia - September 13, 2006
RUSSIA CALLS FOR A SHARED VIEW OF THE PLIGHT OF
SELF-PROCLAIMED REPUBLICS
Early ballot-casting has begun in the Transdniestrian
referendum on sovereignty.
Transdniestria is that part of Moldavia which sits on
the left bank of the Dniester River.
It has scheduled its sovereignty referendum for next
Sunday.
South Ossetian leader Eduard Kokoity has, in the
meantime, called a South Ossetian sovereignty
referendum for the 12th of next November.
South Ossetians are expected to cast two ballots in
two months from now – in the sovereignty referendum
and in presidential elections. Their republic means to
secede from Georgia.
Ballot-casting or no ballot-casting, it is clear what
the Transdniestrian and South Ossetian voters want for
their republics.
Transdniestria and South Ossetia have, for quite a
number of years now, been living as two sovereign
republics and seem to like it this way.
Do they really need their referendums?
An expert with the Institute of the Commonwealth of
Independent States Vladimir Zharikhin feels that there
is, on the one hand, the principle of territorial
integrity.
On the other hand, there is the right to
self-determination, and it takes a referendum to
confirm this right.
The two referendums in question have no chance to
leave an imprint on international law.
But they will surely show that the people of the two
self-proclaimed republics do seek sovereignty.
Which their governments will be likely to see as a
very serious argument.
No matter how much the West chooses to speak about the
inviolability of national borders, we have a good idea
of what happened in Montenegro. It is a public
referendum that crossed the t’s and dotted the i’s in
the divorce between Montenegro and Serbia – and that
referendum has, incidentally, been recognized by the
European democracies.
This very delicate situation has no room for rash
action.
The possibly successful result of the Kosovar efforts
to secede from Serbia will give the green light to
stepped-up efforts to win sovereignty in other parts
of this planet.
Russia urges the West to find a common denominator to
all efforts to win sovereignty.
Because, there are either no rules at all or the same
rules for every player in geopolitical games.
The latter is clearly preferable, from all points of
view.
---
IL NUOVO PROCONSOLE TEDESCO RUECKER ACCUSATO DI ESSERE APERTAMENTE
FILO-ALBANESE
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?
cat=Politics&loid=8.0.340246070&par=0
ADN Kronos International (Italy) - September 14, 2006
KOSOVO: SERBS ACCUSE LOCAL UN CHIEF OF PRO-ALBANIAN BIAS
Belgrade - Kosovo Serb leaders on Thursday accused
chief United Nations administrator, Joachim Ruecker,
of lobbying on behalf of the province's majority
ethnic Albanians - who demand independence - and of
presenting a distorted picture of the current
situation in the province which has been under United
Nations control since 1999.
The Serb reactions came after Ruecker’s report to the
UN Security Council on Wednesday, in which he said:
"The attempts to show Kosovo as a place where constant
attacks against minorities are taking place doesn’t
correspond to reality."
A Kosovo Serb leader, Milan Ivanovic, said Ruecker - a
German diplomat - was "behaving like an Albanian
lobbyist," and trying to "cover up the failure of the
UN's administration of Kosovo over the past seven
years."
He said no progress was made in providing greater
security for non-Albanian minorities and the return of
over 200,000 refugees who have fled the province since
1999.
Another Serb leader, Rada Trajkovic, told Belgrade
media that Rucker’s report was "far from reality." She
said that 1,194 Serbs and 593 members of other
minorities were killed in Kosovo since 1999, 1,300
kidnapped and missing, and more than 1,400 beaten up.
She said Kosovo was far from living under the rule of
law, and that Ruecker’s report was an attempt to
appease militant ethnic Albanians.
"Militant Albanians have succeeded in deceiving the
international community, but the fact that no major
company has invested in Kosovo clearly shows there is
no rule of law," said Trajkovic.
Serbian government coordinator for Kosovo, Sanda
Raskovic Ivic, told the UN Security Council that basic
human rights and democratic standards haven’t been met
in Kosovo, and that a rushed decision on its final
status would be counterproductive.
Similar stands were taken by Russia and China,
permanent members of the Security Council with veto
rights. Ruecker, who took up the UN post in Kosovo's
capital, Pristina, on 1 September, said that the
situation in Kosovo has significantly improved, but
that a lot still has to be done to make Kosovo a
multi-ethnic society.
"It won’t be easy," said Rucker, underlining that
majority ethnic Albanians and minority Serbs in the
province will have to live together regardless of the
outcome of the ongoing talks on Kosovo's future
status.
Echoing the stands of United States and British
ambassadors in the Security Council, Ruecker said that
it was in the best interests of both sides to make the
decision on Kosovo's status by the end of this year.
"For the good of Kosovo, this period of uncertainty
must end," he said.
Overwhelmingly Muslim ethnic Albanians, who form a 1.7
million majority compared with a tiny minority of
100,000 Serbs remaining in the province, demand
independence. This is opposed by Belgrade, which is
prepared to offer the province wide autonomy instead,
and by Kosovo Serbs.
Serbia's prime minister, Vojislav Kostunica on
Wednesday drew sharp criticism from ethnic Albanians
for controversial comments he made to the Serb
parliament on Tuesday saying that Kosovo's current
status as a part of Serbia should be enshrined in a
new constitution and voted for by Serbians.
Serb president Boris Tadic last week held talks with
top officials in the US capital, Washington in a bid
to drum up support for Serbia's position on Kosovo,
but admitted that US support for the province's
independence was "a prevailing trend."
The UN's envoy to Kosovo, Martti Ahtisaari, has
signalled the Security Council could impose a solution
on the province by the end of 2006 if ethnic Albanian
and Serb negotiators fail to reach agreement on its
status in ongoing UN brokered talks that have so far
failed to produce a breakthrough.
---
LA RUSSIA CONTRARIA AD OGNI LIMITE DI TEMPO SUI COLLOQUI PER LO STATUS
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=11950
RF opposed to Kosovo talks deadline
Voice of Russia - September 14, 2006
Russia is against setting a strict time limit for
talks to determine the future status of Kosovo.
As he addressed a Security Council meeting on
Wednesday the Russian Ambassador to the UN Vitaly
Churkin criticized interim administration in Kosovo
saying that Albanian leadership had failed to
guarantee the security of ethnic minorities in the
province.
The Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Edith Khardzhi,
who arrived in the US on Wednesday, said the UN
Security Council resolution on Kosovo should exclude
the province’s return to the 1999 status, when it was
fully dependent on Yugoslavia.
---
SOLIDARIETÀ DALLA TRANSNISTRIA: L'OCCIDENTE INCORAGGIA LA PULIZIA ETNICA
http://www.regnum.ru/english/706198.html
Transdnestr analyst: West encourages ethnic genocide
Regnum (Russia) - September 16, 2006
Senior expert of the Transdnestr branch of Russia’s
National Strategy Council, political analyst Vladimir
Bukarsky, comments on statements of Kosovo political
analyst Ermelinda Kanush made at a news conference at
the International Press Center in Tiraspol on
September 16 that, “the international community has
certain rules of the game; and if Transdnestr wants to
be recognized, it should play under the rules.”
Particularly, Bukarsky notes:
“Missis Kanushi seems to be considering a strict
geopolitical orientation towards the USA, the European
Union and other countries of the Euro-Atlantic bloc as
‘rules of the game of the international community.’
"She gives it to understand clearly that Transdnestr’s
geopolitical orientation towards Russia is
inadmissible, if Transdnestr wants to be recognized by
‘leading world actors.’
"It is worth remembering Transdnestr President Igor
Smirnov [being] offered recognition in exchange for
giving up his orientation towards Russia.
"As for citing the mono-ethnic composure of Kosovo,
Mrs. Kanushi is certainly cunning here.
"The mono-ethnic composition of Kosovo was achieved as
early as under Turkish rule, the Hitler genocide and
the ethnic cleansing of Serbs after the NATO
occupation of the territory.
Thus, the West gives it to understand that it
encourages ethnic genocide, let it only decrease
Russia’s geopolitical influence.”
---
UN ALTRO SOSPETTO TERRORISTA PAN-ALBANESE ARRESTATO IN MONTENEGRO
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n95945
Montenegro Police Arrest Another Terrorist Suspect
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 16, 2006
Podgorica - Yesterday the Montenegrin police arrested
M.B. from the town of Lokva, near Tuzi, who is
suspected of being a member of an organized group
planning to commit armed terrorist acts in Montenegro,
Montenegrin media inform.
A police announcement says the security forces have
found a Chinese-made semiautomatic rifle with six
cartriges, 26 detonation capsules, dynamite and
military uniforms in the home of the arrested suspect.
FOCUS News Agency informs:
Six US citizens together with allies from Montenegro
have planned to carry out terrorist attacks on the
territory of Malesia and Tuzi (in Montenegro) on 10
and 11 September, the Directorate of the Montenegrin
police announced on Monday, cited by the independent
Montenegrin news portal PCNEN.
The US citizens - four of whom have been captured and
two of whom still are wanted - originate from the
territory of Malesia, Tuzi and Kosovo.
According to the Chief of the criminal police in
Montenegro Ivan Masulovic, 12 people were arrested in
relation to the findings.
Masulovic added that former members of the Army for
Liberation of Kosovo /AOK/ have also intended to
participate in the terrorist attacks and were expected
to illegally enter Kosovo and Montenegro.
Masulovic said that a small part of the weapons,
intended for the attacks, was found in the homes of
the detainees.
The larger part was found in a cave near Tuzi, where
the suspects were supposed to hide after the attack.
---
I SERBI VENDONO LE LORO PROPRIETÀ ED ABBANDONANO LA LORO TERRA NELLA
INDIFFERENZA DELL'UNMIK
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n95954
Serbs Selling Their Kosovo Property
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 16, 2006
Pristina - The persons resettled from Kosovo resort to
selling their property in the region more frequently,
the Serbian newspaper Glas Javnosti informs.
According to some estimates almost a third of the
resettled Serbs have already sold their property and
at least as much are planning to do it despite their
sincere wish to go back to Kosovo.
The Albanians have already built plants, motels, and
hotels in the whole of Central Kosovo – Serbian land
until recently.
The real estate sale is done despite UNMIK’s decree
which limits the sale of Serbian property at places of
strategic importance.
The sales are made without any control or limitations
whatsoever.
---
AUTOBOMBA A GNJILANE
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96014
Local Self-Government Ministry Car Damaged in Gnjilane Blast
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 17, 2006
Gnjilane - A strong explosion in Gnjilane, Kosovo,
caused damage to four cars one of which belongs to the
Local Self-Government Ministry of Kosovo, RTS informs
citing Kosovo’s police forces. No people were injured
in the blast.
The spokesperson for the police Naser Ibrahimi stated
the explosion took place on Saturday at around 8.30
p.m. local time.
The motive behind the explosion is not yet clear, nor
is it clear what type of explosion caused the material
damage.
This is the second blast in Gnjilane for the last two
days. During the last explosion that took place late
on Thursday the car of Kosovo’s Interior Minister
Fatmir Rexhepi was damaged.
The police arrested two persons at the explosion site
near the building in which Minister Rexhepi resides.
However, because of lack of proof the two arrested
persons had been involved in the attack they were
released.
---
STUDENTE DESAPARECIDO A KOSOVSKA MITROVICA
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n95997
Serbian Student Disappears in Kosovska Mitrovica
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 17, 2006
Kosovska Mitrovica - The police in Kosovo and the
Serbian Interior Ministry are looking for Zoran
Tomovic, who was last seen in the northern part of
Kosovska Mitrovica on Wednesday evening, Tomovic’s
father announced cited by RTS.
Zoran Tomovic is a third-year student at the Legal
Faculty in Kosovska Mitrovica.
He is an immigrant from Klina, near Pec, and his
permanent address is in Budva, Montenegro.
---
REFERENDUM DEI RUSSOFONI IN TRANSNISTRIA, PARALLELISMI CON LA
SITUAZIONE DEI SERBI IN KOSMET
http://www.regnum.ru/english/706544.html
Russian MP Andrei Kokoshin: Outcomes of Transdnestr
referendum “should be taken into account by
international community”
Regnum (Russia) - September 18, 2006
“The mere fact of holding the Transdnestr referendum
is a consequence of policy carried out by Moldavia
[Moldova] and supported by several western countries
for several years,” the head of the State Duma
Committee on CIS Affairs and Relations with
Compatriots Andrei Kokoshin is quoted by a REGNUM
correspondent to state on Sep 18, commenting to the
press on the September 17 referendum on the status of
the Transdnestr Moldavian Republic.
Kokoshin pointed out that the referendum outcomes
“undoubtedly should be taken into account by the
international community.”
“Those who believe that the Kosovo issue will not
impact the situation in different parts of the world
are mistaken,” the MP stressed.
He believes that the Kosovo issue, which has recently
been included in the UN General Assembly agenda, has a
serious impact on public opinion in Transdnestr.
“At the same time,” Kokoshin observed, “many western
politicians prefer to call the Kosovo precedent a
separate special issue which should not be
extrapolated to other similar situations.”
http://www.vor.ru/Exclusive/excl_next8322_eng.html
TRANS-DNIESTER HAVE BACKED THE REGION’S INDEPENDENCE
Voice of Russia - September 18, 2006
The overwhelming majority of the voters in Moldova’s
breakaway region of Trans-Dniester have backed the
region’s independence and a plan to eventually join
Russia in last Sunday’s referendum.
Only about 3% of the voters have said yes to the
region’s union with Moldova.
The self-proclaimed republic of Trans-Dniester
declared itself to be independent from the Soviet
republic of Moldova in 1991, when they fought a bloody
civil war in the area.
All in all, there were 7 referendums in the 16-year
history of the self-proclaimed republic.
Back in December of 1991 the first referendum was held
and the region’s mainly Russian-speaking population
voted for Trans-Dniester’s independence and against
Moldova’s nationalist policy.
In return, Moldova waged a bloody conflict with
Trans-Dniester and only Russian peacekeepers managed
to stop the bloodshed.
Afterwards, Russia more than once helped
Trans-Dniester to overcome the consequences of
economic blockade when Kishinev [Chisinau] and Kiev
toughened their customs rules.
That’s why it was quite easy to predict the last
referendum’s results.
As for Moldova and Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe, they have already dismissed the
poll as illegitimate.
However,130 monitors from European and CIS countries
called Moldova’s and OSCE’s position a policy of
double standards.
The observers declared that the referendum had been
held according to international rules and some
insignificant violations could not influence the final
results.
Earlier, Russia’s Foreign Ministry Sergei Lavrov said
that it was necessary to assess the referendum with
common sense but without emotions, which may hide its
essence.
Mr.Lavrov stressed that it’s high time to return to
negotiations to settle the conflict.
People have been living in the conflict zone for more
than 10 years now and they should arrange their lives
somehow.
And holding the referendum doesn’t mean that we try to
escalate the situation in the area.
On the contrary, we draw the public attention to the
fact that the conflict poses many problems for the
Trans-Dniesterians.
Russia believes that the referendum results ought to
send a signal to the international community to
reconsider international legal norms concerning the
existing self-proclaimed republics.
It’s difficult to ignore the referendum if state
leaders pursue an honest policy without practising
double standards, which are used in Kosovo,
Montenegro, Trans-Dniester and other similar conflict
areas.
---
IL PRESIDENTE DEL PARLAMENTO ALBANESE CHIEDE DI SPACCARE IL PAESE
CONFINANTE
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?
cat=Politics&loid=8.0.341792924&par=0
KOSOVO: GRANT INDEPENDENCE, PARLIAMENTARY SPEAKER SAYS
ADN Kronos International (Italy) - September 19, 2006
Belgrade - Kosovo parliament president Kol Berisha has
warned of an ethnic Albanian rebellion if the province
is not granted independence in the near future, a
Serbian newspaper reports.
Belgrade daily Politika said in a front page article
on Tuesday that Berisha made the statement during a
visit to Slovenia on Monday.
According to Politika, Berisha said he expected that
the United Nations-brokered talks in Vienna on the
status of Kosovo status would yield no results and
that it was now up to the international community to
impose a solution, granting Kosovo independence.
Kosovo, whose majority ethnic Albanians insist on
independence, has been under UN control since 1999
when a NATO bombing campaign forced Serbian forces out
of the province.
But Belgrade opposes independence, arguing it would
trigger a chain reaction in the region. The UN has
hinted it wants to make a status decision by the end
of this year and Berisha warned that if the decision
wasn’t made in reasonable time “there could be a
rebellion”.
The Kosovo crisis erupted when ethnic Albanians, who
make a 1.7 million majority in Kosovo against some
100,000 remaining Serbs, rebelled against Belgrade
rule.
NATO intervention came as a reaction to what was
called a “humanitarian catastrophe”....
In a reaction to Berisha’s statement, Serbian Prime
Minister Vojislav Kostunica said Monday night that "no
one has the right to threaten with violence and
terror" urging the international community to "react
immediately to this most open threat so far”.
Chief UN negotiator Martti Ahtisaari is due to present
a report to the UN Security Council on the Kosovo
talks on Friday, but his spokeswoman Hua Jiang said on
Monday that Ahtisaari has already been instructed by
the so called Contact Group on Kosovo how to propose
the solution.
The Contact Group, consisting of representatives of
the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France,
Italy and Russia, is expected to propose a solution to
the Security Council, but Jiang said it was too early
to reveal what the proposal was.
http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=2118403&C=europe
UN Cautions Kosovo Albanians Over Talk of ‘Revolt’
By SHABAN BUZA - Reuters - September 20, 2006
PRISTINA, Serbia - An attack on Kosovo’s minority
Serbs triggered a sharp warning from the United
Nations to Albanian leaders on Sept. 20 to watch their
words, after one forecast a "revolt" if they are
denied independence from Serbia.
The comments by Kosovo parliament speaker Kole Berisha
outraged Serbia, which accused him of blackmail ahead
of a decision on Kosovo’s fate.
The remarks also struck a nerve with U.N. officials
trying to guide Kosovo through talks on its future
without the violent meltdown many observers have
predicted.
"If our aim of independence is not realized then
citizens’ revolts are expected in Kosovo," he said.
"We don’t want revolts, but we cannot exclude them if
our aim is not realized."
Berisha first made the statement on Monday in
Slovenia, and repeated it on his return to Kosovo late
on Tuesday.
Hours after Berisha spoke a hand grenade was lobbed
through the window of an apartment in the western town
of Klina, wounding four elderly Serbs.
They were former refugees who had returned to Kosovo
last year having fled after the 1998-99 war.
....
The last major outbreak of violence was in March 2004,
when mobs of Albanians overran Serb enclaves torching
homes.
Nineteen people died in two days of riots that caught
17,000 NATO peacekeepers off guard but effectively
drew the attention of the world back to Kosovo’s
continuing limbo.
Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica,
spearheading Serbia’s bid to keep the province,
condemned the attack.
"It is absolutely unacceptable that Serbs are killed
and Albanian separatists publicly threaten violence
and blackmail the international community," Kostunica
said in a late-night statement.
Finland’s Martti Ahtisaari, the chief U.N. mediator in
direct Serb-Albanian talks, briefs foreign ministers
of the major powers on Wednesday in New York as he
works towards a year-end deadline to propose a
solution.
Serbia last week enshrined Kosovo in the preamble of a
new constitution as forever Serbian.
Addressing a military parade at the weekend, Kostunica
said the province was and would remain "the heart of
Serbia."
But Western diplomats say Kosovo will likely win
independence, more than seven years since NATO bombs
drove out Serb forces....
The United Nations fears a rise in violence as a
decision nears, and even a bid by the mainly Serb
north to split Kosovo in two.
---
QUATTRO FERITI PER UNA BOMBA A KLINA
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/19/
AR2006091901032.html
Explosion in Kosovo wounds four Serbs
Reuters - September 19, 2006
PRISTINA, Serbia - Four elderly Serbs were wounded in
an explosion in the western Kosovo town of Klina on
Tuesday evening, police said.
A Serb official in the area told Reuters a bomb had
been thrown through the window of the victims'
apartment in the town center.
Police spokeswoman Sabrije Kamberi said the four had
been sent to hospital but their injuries were not
life-threatening.
Police said the victims were former refugees who had
returned to Klina a year ago having fled Kosovo after
the 1998-99 war.
Legally part of Serbia, the mainly ethnic Albanian
province has been run by the United Nations since
1999, when NATO bombs drove out Serb forces....
Negotiations are under way to decide the fate of the
territory. Its 90-percent Albanian majority demands
independence, but is under Western pressure to improve
the rights and security of the 100,000 remaining
Serbs.
At least half the Serb population fled a wave of
attacks after the war, and those who stayed live
mainly in isolated enclaves.
U.N. officials say the rate of attacks against Serbs
has fallen, but they fear fresh violence as a decision
nears on Kosovo's "final status."
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n96191
Four Serbs Injured in Kosovo Grenade Blast
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 20, 2006
Pristina - Four Serbs were injured yesterday when a
grenade exploded in the western part of Kosovo, AFP
informs.
Milorad Pavlovic and three other members of his family
were injured when an unknown attacker threw a grenade
through the window of their home in the western Kosovo
town of Klina.
The lives of the four wounded persons are out of
danger, AFP notes.
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?
cat=Politics&loid=8.0.342284468&par=0
KOSOVO: SERB HOME BOMBED, FOUR WOUNDED
ADN Kronos International (Italy) - September 20, 2006
Pristina - Four Serbs were injured when an explosive
device was thrown into their apartment in the Kosovo
town of Klina Tuesday night, in the latest violence in
the province whose final status - independence or
broad autonomy within Serbia - is to be determined by
the year's end.
Kosovo police spokeswoman Sabrije Kamberi confirmed
that the four were in hospital in the nearby town of
Pec and were out of danger, but gave no details.
Serbian news agency Tanjug reported a bomb was thrown
into the apartment of Milorad Pavlovic, wounding him
and three female relatives.
Protection of minority Serbs is one of the discussion
points in UN-brokered talks ongoing in Vienna between
the Kosovo representatives and Serbs.
The Pavlovic family, like an estimated 200,000 Serbs,
fled Kosovo in 1999 when Serbian forces were pushed
out of the province by a NATO bombing campaign and
Kosovo was put under United Nations control, returned
to their home a year ago, the agency said. Another
returnee, Dragan Popovic, was killed in Klina on 19
June.
Ethnic Albanians, who outnumber the remaining Serbs in
Kosovo by 17 to one, are pressing the international
community to grant them independence, which Belgrade
opposes.
The UN is set to make a decision on Kosovo status by
the end of this year and Kosovo parliament president
Kol Berisha said this week ethnic Albanians were ready
to rebel if their demands weren’t heeded.
Serbian prime minister Vojislav Kostunica appealed to
the international community to “stop Albanian
separatists in their terrorist orgy against Serbs”.
He called on the UN chief negotiator Martti Ahtisaari
to take the necessary steps to prevent similar
incidents if the international community doesn’t want
to become “an accomplice in crimes against Serbs.
"It is absolutely unacceptable that the Serbs are
being killed and that the Albanian separatists openly
threaten violence and blackmail the international
community,” Kostunica said in a statement to Tanjug.
Ethnic tension has remained high in Kosovo.
Last Friday, Kosovo police minister Fatmir Rexhepi's
car was bombed in the town of Gnjilane.
Two days later, a powerful explosion damaged four
vehicles and shattered windows in Gnjilane without
injuring anyone, local police said. Kosovo's ethnic
Albanian government and parliament issued statements
condemning the attacks.
Clashes between Albanians and ethnic Serbs in March
2004 left 19 people dead.
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=20&nav_id=36857
Four Serbs injured in Kosovo blast
Beta (Serbia) - September 20, 2006
PEC, BELGRADE - Four persons were injured last night
in Klina near Pec when an explosive device was thrown
into the home of Milorad Pavloviæ.
Kosovo Police Service says one person sustained
serious injuries, while three others were moderately
hurt, and that none of them has life-threatening
wounds.
The victims were transported to the Regional Hospital
in Peæ. Rada Pavloviæ, identified as the victim
suffering serious injuries, was later transferred to
the Priština Hospital.
Kosovo PM Agim Ceku and UNMIK Police Commissioner
arrived at the site, after which Ceku visited the
victims in hospital. Milorad Pavloviæ was the first
Serb to return to Klina. There are around 40 returnee
families in the town.
“On behalf of the Serbian government I call on Martti
Ahtisaari to immediately undertake all the necessary
actions to contain the Albanian separatists in their
terrorist rampage constantly victimizing Serbs”,
Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica said in
reaction to the Klina explosion.
He added that it was “absolutely unacceptable for
Serbs to be murdered and for Albanian separatists to
openly threaten violence and blackmail the
international community”.
---
LAVROV E TADIC SI INCONTRANO A NEW YORK
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=12066
Voice of Russia - September 20, 2006
Kosovo’s future status featured prominently on the
agenda of the meeting that the Russian Foreign
Minister Sergey Lavrov has had with Serbia’s President
Boris Tadic in New York
Kosovo’s future status featured prominently on the
agenda of the meeting that the Russian Foreign
Minister Sergey Lavrov has had with Serbia’s President
Boris Tadic in New York.
The parties to the talks have said they see eye-to-eye
on the issue.
According to President Tadic, the regional status
should be determined with due regard for the interests
of the Serbian and Albanian population.
Meanwhile in Kosovo four Serbs were injured in a blast
in the town Klina, west of Pristina, on Thursday in
what is the fourth attack of this kind in the past
five days.
http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=10811870&PageNum=0
Kosovo status requires consent of other party - Lavrov
Itar-Tass - September 20, 2006
UNITED NATIONS - Kosovo should not be given any status
without the consent of the other party, Russian
Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on Wednesday.
He was speaking at a meeting with the UN
Secretary-General’s special envoy for Kosovo status
talks, Martti Ahtisaari, at the UN headquarters in New
York.
“If that happens after all, a precedent will be
created,” Lavrov said.
“The contract group is working on recommendations for
the parties concerned, and they will have the final
say. When the parties have come to terms, the UN
Security Council will be prepared to approve of the
agreements. Dictating solutions to any party would be
counter-productive, be it Kosovo, Abkhazia or South
Ossetia.”
---
LA SERBIA ACCUSAC IL "MEDIATORE" RAZZISTA AHTISAARI DI FAZIOSITÀ
http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/novina/article.tpl?
IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=37009&NrIssue=145&NrSection=20
Serbia accuses Ahtisaari for partiality
MakFax (Macedonia) - September 20, 2006
Belgrade - The UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari does
not fulfill his duty of being an objective and neutral
mediator in the negotiations over Kosovo's status.
The Serbian Government's Co-Ordination Center
announced this on Tuesday, responding to Ahtisaari's
denial of "clear threats of violence on the part of
Albanians, if their political goals" of granting
independence to Kosovo "are not met".
The reaction of the Serbian Center for Kosovo followed
a series of blasts in the province over the last
couple of days and threats voiced by the members of
Pristina's negotiating team for the "extermination of
Serbs".
"The International community has to face an enormous
responsibility for the situation when UNMIK is
incapable of preventing terrorists to plant explosives
and bombs.
"Moreover, the representatives of the negotiating team
are threatening to slaughter all the non-Albanian
population, instead of promoting a compromise
solution", the announcement of the Serbian Center for
Kosovo says.
http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/novina/article.tpl?
IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=37033&NrIssue=145&NrSection=20
Kostunica urges Ahtisaari to sanction separatists in Kosovo
MakFax (Macedonia) - September 20, 2006
Belgrade/Pristina - The Serbian government called on
Martti Ahtisaari to take all necessary measures to
halt Albanian separatists who carried out terrorist
acts against Serbs.
The move comes after the late Tuesday explosion in
Kosovo's city of Kline, which left four members of a
Serbian family injured.
"The international community should immediately stop
the violence, otherwise it will become an accomplice
to crimes against Serbs," Serbian Prime Minister
Vojislav Kostunica said.
The blast occurred late Tuesday outside a home of
Pavlovic family. They are among the first Serb
returnees in Kline.
Kosovo's Prime Minister Agim Ceku and UNMIK police
officials headed toward the explosion site.
---
I PRESIDENTE DELL'ALBANIA MOISIU RINCARA: PRIMA SQUARTIAMO LA SERBIA
E POI USIAMO "DUE PESI DUE MISURE"
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96268
Albanian President: Kosovo’s Independence won’t Serve
as a Model for Solving Other Conflicts
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 21, 2006
New York - “There should be no fears that Kosovo’s
independence could serve as a model for solving other
conflicts”, Albanian President Alfred Moisiu said
during the session of the UN General Assembly in New
York, the Balkan Web reported.
He stated that each conflict should be solved
according to its historic and geographic features, and
the Kosovo issue couldn’t be used as a model, although
Russia demands that.
The Albanian President also said that the independence
of Kosovo would contribute to the regional stability.
---
LAVROV ALL'ONU RIBADISCE IL "NO" RUSSO AI "DUE PESI E DUE MISURE"
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=12092
Kosovo status to be defined by all parties involved
Voice of Russia - September 21, 2006
No status can be granted to the Kosovo Province
without the approval of the other side.
If this happens, a precedent will be created.
Russia’s foreign minister Sergei Lavrov said as much,
speaking in the United Nations.
He says that the work is being done at the moment to
work out corresponding recommendations for the parties
concerned.
The UN Security Council is ready to adopt them. Any
forceful resolution whatever is fatal.
Russia says Serbia’s interests must be taken into
consideration in full measure during the talks on the
future Kosovo status, as Sergei Lavrov stressed.
Besides, the Kosovo Albanians leaders must observe the
rights of the national minorities.
---
TADIC ALL'ONU: LA SECESSIONE KOSOVARA RAPPRESENTEREBBE UN PRECEDENTE
PERICOLOSO
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96397
Boris Tadic: Kosovo’s Independence Could Become
Dangerous Precedent
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 23, 2006
New York - The President of Serbia Boris Tadic said
after a meeting of the UN Security Council on Kosovo
talks that representatives of Belgrade could be
moderate optimists regarding Kosovo, the Serbian news
agency Mondo reported.
According to Tadic Kosovo’s independence could become
a dangerous precedent, which could lead to the
intensifying of the conflicts in many regions of the
world and to serious destabilization in the region, in
particular Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro.
---
LOBBY PAN-ALBANESE NEGLI USA FINANZIA IL TERRORISMO CONTRO IL MONTENEGRO
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n96301
US Albanians Financed Terrorist Group Detained in Montenegro
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 22, 2006
Podgorica - The terrorist group which the Montenegrin
police arrested not long ago had been financed by the
Albanian diaspora in the USA, the aim of which was to
found a ‘Greater Albania’, the Montenegrin newspaper
Dan reads today.
Citing its sources, the newspaper points out that one
of the possible ideologists of the terrorist group is
the arrested H.M. who was born in Ostros (near the
town of Ulcinj), but is currently residing in the US.
He has written a few books in the US in which he
openly insists on founding a Greater Albania.
---
SCRITTE MURALI ANTISERBE A KLINA
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=24&nav_id=36931
Unnerving graffiti in Klina
B92 (Serbia) - September 24, 2006
KLINA - Graffiti messages in Klina have recently
alarmed the Serbian population of that village.
The OSCE and the Kosovo police in Klina stated that
the walls of a number of public institutions, and one
Serbian home, which has been attacked on several
occasions, were covered today with the graffiti
messages; “Albanian national army,” and “Albanian
national unity front.”
Many of the Serbian returnees in the region are
worried, and some of the international officials in
Kosovo believe that the graffiti is linked to the
recent attacks on Serbian returnees in the region.
The presence of KFOR forces in Klina has been
increased.
...
---
ANCHE IL PREMIER DELL'ALBANIA CHIEDE DI SPACCARE IL PAESE CONFINANTE,
SCOPO ANNESSIONE
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-09/26/content_5137314.htm
Albanian PM asks for Kosovo's independence
Xinhua News Agency - September 25, 2006
TIRANA - Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha said on
Sunday that Serbia's opposition to Kosovo's
independence is "unrealistic," local media reported on
Monday.
Belgrade continues to take an unrealistic stand on
Kosovo's status, but the lack of realism should not
hamper the final solution, Berisha told reporters.
Albania has been the biggest supporter of Kosovo's
independence. Among Kosovo's 2 million people, 90 per
cent are Albanians.
However, Tirana has always said it has [no,
presuambly] territorial claims and does not intend to
change its borders.
Nearly seven months of negotiations under the auspices
of UN in Vienna have failed to bridge the gap between
the Serbs who oppose independence and the Kosovo
Albanians who insist on it.
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96514
Kosovo Albanians Intend to Announce Region's
Independence Unilaterally
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 25, 2006
Tirana - If Serbia doesn’t recognize Kosovo’s
independence then the Albanians in Kosovo will
announce the region’s independence unilaterally,
ITAR-TASS informs.
This is what Albania’s Prime Minister Sali Berisha
said in Tirana today while commenting on the session
of the Contact Group for Kosovo that was held in New
York last week.
“Belgrade continues to demonstrate its lack of realism
but its stand should not hinder the final decision on
the Kosovo issue,” Mr. Berisha said.
http://www.voanews.com/english/2006-09-25-voa35.cfm
Albania's Prime Minister Urges Kosovo Independence
By Barry Wood - Voice of America News - September 25, 206
Tirana - Officials from Serbia and Albania continue to
spar over the future of Kosovo Province, as the U.N.
negotiator moves toward a possible settlement of the
issue.
In remarks to reporters Sunday, Albanian Prime
Minister Sali Berisha said Serbia's approach to the
Kosovo status negotiations has been unrealistic. He
said that with Kosovo Albanians and Serbs taking
opposite positions, the United Nations may have to
impose a solution.
Mr. Berisha said the Serbian opposition must not be
allowed to stand in the way of a settlement. The six
major powers guiding the Kosovo talks have given U.N.
negotiator Martti Ahtisaari a green light to propose
his own settlement proposal and try to resolve the
status of the Serbian province by the end of the year.
Nearly seven months of U.N. negotiations in Vienna
have failed to bridge the gap between Serbs who oppose
independence and the Kosovo Albanians who insist on
it. The U.N. has administered Kosovo since 1999 after
NATO drove out...Serbian forces....
Meanwhile, Serbian Foreign Minister Vuk Draskovic has
told a Pristina newspaper that independence for Kosovo
without Serb approval could spark trouble not only in
Kosovo but in neighboring Bosnia, Montenegro and
Macedonia.
Draskovic says Kosovo is a spiritual as well as a
territorial issue for Serbs.
Although Kosovo has held an important symbolic place
for Serbs since the middle ages, the province today
has a 90-percent ethnic-Albanian population.
U.N. negotiator Ahtisaari is expected within the next
month to propose some form of conditional independence
for Kosovo with strong safeguards for the Serb
minority.
Government spokesmen in Belgrade have repeated their
complaint that Ahtisaari is biased in favor of the
Albanians and should resign his position.
Ahtisaari has said that while he has no fixed deadline
he does intend to move ahead swiftly.
He says that if Kosovo does become independent it
would not set a precedent for other nations.
Russia, a member of the six nation Contact Group, has
said that if Kosovo is permitted to secede from
Serbia, that would be a precedent that could apply
elsewhere.
---
IN GRECIA SI TEME UNA SITUAZIONE DI TIPO "PALESTINESE" IN KOSOVO
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96511
Palestinian Model for Kosovo
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 25, 2006
Athens - The countdown for the solving of the ‘tricky’
issue of Kosovo’s future status has begun, an article
headed ‘Palestinian Model for Kosovo’ published in
Greek Kathimerini reads.
The tension is rising dangerously along the hot
Pristina-Belgrade axis.
The Albanians and the Serbs are ready for action as
according to the plans of the international community
the talks should finish by the end of 2006, the
article’s author comments.
The Albanians are threatening violence if Kosovo does
not receive full independence while Belgrade warns
that if that happens it would announce Kosovo as an
occupied part of Serbia.
The two countries remain staunch in their positions,
the author notes, and points out that the Albanians
are not yielding an inch from the idea of independence
and the only thing the Serbs reject is this exact
independence.
---
"AHTISAARI VATTENE"
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=12188
Serbia urges UN Kosovo envoy to leave the talks
Voice of Russia - September 25, 2006
Serbia’s government has urged the UN Special Envoy to
Kosovo’s status process to leave the talks.
This is what the head of the government service for
cooperation with mass media Srðan Ðuriæ said.
He says that Serbia’s leadership has no doubt that
Ahtisaari wants to organize a dialogue about the
future status of the Kosovo Province because he
decided to take the side of the Albanian separatists.
Ðuriæ also said that it is of great importance for
Serbia that in the issue concerning Kosovo’s status
Russia defends international law standards, showing
that that is its principled stand.
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=25&nav_id=36944
Belgrade to Ahtisaari: Best step down
B92 (serbia) - September 25, 2006
BELGRADE - Ahtisaari's accusations of insufficient
cooperation prompt the Government to say it would be
fair of him to do step down.
Government’s Media Office chief Srðan Ðuriæ says UN
Special Envoy for Kosovo should step down rather than
favor the Albanian side.
“It is doubtful whether Ahtisaari will adhere to his
mandate and organize serious talks on the province’s
future, or if he will simply side with Albanian
separatists.
"Even if Ahtisaari is in such a hurry and cannot
dedicate himself to the thorough preparation of the
negotiations, he must be aware this is about our
lives, our destiny, which is of much greater
importance than someone’s hurry or anxiety. It would
be fair of him to step down, rather than side with the
separatists in front of the whole world”, Ðuriæ said.
State Kosovo team coordinator Slobodan Samardžiæ
believes someone with a different mandate and a
different style ought to take over the mediation and
the conducting of the negotiations. Only after the end
of Ahtisaari’s mandate and his can there be any
serious negotiating process, Samardžiæ believes.
...
---
FUCILATE CONTRO "RITORNANTI" SERBI
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=26&nav_id=36962
Shots fired at Serbian returnees’ home
B92 (Serbia) - September 26, 2006
ISTOK - Unknown attackers fired shots at a home in
Istok in which 15 Serbian returnees live.
According to Istok Municipal Coordinator Radoš Vuliæ,
there were 15 people in the home, owned by Aleksa
Ljušiæ, at the time of the attack.
Witnesses said that they heard an unclear phone
conversation between unknown persons in the wooded
area near the home.
Returnee Miloš Nedeljkoviæ said that the shots were
fired from very close.
No one was hurt in the attack, though minor damage was
done to the home.
KFOR, UNMIK and the Kosovo Police Service were
informed of the attack and conducted an investigation
of the scene.
Nedeljkoviæ said that the returnees were shaken by the
incident and are asking for an increased presence of
police and KFOR troops in their community.
---
RESTA CHIUSO IL PONTE DI MITROVICA
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=26&nav_id=36959
Kosovska Mitrovica bridge remains closed
B92 (Serbia) - September 26, 2006
KOSOVSKA MITROVICA - The bridge over the Ibar river in
Kosovska Mitrovica will remain closed after last
night’s attack on Aleksandar Æurèiæ.
UNMIK deputy chief met with Serb representatives in
town, saying the decision whether to reopen the bridge
will be postponed for until after the talks with KFOR
and representatives from the south part of the town.
Meanwhile, Kosovo police service detained eight
persons after last night’s attack by several Albanians
on Aleskandar Æurèiæ. They were interviewed and later
released.
The incident occurred when three underaged Albanians
crossed the bridge and started a brawl with a group of
people gathered on the north side of the bridge. The
verbal conflict turned into a fight, inflicting light
injuries on a Kosovo Serb.
Serb National Council chairman Milan Ivanoviæ said
that in his talks with the international community
representatives he repeated the Serb demand to keep
the bridge closed until the end of the Kosovo status
negotiations.
“They said they would decide in a few days, until then
the bridge remains closed and they take responsibility
for whatever happens, meaning whether or not the
bridge opens.”
UNMIK Police spokesman told B92 that contrary to
previous reports, UNMIK police did intervene. “They
reacted at the very start of the fight to protect the
victims from sustaining serious injuries”, Larry
Miller said.
The bridge on the Ibar river was opened yesterday,
after being closed on August 26, when a bomb was
thrown on a café in the Serb part of the town,
wounding nine people.
Due to the latest incidents around the bridge in
Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbs there will hold a protest
rally on October 2.
Fight near Kosovska Mitrovica bridge
A group of Albanians and Serbs got into a fight last
night near the bridge which separates them in Kosovska
Mitrovica.
Eyewitnesses told Beta that a group of about 15 youths
from the southern, Albanian part of the city crossed
the bridge to the Serbian part and began to provoke
Serbs to fight. A group of young men who regularly
hang out near the bridge on the northern side
confronted the group of Albanians and a fight broke
out.
According to the most recent reports, there were no
injuries in the scuffle. Eyewitnesses say that UNMIK
and Kosovo Police Service officials intervened very
quickly, separated the two groups and made them leave
the scene of the fight.
Following the fight, about one hundred Serbian
citizens of Kosovska Mitrovica gather at the north
side of the bridge and covered the path around it with
barbed wire. They are protesting and are asking for
the bridge to be closed down again, stating that this
incident shows that t<br/><br/>(Message over 64 KB, truncated)
Neverending pogroms in Kosmet (6): Come la Transnistria
Sources of most of the following texts are:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/stopnato
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/
------
PICCHIATO UN SERBO NEL CENTRO DI DECANI
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/b92082306.htm
SERB REPORTEDLY BEATEN UP BY TWO ALBANIANS IN KOSOVO TOWN
BBC Monitoring International Reports - August 23, 2006 Wednesday
Text of report by Belgrade-based Radio B92 on 23 August
[Newsreader] Two [Kosovo] Albanians have beaten up a 55-year old
[Serb] Vuk Danilovic in the centre of Decani while he was attended
the opening of a multiethnic camp organized by the OSCE, the [Serbian
Orthodox Church's] Raska Prizren Eparchy information office has
reported.
The attack took place yesterday, a day after the opening of the
multiethnic camp, at which 30 children from the Serb, Albanian and
Rom communities had gathered. The Eparchy said that the perpetrators
had fled the scene and that the incident was reported to the Kosovo
Police Service [KPS].
---
IL PARTITO SOCIALISTA SERBO STIGMATIZZA LE DICHIARAZIONI RAZZISTE DI
AHTISAARI
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/beta082606.htm
SOCIALIST PARTY LEADER UN ENVOY STATEMENT ON KOSOVO SHOWS ANTI-SERB
PREJUDICE
BBC Monitoring International Reports - August 26, 2006 Saturday
Text of report by Serbian news agency Beta
Ivica Dacic, chairman of the main committee of The Socialist Party of
Serbia (SPS) said that the most recent statement made by UN Envoy
Martti Ahtisaari in connection with Kosovo reflects his prejudice and
stems from his desire to "pass judgment on an entire nation".
"This is yet further confirmation that these are not negotiations but
an imposed solution and he is not a mediator but the Albanian side's
helper," Dacic told Beta Agency in connection with Ahtisaari's
statement that the policy that was conducted by Slobodan Milosevic
"has to be taken into consideration" in deciding on the status of
Kosovo.
"Besides, not even the Chernomyrdin-Ahtisaari plan for a stop to the
bombing is being respected today and Serbia must respond to that
urgently and unanimously," Dacic said.
According to him, Serbia should respond that it considers Kosovo its
unalienable part and that it is prepared to talk about the autonomy
of Kosovo within Serbia, but that it will not accept an imposed
solution.
"That is why we are demanding an urgent session of our assembly on
this issue," Dacic said, pointing out that in addition to Ahtisaari's
statements it is also necessary to hold an assembly session because
of indications that an imposed solution on the province's
independence would be attempted by the end of the year.
He said that the Serb nation in the former Yugoslavia "was actually
the greatest victim of nationalism, terrorism, and separatism".
"Today there are no more Serbs in Knin, in Pristina, and very few are
left in the Federation of Bosnia-Hercegovina, so who was it then that
carried out ethnic cleansing?" Dacic said.
He pointed out that all "government factors" today have the same view
"in connection with Kosovo", just as the SPS has had "all these
years, because that is not a party issue but a state and national
issue".
Speaking at today's news conference in response to the demands of the
coordinators of the Serbian negotiating team who asked him to clarify
his statement that the "Serbs were culpable as a nation", Ahtisaari
said that "every nation in the world has its burden for which it has
to pay".
---
NOTIZIE DI ATTIVITÀ PARAMILITARI PRESSO ISTOK
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/fonet090306.htm
Kosovo Serbs alarmed by reports of paramilitary activity
BBC Monitoring Europe (Political) - September 3, 2006 Sunday
Text of report by Serbian independent news agency FoNet
Zubin Potok, 2 September: Zubin Potok Deputy Mayor Srdjan Djurovic
today told FoNet that around thirty armed persons wearing black
uniforms had been spotted on the slopes of Mt Mokra Gora on 30 August.
"They practiced shooting in the area between Zubin Potok and Istok
municipalities and their presence, and the fact that they were not
members of Kfor [NATO-led Kosovo Force], has greatly upset the Serb
population in this part of Kosovo," Djurovic said.
Representatives of Zubin Potok municipality informed NATO southern
wing commander Admiral Harry Ulrich about the incident at a meeting
today.
"He told us that Kfor was investigating the report. The newly
appointed Kfor commander, German Gen Roland Kather, and the commander
of the Multinational Brigade North, French Gen Jean-Jacques Barthes,
also attended the meeting," Djurovic said.
---
BOMBA CONTRO CASA SERBA PRESSO KLINA
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/kp091306.htm
UN CONFIRMS BOMBING OF KOSOVO SERB HOME NEAR KLINA
BBC Monitoring International Reports - September 13, 2006 Wednesday
Text of report by Serbia-Montenegrin radio Kontakt Plus on 13 September
[Presenter] UNMIK [UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo] today
confirmed that that the Vasic family home in the village of Stupelj
near Klina had been bombed day before yesterday.
Unknown attackers tried to torch another house belonging to the Vasic
family, but failed in their intention, UNMIK police spokesman Thomas
Leigh [phonetic] said at a news conference in Pristina. Leigh said
that the International Police and the Kosovo Police Service had
launched an investigation into the incident, but that their efforts
were being hampered by the silence of the neighbours.
Leigh added that this incident should not threaten the "good
relations" between Albanians and Serbs in Klina municipality.
UNMIK spokeswoman Miriam Dessables said that UNMIK deputy chief
Steven Schook was on a visit to Klina municipality over the bombing
of the Vasic family home, and that he would discuss the problems
encountered by Serb returnees with local officials.
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=11937
Voice of Russia - September 13, 2006
A Serbian family house blown up in the northwest of Kosovo
A Serbian family house has been blown up in the
northwest of Kosovo, specifically, in the village of
Stupel, near the city of Klin.
The recently rebuilt house was the one of a Serbian
refugee family which has returned to the province
recently.
A neighbouring house, also of a Serb family, has been
gravely damaged.
There was no one in the houses when the explosive
device went off, so no casualties have been reported.
Kosovo Albanians, who’ve been pressing for a
withdrawal of the province from under Belgrade’s
jurisdiction, have repeatedly threatened to blow up
all houses that Serbian refugees may return to.
---
LA RUSSIA INTENZIONATA A PORRE IL VETO IN CASO DI VOTO ALL'ONU PER LA
SECESSIONE DEL KOSOVO
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n95647
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria)
September 11, 2006
Russia Will not Waver to Impose Veto if Decision for
Kosovo is Unacceptable for Moscow
London - Russian President Vladimir Putin doesn’t rule
out the possibility for Russia to impose a veto on the
UN Security Council decision for Kosovo if it is not
acceptable for Moscow, BETA agency announced, citing
the Financial Times.
Putin warned the West that Kosovo’s independence will
create a precedent in other problematic regions
including Abhazia and South Osetia in Georgia.
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?
cat=Politics&loid=8.0.339251872&par=0
ADN Kronos International (Italy) - September 12, 2006
KOSOVO: POSSIBLE RUSSIAN U.N. VETO ON INDEPENDENCE BUOYS SERBIA
Belgrade - Serbia's government has said it is cheered
by Russia's premier Vladimir Putin's recent comments
apparently hinting his country could veto any
"unacceptable" United Nations Security Council
resolution, such as one backing independence for the
breakaway province of Kosovo.
Serbian government spokesman Srdjan Djuric hailed
Putin's statement as a "principled stand, in harmony
with the highest principles of international law," on
the inviolability of the existing state borders.
Belgrade's press on Tuesday ran banner headlines
hailing Serbia's "Russian brothers."
Former foreign minister, Goran Svilanovic, called for
caution, however. He said the issue would never come
before the UN Security Council - the organisation's
top decision-making body - unless the decision was
first agreed upon in the so-called Contact Group for
Kosovo, which includes the United States, Great
Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia.
UN special envoy for Kosovo, Martti Ahtisaari, was due
to present a report on progress in negotiations
between Serbs and majority ethnic Albanians in Kosovo
during a meeting of the Contact Group on Monday
through Tuesday.
Elena Guskova, a Russian academic and an expert on
Balkans, told Belgrade media it was too early to say
what the Russian position on Kosovo might ultimately
be.
On one hand, Kosovo's independence would grant the
same rights to the people of the breakaway regions of
South Ossetia and Abkhazia in the former Soviet
republic of Georgia. But on the other hand, it could
boost separatist movements in Russian republics such
as Chechnya, she said.
Putin - whose country is one of the UN Security
Council's permanent five veto-wielding members, along
with Britain, France, the US and China - was quoted on
Monday by Britain's Financial Times newspaper as
saying: "If we find the solution for Kosovo
unacceptable, we will not hesitate to use our veto
right in the UN Security Council."
Putin's allegedly made the remarks last last Saturday
at a dinner with a group of American and Russian
journalists and businessmen at his residence in
Moscow. But a Russian government official neither
confirmed nor denied the statement, saying only he
couldn’t recall the word "veto" being used.
Putin reportedly said that the same yardstick should
be applied to Kosovo and the former Soviet republics.
"If a precedent is set, it will negatively reflect on
the post-Soviet region and it will be difficult to
explain to the peoples of South Ossetia and Abkhazia
why Albanians (in Kosovo) can breakaway from Serbia
and they cannot," he stated, quoted in the Financial
Times.
Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo say they will settle for
nothing less than independence, but Belgrade opposes
this, offering instead a form of wide local autonomy.
It has warned that if the province secedes from
Serbia, this would trigger a chain reaction in other
disputed regions in Europe and throughout the world.
Kosovo has been under UN control since 1999 and the
world powers, including the United States, have hinted
they are prepared to grant independence to Kosovo
ethnic Albanians, who make a 1.7 million majority
compared with just 100,000 Serbs remaining in the
province.
---
DEL PONTE: L'UCK UCCIDE I TESTIMONI
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n95643
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria)
September 11, 2006
Vecerne Novosti: KLA Rules Kosovo
Belgrade - The acknowledgement of the Chief Prosecutor
of the Hague Tribunal Carla Del Ponte that the Kosovo
Liberation Army (KLA) kills potential witnesses
against [its members] accused of war crimes is raising
the question for the responsibility of all who have
performed war crimes in Kosovo and will not be tried,
Vecerne Novosti reports.
The Hague Tribunal admits that is a sensitive topic
and they are not apt to talk about it.
But it acknowledges that without good witness
protection there is no way to reach the truth.
The KLA and its ex-commanders are now politicians,
state employees, leaders in the Corps for Defense of
Kosovo [Kosovo Protection Corps] and leaders of
criminal clans who have sent a clear message to their
compatriots - those who dare to speak [against] war
crimes will be liquidated.
That decision of the shadow cabinet was taken seven
years ago after the arrival of the international
[NATO] forces in Kosovo.
---
I TERRORISTI PAN-ALBANESI ATTIVI IN MONTENEGRO HANNO NAZIONALITÀ
STATUNITENSE
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n95668
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria)
September 11, 2006
Six US Citizens Planned Terrorist Attacks in Montenegro
Podgorica - Six US citizens together with allies from
Montenegro have planned to carry out terrorist attacks
on the territory of Malesia and Tuzi (in Montenegro)
on 10 and 11 September, the Directorate of the
Montenegrin police announced on Monday, cited by the
independent Montenegrin news portal PCNEN.
The US citizens - four of whom have been captured and
two are wanted - originate from the territory of
Malesia, Tuzi and Kosovo.
According to the chief of the criminal police in
Montenegro Ivan Masulovic, 12 people were arrested in
relation to the findings.
Masulovic added that former members of the Army for
the Liberation of Kosovo [Kosovo Liberation Army] had
also intended to participate in the terrorist attacks
and were expected to illegally enter Kosovo and
Montenegro.
Masulovic said that a small part of the weapons
intended for the attacks was found in the homes of the
detainees.
The larger part was found in a cave near Tuzi, where
the suspects were supposed to hide after the attack.
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n95686
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 12, 2006
Montenegrin Police Order International Search of Five
Albanian Terrorist Suspects
Podgorica - The police in Montenegro announced an
international search for five Albanians, four of whom
are US citizens, who are suspected of terrorism, the
Serbian agency TANJUG informs.
It is believed they had been planning a terrorist
attack in Montenegro.
However, officials of the international police force
in Kosovo stated the request of Montenegro’s police
has not yet been handed into the authorities in
Pristina, but added that the police of the UN Mission
in Kosovo (UNMIK) will react immediately if such a
request is filed.
---
"IN SUD OSSEZIA FAREMO COME IN KOSOVO"
http://www.interfax.com/3/192426/news.aspx
Interfax - September 12, 2006
Recognition of referendums in CIS issue for
international community - Prikhodko
MOSCOW - The Kremlin recognizes the principle
of territorial integrity, Russian presidential aide
Sergei Prikhodko said, adding that real political
processes should be taken into consideration not only
in South Ossetia and Transdniestria, but also in
other similar situations.
"The territorial integrity of a state, above all of a
state with which we have close relations, is
imperative; however, the imperative should assume
real political processes not only in [South Ossetia
and Transdniestria], but also in other parts of the
world, where there are referendums and parallels can
be drawn, despite where this happens,' he said.
---
FUCILATE CONTRO I SERBI DISARMATI CHE RACCOLGONO LA LEGNA
http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/fonet091406.htm
Serbs collecting wood reportedly fired upon in Kosovo
BBC Monitoring Europe (Political) - September 14, 2006 Thursday
Text of report by Serbian independent news agency FoNet
Source: FoNet news agency, Belgrade, in Serbian 2030 gmt 13 Sep 06
Copyright 2006 British Broadcasting Corporation - Posted for Fair Use
only.
Kosovska Mitrovica, 13 September: Unknown persons have fired shots at
seven Serbs from Banje villages in Srbica municipality but nobody was
injured in the incident, the [Serbian] International Press Centre of
the Coordination Centre for Kosovo-Metohija [headed by Sanda Raskovic-
Ivic] has said.
Unidentified persons from the direction of Albanian-populated village
of Radesevo opened heavy fire against the Serbs who were going to the
woods to collect wood.
A statement said that the Kosovo Police Service [KPS] conducted an
investigation but in untimely manner.
"In this part of Kosovo-Metohija, Serbs own all forested land plots
which are constantly the target of stealing. Members of the Kosovo
Police Service are no longer making any efforts to protect property
of the Serbs in province," the statement said.
Five Serbs have been killed while 17 have been wounded in Banje and
Suvo Grlo village area since 1999 [arrival of NATO-led Kosovo Force].
At the end of 2000, three Serbs were killed and ten were wounded in
an attack on UNMIK [UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]
coach, the statement recalled.
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n95801
Unknown Attackers Shoot at Serbs in Kosovo
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 13, 2006
Kosovska Mitrovica - Unknown attackers shot at a group
of Serbs in the village of Bane, Srbica municipality.
This is what the press center of the Coordination
Center for Kosovo announced cited by RTS.
No Serbs were injured.
While they were gathering wood in the forest the Serbs
became the target of fierce firing coming from the
once mixed and now completely Albanian village of
Radesevo.
The Serbs own the land in this part of Kosovo and it
is exactly these plots that are the target of constant
pilfering on the part of the Albanians from the nearby
villages.
Since 1999 5 Serbs have been killed and 17 others have
been wounded in the territory of the Srbica
municipality.
The most serious crime was committed at the end of the
year 2000 when three Serbs were killed and ten others
were wounded during an attack against a UNMIK bus.
So far none of the perpetrators have been arrested,
RTS notes.
---
PUTIN: BASTA CON I "DUE PESI DUE MISURE"!
http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=19200
Putin: Recognition of Kosovo Independence May Have
Negative Impact on Conflict Settlements
PanArmenian.net - September 12, 2006
In case of declaring the independence of Kosovo
against Serbia's will, Russia will veto the decision
of the UN Security Council, Russian President Vladimir
Putin stated at a meeting with a group of scientists
from foreign countries in Moscow last week-end.
In the opinion of the Russian President, recognition
of Kosovo independence may have a negative impact on
conflict settlements in Nagorno Karabakh,
Transniestria, South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
"We should think of the regional consequences of the
recognition of Kosovo independence," the Russian
President said.
http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?menu=1&id_issue=11587510
Interfax - September 13, 2006
Putin calls for unified approach to Kosovo, Abkhazia,
South Ossetia
MOSCOW - The international community's approaches
toward settling the problems of Kosovo, Abkhazia, and
South Ossetia should be unified, Russian President
Vladimir Putin said at a recent meeting with Western
political analysts, the transcript of which is
available on the official presidential website.
"You cannot apply one set of standards to Kosovo and
another to Abkhazia and South Ossetia," Putin said.
"What is the difference between the situation in
Kosovo and that in Abkhazia or South Ossetia? There's
no difference at all," he said.
"Once we start manipulating public opinion or try to
do so, we will face problems," he said.
"People will feel cheated. Both in Southern Europe and
in the South Caucasus. This kind of policy cannot be
considered moral. It has no prospects," Putin said.
http://www.vor.ru/Exclusive/excl_next8300_eng.html
Voice of Russia - September 13, 2006
RUSSIA CALLS FOR A SHARED VIEW OF THE PLIGHT OF
SELF-PROCLAIMED REPUBLICS
Early ballot-casting has begun in the Transdniestrian
referendum on sovereignty.
Transdniestria is that part of Moldavia which sits on
the left bank of the Dniester River.
It has scheduled its sovereignty referendum for next
Sunday.
South Ossetian leader Eduard Kokoity has, in the
meantime, called a South Ossetian sovereignty
referendum for the 12th of next November.
South Ossetians are expected to cast two ballots in
two months from now – in the sovereignty referendum
and in presidential elections. Their republic means to
secede from Georgia.
Ballot-casting or no ballot-casting, it is clear what
the Transdniestrian and South Ossetian voters want for
their republics.
Transdniestria and South Ossetia have, for quite a
number of years now, been living as two sovereign
republics and seem to like it this way.
Do they really need their referendums?
An expert with the Institute of the Commonwealth of
Independent States Vladimir Zharikhin feels that there
is, on the one hand, the principle of territorial
integrity.
On the other hand, there is the right to
self-determination, and it takes a referendum to
confirm this right.
The two referendums in question have no chance to
leave an imprint on international law.
But they will surely show that the people of the two
self-proclaimed republics do seek sovereignty.
Which their governments will be likely to see as a
very serious argument.
No matter how much the West chooses to speak about the
inviolability of national borders, we have a good idea
of what happened in Montenegro. It is a public
referendum that crossed the t’s and dotted the i’s in
the divorce between Montenegro and Serbia – and that
referendum has, incidentally, been recognized by the
European democracies.
This very delicate situation has no room for rash
action.
The possibly successful result of the Kosovar efforts
to secede from Serbia will give the green light to
stepped-up efforts to win sovereignty in other parts
of this planet.
Russia urges the West to find a common denominator to
all efforts to win sovereignty.
Because, there are either no rules at all or the same
rules for every player in geopolitical games.
The latter is clearly preferable, from all points of
view.
---
IL NUOVO PROCONSOLE TEDESCO RUECKER ACCUSATO DI ESSERE APERTAMENTE
FILO-ALBANESE
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?
cat=Politics&loid=8.0.340246070&par=0
ADN Kronos International (Italy) - September 14, 2006
KOSOVO: SERBS ACCUSE LOCAL UN CHIEF OF PRO-ALBANIAN BIAS
Belgrade - Kosovo Serb leaders on Thursday accused
chief United Nations administrator, Joachim Ruecker,
of lobbying on behalf of the province's majority
ethnic Albanians - who demand independence - and of
presenting a distorted picture of the current
situation in the province which has been under United
Nations control since 1999.
The Serb reactions came after Ruecker’s report to the
UN Security Council on Wednesday, in which he said:
"The attempts to show Kosovo as a place where constant
attacks against minorities are taking place doesn’t
correspond to reality."
A Kosovo Serb leader, Milan Ivanovic, said Ruecker - a
German diplomat - was "behaving like an Albanian
lobbyist," and trying to "cover up the failure of the
UN's administration of Kosovo over the past seven
years."
He said no progress was made in providing greater
security for non-Albanian minorities and the return of
over 200,000 refugees who have fled the province since
1999.
Another Serb leader, Rada Trajkovic, told Belgrade
media that Rucker’s report was "far from reality." She
said that 1,194 Serbs and 593 members of other
minorities were killed in Kosovo since 1999, 1,300
kidnapped and missing, and more than 1,400 beaten up.
She said Kosovo was far from living under the rule of
law, and that Ruecker’s report was an attempt to
appease militant ethnic Albanians.
"Militant Albanians have succeeded in deceiving the
international community, but the fact that no major
company has invested in Kosovo clearly shows there is
no rule of law," said Trajkovic.
Serbian government coordinator for Kosovo, Sanda
Raskovic Ivic, told the UN Security Council that basic
human rights and democratic standards haven’t been met
in Kosovo, and that a rushed decision on its final
status would be counterproductive.
Similar stands were taken by Russia and China,
permanent members of the Security Council with veto
rights. Ruecker, who took up the UN post in Kosovo's
capital, Pristina, on 1 September, said that the
situation in Kosovo has significantly improved, but
that a lot still has to be done to make Kosovo a
multi-ethnic society.
"It won’t be easy," said Rucker, underlining that
majority ethnic Albanians and minority Serbs in the
province will have to live together regardless of the
outcome of the ongoing talks on Kosovo's future
status.
Echoing the stands of United States and British
ambassadors in the Security Council, Ruecker said that
it was in the best interests of both sides to make the
decision on Kosovo's status by the end of this year.
"For the good of Kosovo, this period of uncertainty
must end," he said.
Overwhelmingly Muslim ethnic Albanians, who form a 1.7
million majority compared with a tiny minority of
100,000 Serbs remaining in the province, demand
independence. This is opposed by Belgrade, which is
prepared to offer the province wide autonomy instead,
and by Kosovo Serbs.
Serbia's prime minister, Vojislav Kostunica on
Wednesday drew sharp criticism from ethnic Albanians
for controversial comments he made to the Serb
parliament on Tuesday saying that Kosovo's current
status as a part of Serbia should be enshrined in a
new constitution and voted for by Serbians.
Serb president Boris Tadic last week held talks with
top officials in the US capital, Washington in a bid
to drum up support for Serbia's position on Kosovo,
but admitted that US support for the province's
independence was "a prevailing trend."
The UN's envoy to Kosovo, Martti Ahtisaari, has
signalled the Security Council could impose a solution
on the province by the end of 2006 if ethnic Albanian
and Serb negotiators fail to reach agreement on its
status in ongoing UN brokered talks that have so far
failed to produce a breakthrough.
---
LA RUSSIA CONTRARIA AD OGNI LIMITE DI TEMPO SUI COLLOQUI PER LO STATUS
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=11950
RF opposed to Kosovo talks deadline
Voice of Russia - September 14, 2006
Russia is against setting a strict time limit for
talks to determine the future status of Kosovo.
As he addressed a Security Council meeting on
Wednesday the Russian Ambassador to the UN Vitaly
Churkin criticized interim administration in Kosovo
saying that Albanian leadership had failed to
guarantee the security of ethnic minorities in the
province.
The Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Edith Khardzhi,
who arrived in the US on Wednesday, said the UN
Security Council resolution on Kosovo should exclude
the province’s return to the 1999 status, when it was
fully dependent on Yugoslavia.
---
SOLIDARIETÀ DALLA TRANSNISTRIA: L'OCCIDENTE INCORAGGIA LA PULIZIA ETNICA
http://www.regnum.ru/english/706198.html
Transdnestr analyst: West encourages ethnic genocide
Regnum (Russia) - September 16, 2006
Senior expert of the Transdnestr branch of Russia’s
National Strategy Council, political analyst Vladimir
Bukarsky, comments on statements of Kosovo political
analyst Ermelinda Kanush made at a news conference at
the International Press Center in Tiraspol on
September 16 that, “the international community has
certain rules of the game; and if Transdnestr wants to
be recognized, it should play under the rules.”
Particularly, Bukarsky notes:
“Missis Kanushi seems to be considering a strict
geopolitical orientation towards the USA, the European
Union and other countries of the Euro-Atlantic bloc as
‘rules of the game of the international community.’
"She gives it to understand clearly that Transdnestr’s
geopolitical orientation towards Russia is
inadmissible, if Transdnestr wants to be recognized by
‘leading world actors.’
"It is worth remembering Transdnestr President Igor
Smirnov [being] offered recognition in exchange for
giving up his orientation towards Russia.
"As for citing the mono-ethnic composure of Kosovo,
Mrs. Kanushi is certainly cunning here.
"The mono-ethnic composition of Kosovo was achieved as
early as under Turkish rule, the Hitler genocide and
the ethnic cleansing of Serbs after the NATO
occupation of the territory.
Thus, the West gives it to understand that it
encourages ethnic genocide, let it only decrease
Russia’s geopolitical influence.”
---
UN ALTRO SOSPETTO TERRORISTA PAN-ALBANESE ARRESTATO IN MONTENEGRO
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n95945
Montenegro Police Arrest Another Terrorist Suspect
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 16, 2006
Podgorica - Yesterday the Montenegrin police arrested
M.B. from the town of Lokva, near Tuzi, who is
suspected of being a member of an organized group
planning to commit armed terrorist acts in Montenegro,
Montenegrin media inform.
A police announcement says the security forces have
found a Chinese-made semiautomatic rifle with six
cartriges, 26 detonation capsules, dynamite and
military uniforms in the home of the arrested suspect.
FOCUS News Agency informs:
Six US citizens together with allies from Montenegro
have planned to carry out terrorist attacks on the
territory of Malesia and Tuzi (in Montenegro) on 10
and 11 September, the Directorate of the Montenegrin
police announced on Monday, cited by the independent
Montenegrin news portal PCNEN.
The US citizens - four of whom have been captured and
two of whom still are wanted - originate from the
territory of Malesia, Tuzi and Kosovo.
According to the Chief of the criminal police in
Montenegro Ivan Masulovic, 12 people were arrested in
relation to the findings.
Masulovic added that former members of the Army for
Liberation of Kosovo /AOK/ have also intended to
participate in the terrorist attacks and were expected
to illegally enter Kosovo and Montenegro.
Masulovic said that a small part of the weapons,
intended for the attacks, was found in the homes of
the detainees.
The larger part was found in a cave near Tuzi, where
the suspects were supposed to hide after the attack.
---
I SERBI VENDONO LE LORO PROPRIETÀ ED ABBANDONANO LA LORO TERRA NELLA
INDIFFERENZA DELL'UNMIK
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n95954
Serbs Selling Their Kosovo Property
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 16, 2006
Pristina - The persons resettled from Kosovo resort to
selling their property in the region more frequently,
the Serbian newspaper Glas Javnosti informs.
According to some estimates almost a third of the
resettled Serbs have already sold their property and
at least as much are planning to do it despite their
sincere wish to go back to Kosovo.
The Albanians have already built plants, motels, and
hotels in the whole of Central Kosovo – Serbian land
until recently.
The real estate sale is done despite UNMIK’s decree
which limits the sale of Serbian property at places of
strategic importance.
The sales are made without any control or limitations
whatsoever.
---
AUTOBOMBA A GNJILANE
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96014
Local Self-Government Ministry Car Damaged in Gnjilane Blast
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 17, 2006
Gnjilane - A strong explosion in Gnjilane, Kosovo,
caused damage to four cars one of which belongs to the
Local Self-Government Ministry of Kosovo, RTS informs
citing Kosovo’s police forces. No people were injured
in the blast.
The spokesperson for the police Naser Ibrahimi stated
the explosion took place on Saturday at around 8.30
p.m. local time.
The motive behind the explosion is not yet clear, nor
is it clear what type of explosion caused the material
damage.
This is the second blast in Gnjilane for the last two
days. During the last explosion that took place late
on Thursday the car of Kosovo’s Interior Minister
Fatmir Rexhepi was damaged.
The police arrested two persons at the explosion site
near the building in which Minister Rexhepi resides.
However, because of lack of proof the two arrested
persons had been involved in the attack they were
released.
---
STUDENTE DESAPARECIDO A KOSOVSKA MITROVICA
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n95997
Serbian Student Disappears in Kosovska Mitrovica
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 17, 2006
Kosovska Mitrovica - The police in Kosovo and the
Serbian Interior Ministry are looking for Zoran
Tomovic, who was last seen in the northern part of
Kosovska Mitrovica on Wednesday evening, Tomovic’s
father announced cited by RTS.
Zoran Tomovic is a third-year student at the Legal
Faculty in Kosovska Mitrovica.
He is an immigrant from Klina, near Pec, and his
permanent address is in Budva, Montenegro.
---
REFERENDUM DEI RUSSOFONI IN TRANSNISTRIA, PARALLELISMI CON LA
SITUAZIONE DEI SERBI IN KOSMET
http://www.regnum.ru/english/706544.html
Russian MP Andrei Kokoshin: Outcomes of Transdnestr
referendum “should be taken into account by
international community”
Regnum (Russia) - September 18, 2006
“The mere fact of holding the Transdnestr referendum
is a consequence of policy carried out by Moldavia
[Moldova] and supported by several western countries
for several years,” the head of the State Duma
Committee on CIS Affairs and Relations with
Compatriots Andrei Kokoshin is quoted by a REGNUM
correspondent to state on Sep 18, commenting to the
press on the September 17 referendum on the status of
the Transdnestr Moldavian Republic.
Kokoshin pointed out that the referendum outcomes
“undoubtedly should be taken into account by the
international community.”
“Those who believe that the Kosovo issue will not
impact the situation in different parts of the world
are mistaken,” the MP stressed.
He believes that the Kosovo issue, which has recently
been included in the UN General Assembly agenda, has a
serious impact on public opinion in Transdnestr.
“At the same time,” Kokoshin observed, “many western
politicians prefer to call the Kosovo precedent a
separate special issue which should not be
extrapolated to other similar situations.”
http://www.vor.ru/Exclusive/excl_next8322_eng.html
TRANS-DNIESTER HAVE BACKED THE REGION’S INDEPENDENCE
Voice of Russia - September 18, 2006
The overwhelming majority of the voters in Moldova’s
breakaway region of Trans-Dniester have backed the
region’s independence and a plan to eventually join
Russia in last Sunday’s referendum.
Only about 3% of the voters have said yes to the
region’s union with Moldova.
The self-proclaimed republic of Trans-Dniester
declared itself to be independent from the Soviet
republic of Moldova in 1991, when they fought a bloody
civil war in the area.
All in all, there were 7 referendums in the 16-year
history of the self-proclaimed republic.
Back in December of 1991 the first referendum was held
and the region’s mainly Russian-speaking population
voted for Trans-Dniester’s independence and against
Moldova’s nationalist policy.
In return, Moldova waged a bloody conflict with
Trans-Dniester and only Russian peacekeepers managed
to stop the bloodshed.
Afterwards, Russia more than once helped
Trans-Dniester to overcome the consequences of
economic blockade when Kishinev [Chisinau] and Kiev
toughened their customs rules.
That’s why it was quite easy to predict the last
referendum’s results.
As for Moldova and Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe, they have already dismissed the
poll as illegitimate.
However,130 monitors from European and CIS countries
called Moldova’s and OSCE’s position a policy of
double standards.
The observers declared that the referendum had been
held according to international rules and some
insignificant violations could not influence the final
results.
Earlier, Russia’s Foreign Ministry Sergei Lavrov said
that it was necessary to assess the referendum with
common sense but without emotions, which may hide its
essence.
Mr.Lavrov stressed that it’s high time to return to
negotiations to settle the conflict.
People have been living in the conflict zone for more
than 10 years now and they should arrange their lives
somehow.
And holding the referendum doesn’t mean that we try to
escalate the situation in the area.
On the contrary, we draw the public attention to the
fact that the conflict poses many problems for the
Trans-Dniesterians.
Russia believes that the referendum results ought to
send a signal to the international community to
reconsider international legal norms concerning the
existing self-proclaimed republics.
It’s difficult to ignore the referendum if state
leaders pursue an honest policy without practising
double standards, which are used in Kosovo,
Montenegro, Trans-Dniester and other similar conflict
areas.
---
IL PRESIDENTE DEL PARLAMENTO ALBANESE CHIEDE DI SPACCARE IL PAESE
CONFINANTE
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?
cat=Politics&loid=8.0.341792924&par=0
KOSOVO: GRANT INDEPENDENCE, PARLIAMENTARY SPEAKER SAYS
ADN Kronos International (Italy) - September 19, 2006
Belgrade - Kosovo parliament president Kol Berisha has
warned of an ethnic Albanian rebellion if the province
is not granted independence in the near future, a
Serbian newspaper reports.
Belgrade daily Politika said in a front page article
on Tuesday that Berisha made the statement during a
visit to Slovenia on Monday.
According to Politika, Berisha said he expected that
the United Nations-brokered talks in Vienna on the
status of Kosovo status would yield no results and
that it was now up to the international community to
impose a solution, granting Kosovo independence.
Kosovo, whose majority ethnic Albanians insist on
independence, has been under UN control since 1999
when a NATO bombing campaign forced Serbian forces out
of the province.
But Belgrade opposes independence, arguing it would
trigger a chain reaction in the region. The UN has
hinted it wants to make a status decision by the end
of this year and Berisha warned that if the decision
wasn’t made in reasonable time “there could be a
rebellion”.
The Kosovo crisis erupted when ethnic Albanians, who
make a 1.7 million majority in Kosovo against some
100,000 remaining Serbs, rebelled against Belgrade
rule.
NATO intervention came as a reaction to what was
called a “humanitarian catastrophe”....
In a reaction to Berisha’s statement, Serbian Prime
Minister Vojislav Kostunica said Monday night that "no
one has the right to threaten with violence and
terror" urging the international community to "react
immediately to this most open threat so far”.
Chief UN negotiator Martti Ahtisaari is due to present
a report to the UN Security Council on the Kosovo
talks on Friday, but his spokeswoman Hua Jiang said on
Monday that Ahtisaari has already been instructed by
the so called Contact Group on Kosovo how to propose
the solution.
The Contact Group, consisting of representatives of
the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France,
Italy and Russia, is expected to propose a solution to
the Security Council, but Jiang said it was too early
to reveal what the proposal was.
http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=2118403&C=europe
UN Cautions Kosovo Albanians Over Talk of ‘Revolt’
By SHABAN BUZA - Reuters - September 20, 2006
PRISTINA, Serbia - An attack on Kosovo’s minority
Serbs triggered a sharp warning from the United
Nations to Albanian leaders on Sept. 20 to watch their
words, after one forecast a "revolt" if they are
denied independence from Serbia.
The comments by Kosovo parliament speaker Kole Berisha
outraged Serbia, which accused him of blackmail ahead
of a decision on Kosovo’s fate.
The remarks also struck a nerve with U.N. officials
trying to guide Kosovo through talks on its future
without the violent meltdown many observers have
predicted.
"If our aim of independence is not realized then
citizens’ revolts are expected in Kosovo," he said.
"We don’t want revolts, but we cannot exclude them if
our aim is not realized."
Berisha first made the statement on Monday in
Slovenia, and repeated it on his return to Kosovo late
on Tuesday.
Hours after Berisha spoke a hand grenade was lobbed
through the window of an apartment in the western town
of Klina, wounding four elderly Serbs.
They were former refugees who had returned to Kosovo
last year having fled after the 1998-99 war.
....
The last major outbreak of violence was in March 2004,
when mobs of Albanians overran Serb enclaves torching
homes.
Nineteen people died in two days of riots that caught
17,000 NATO peacekeepers off guard but effectively
drew the attention of the world back to Kosovo’s
continuing limbo.
Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica,
spearheading Serbia’s bid to keep the province,
condemned the attack.
"It is absolutely unacceptable that Serbs are killed
and Albanian separatists publicly threaten violence
and blackmail the international community," Kostunica
said in a late-night statement.
Finland’s Martti Ahtisaari, the chief U.N. mediator in
direct Serb-Albanian talks, briefs foreign ministers
of the major powers on Wednesday in New York as he
works towards a year-end deadline to propose a
solution.
Serbia last week enshrined Kosovo in the preamble of a
new constitution as forever Serbian.
Addressing a military parade at the weekend, Kostunica
said the province was and would remain "the heart of
Serbia."
But Western diplomats say Kosovo will likely win
independence, more than seven years since NATO bombs
drove out Serb forces....
The United Nations fears a rise in violence as a
decision nears, and even a bid by the mainly Serb
north to split Kosovo in two.
---
QUATTRO FERITI PER UNA BOMBA A KLINA
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/19/
AR2006091901032.html
Explosion in Kosovo wounds four Serbs
Reuters - September 19, 2006
PRISTINA, Serbia - Four elderly Serbs were wounded in
an explosion in the western Kosovo town of Klina on
Tuesday evening, police said.
A Serb official in the area told Reuters a bomb had
been thrown through the window of the victims'
apartment in the town center.
Police spokeswoman Sabrije Kamberi said the four had
been sent to hospital but their injuries were not
life-threatening.
Police said the victims were former refugees who had
returned to Klina a year ago having fled Kosovo after
the 1998-99 war.
Legally part of Serbia, the mainly ethnic Albanian
province has been run by the United Nations since
1999, when NATO bombs drove out Serb forces....
Negotiations are under way to decide the fate of the
territory. Its 90-percent Albanian majority demands
independence, but is under Western pressure to improve
the rights and security of the 100,000 remaining
Serbs.
At least half the Serb population fled a wave of
attacks after the war, and those who stayed live
mainly in isolated enclaves.
U.N. officials say the rate of attacks against Serbs
has fallen, but they fear fresh violence as a decision
nears on Kosovo's "final status."
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n96191
Four Serbs Injured in Kosovo Grenade Blast
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 20, 2006
Pristina - Four Serbs were injured yesterday when a
grenade exploded in the western part of Kosovo, AFP
informs.
Milorad Pavlovic and three other members of his family
were injured when an unknown attacker threw a grenade
through the window of their home in the western Kosovo
town of Klina.
The lives of the four wounded persons are out of
danger, AFP notes.
http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?
cat=Politics&loid=8.0.342284468&par=0
KOSOVO: SERB HOME BOMBED, FOUR WOUNDED
ADN Kronos International (Italy) - September 20, 2006
Pristina - Four Serbs were injured when an explosive
device was thrown into their apartment in the Kosovo
town of Klina Tuesday night, in the latest violence in
the province whose final status - independence or
broad autonomy within Serbia - is to be determined by
the year's end.
Kosovo police spokeswoman Sabrije Kamberi confirmed
that the four were in hospital in the nearby town of
Pec and were out of danger, but gave no details.
Serbian news agency Tanjug reported a bomb was thrown
into the apartment of Milorad Pavlovic, wounding him
and three female relatives.
Protection of minority Serbs is one of the discussion
points in UN-brokered talks ongoing in Vienna between
the Kosovo representatives and Serbs.
The Pavlovic family, like an estimated 200,000 Serbs,
fled Kosovo in 1999 when Serbian forces were pushed
out of the province by a NATO bombing campaign and
Kosovo was put under United Nations control, returned
to their home a year ago, the agency said. Another
returnee, Dragan Popovic, was killed in Klina on 19
June.
Ethnic Albanians, who outnumber the remaining Serbs in
Kosovo by 17 to one, are pressing the international
community to grant them independence, which Belgrade
opposes.
The UN is set to make a decision on Kosovo status by
the end of this year and Kosovo parliament president
Kol Berisha said this week ethnic Albanians were ready
to rebel if their demands weren’t heeded.
Serbian prime minister Vojislav Kostunica appealed to
the international community to “stop Albanian
separatists in their terrorist orgy against Serbs”.
He called on the UN chief negotiator Martti Ahtisaari
to take the necessary steps to prevent similar
incidents if the international community doesn’t want
to become “an accomplice in crimes against Serbs.
"It is absolutely unacceptable that the Serbs are
being killed and that the Albanian separatists openly
threaten violence and blackmail the international
community,” Kostunica said in a statement to Tanjug.
Ethnic tension has remained high in Kosovo.
Last Friday, Kosovo police minister Fatmir Rexhepi's
car was bombed in the town of Gnjilane.
Two days later, a powerful explosion damaged four
vehicles and shattered windows in Gnjilane without
injuring anyone, local police said. Kosovo's ethnic
Albanian government and parliament issued statements
condemning the attacks.
Clashes between Albanians and ethnic Serbs in March
2004 left 19 people dead.
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=20&nav_id=36857
Four Serbs injured in Kosovo blast
Beta (Serbia) - September 20, 2006
PEC, BELGRADE - Four persons were injured last night
in Klina near Pec when an explosive device was thrown
into the home of Milorad Pavloviæ.
Kosovo Police Service says one person sustained
serious injuries, while three others were moderately
hurt, and that none of them has life-threatening
wounds.
The victims were transported to the Regional Hospital
in Peæ. Rada Pavloviæ, identified as the victim
suffering serious injuries, was later transferred to
the Priština Hospital.
Kosovo PM Agim Ceku and UNMIK Police Commissioner
arrived at the site, after which Ceku visited the
victims in hospital. Milorad Pavloviæ was the first
Serb to return to Klina. There are around 40 returnee
families in the town.
“On behalf of the Serbian government I call on Martti
Ahtisaari to immediately undertake all the necessary
actions to contain the Albanian separatists in their
terrorist rampage constantly victimizing Serbs”,
Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica said in
reaction to the Klina explosion.
He added that it was “absolutely unacceptable for
Serbs to be murdered and for Albanian separatists to
openly threaten violence and blackmail the
international community”.
---
LAVROV E TADIC SI INCONTRANO A NEW YORK
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=12066
Voice of Russia - September 20, 2006
Kosovo’s future status featured prominently on the
agenda of the meeting that the Russian Foreign
Minister Sergey Lavrov has had with Serbia’s President
Boris Tadic in New York
Kosovo’s future status featured prominently on the
agenda of the meeting that the Russian Foreign
Minister Sergey Lavrov has had with Serbia’s President
Boris Tadic in New York.
The parties to the talks have said they see eye-to-eye
on the issue.
According to President Tadic, the regional status
should be determined with due regard for the interests
of the Serbian and Albanian population.
Meanwhile in Kosovo four Serbs were injured in a blast
in the town Klina, west of Pristina, on Thursday in
what is the fourth attack of this kind in the past
five days.
http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=10811870&PageNum=0
Kosovo status requires consent of other party - Lavrov
Itar-Tass - September 20, 2006
UNITED NATIONS - Kosovo should not be given any status
without the consent of the other party, Russian
Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on Wednesday.
He was speaking at a meeting with the UN
Secretary-General’s special envoy for Kosovo status
talks, Martti Ahtisaari, at the UN headquarters in New
York.
“If that happens after all, a precedent will be
created,” Lavrov said.
“The contract group is working on recommendations for
the parties concerned, and they will have the final
say. When the parties have come to terms, the UN
Security Council will be prepared to approve of the
agreements. Dictating solutions to any party would be
counter-productive, be it Kosovo, Abkhazia or South
Ossetia.”
---
LA SERBIA ACCUSAC IL "MEDIATORE" RAZZISTA AHTISAARI DI FAZIOSITÀ
http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/novina/article.tpl?
IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=37009&NrIssue=145&NrSection=20
Serbia accuses Ahtisaari for partiality
MakFax (Macedonia) - September 20, 2006
Belgrade - The UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari does
not fulfill his duty of being an objective and neutral
mediator in the negotiations over Kosovo's status.
The Serbian Government's Co-Ordination Center
announced this on Tuesday, responding to Ahtisaari's
denial of "clear threats of violence on the part of
Albanians, if their political goals" of granting
independence to Kosovo "are not met".
The reaction of the Serbian Center for Kosovo followed
a series of blasts in the province over the last
couple of days and threats voiced by the members of
Pristina's negotiating team for the "extermination of
Serbs".
"The International community has to face an enormous
responsibility for the situation when UNMIK is
incapable of preventing terrorists to plant explosives
and bombs.
"Moreover, the representatives of the negotiating team
are threatening to slaughter all the non-Albanian
population, instead of promoting a compromise
solution", the announcement of the Serbian Center for
Kosovo says.
http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/novina/article.tpl?
IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=37033&NrIssue=145&NrSection=20
Kostunica urges Ahtisaari to sanction separatists in Kosovo
MakFax (Macedonia) - September 20, 2006
Belgrade/Pristina - The Serbian government called on
Martti Ahtisaari to take all necessary measures to
halt Albanian separatists who carried out terrorist
acts against Serbs.
The move comes after the late Tuesday explosion in
Kosovo's city of Kline, which left four members of a
Serbian family injured.
"The international community should immediately stop
the violence, otherwise it will become an accomplice
to crimes against Serbs," Serbian Prime Minister
Vojislav Kostunica said.
The blast occurred late Tuesday outside a home of
Pavlovic family. They are among the first Serb
returnees in Kline.
Kosovo's Prime Minister Agim Ceku and UNMIK police
officials headed toward the explosion site.
---
I PRESIDENTE DELL'ALBANIA MOISIU RINCARA: PRIMA SQUARTIAMO LA SERBIA
E POI USIAMO "DUE PESI DUE MISURE"
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96268
Albanian President: Kosovo’s Independence won’t Serve
as a Model for Solving Other Conflicts
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 21, 2006
New York - “There should be no fears that Kosovo’s
independence could serve as a model for solving other
conflicts”, Albanian President Alfred Moisiu said
during the session of the UN General Assembly in New
York, the Balkan Web reported.
He stated that each conflict should be solved
according to its historic and geographic features, and
the Kosovo issue couldn’t be used as a model, although
Russia demands that.
The Albanian President also said that the independence
of Kosovo would contribute to the regional stability.
---
LAVROV ALL'ONU RIBADISCE IL "NO" RUSSO AI "DUE PESI E DUE MISURE"
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=12092
Kosovo status to be defined by all parties involved
Voice of Russia - September 21, 2006
No status can be granted to the Kosovo Province
without the approval of the other side.
If this happens, a precedent will be created.
Russia’s foreign minister Sergei Lavrov said as much,
speaking in the United Nations.
He says that the work is being done at the moment to
work out corresponding recommendations for the parties
concerned.
The UN Security Council is ready to adopt them. Any
forceful resolution whatever is fatal.
Russia says Serbia’s interests must be taken into
consideration in full measure during the talks on the
future Kosovo status, as Sergei Lavrov stressed.
Besides, the Kosovo Albanians leaders must observe the
rights of the national minorities.
---
TADIC ALL'ONU: LA SECESSIONE KOSOVARA RAPPRESENTEREBBE UN PRECEDENTE
PERICOLOSO
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96397
Boris Tadic: Kosovo’s Independence Could Become
Dangerous Precedent
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 23, 2006
New York - The President of Serbia Boris Tadic said
after a meeting of the UN Security Council on Kosovo
talks that representatives of Belgrade could be
moderate optimists regarding Kosovo, the Serbian news
agency Mondo reported.
According to Tadic Kosovo’s independence could become
a dangerous precedent, which could lead to the
intensifying of the conflicts in many regions of the
world and to serious destabilization in the region, in
particular Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro.
---
LOBBY PAN-ALBANESE NEGLI USA FINANZIA IL TERRORISMO CONTRO IL MONTENEGRO
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n96301
US Albanians Financed Terrorist Group Detained in Montenegro
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 22, 2006
Podgorica - The terrorist group which the Montenegrin
police arrested not long ago had been financed by the
Albanian diaspora in the USA, the aim of which was to
found a ‘Greater Albania’, the Montenegrin newspaper
Dan reads today.
Citing its sources, the newspaper points out that one
of the possible ideologists of the terrorist group is
the arrested H.M. who was born in Ostros (near the
town of Ulcinj), but is currently residing in the US.
He has written a few books in the US in which he
openly insists on founding a Greater Albania.
---
SCRITTE MURALI ANTISERBE A KLINA
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=24&nav_id=36931
Unnerving graffiti in Klina
B92 (Serbia) - September 24, 2006
KLINA - Graffiti messages in Klina have recently
alarmed the Serbian population of that village.
The OSCE and the Kosovo police in Klina stated that
the walls of a number of public institutions, and one
Serbian home, which has been attacked on several
occasions, were covered today with the graffiti
messages; “Albanian national army,” and “Albanian
national unity front.”
Many of the Serbian returnees in the region are
worried, and some of the international officials in
Kosovo believe that the graffiti is linked to the
recent attacks on Serbian returnees in the region.
The presence of KFOR forces in Klina has been
increased.
...
---
ANCHE IL PREMIER DELL'ALBANIA CHIEDE DI SPACCARE IL PAESE CONFINANTE,
SCOPO ANNESSIONE
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-09/26/content_5137314.htm
Albanian PM asks for Kosovo's independence
Xinhua News Agency - September 25, 2006
TIRANA - Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha said on
Sunday that Serbia's opposition to Kosovo's
independence is "unrealistic," local media reported on
Monday.
Belgrade continues to take an unrealistic stand on
Kosovo's status, but the lack of realism should not
hamper the final solution, Berisha told reporters.
Albania has been the biggest supporter of Kosovo's
independence. Among Kosovo's 2 million people, 90 per
cent are Albanians.
However, Tirana has always said it has [no,
presuambly] territorial claims and does not intend to
change its borders.
Nearly seven months of negotiations under the auspices
of UN in Vienna have failed to bridge the gap between
the Serbs who oppose independence and the Kosovo
Albanians who insist on it.
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96514
Kosovo Albanians Intend to Announce Region's
Independence Unilaterally
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 25, 2006
Tirana - If Serbia doesn’t recognize Kosovo’s
independence then the Albanians in Kosovo will
announce the region’s independence unilaterally,
ITAR-TASS informs.
This is what Albania’s Prime Minister Sali Berisha
said in Tirana today while commenting on the session
of the Contact Group for Kosovo that was held in New
York last week.
“Belgrade continues to demonstrate its lack of realism
but its stand should not hinder the final decision on
the Kosovo issue,” Mr. Berisha said.
http://www.voanews.com/english/2006-09-25-voa35.cfm
Albania's Prime Minister Urges Kosovo Independence
By Barry Wood - Voice of America News - September 25, 206
Tirana - Officials from Serbia and Albania continue to
spar over the future of Kosovo Province, as the U.N.
negotiator moves toward a possible settlement of the
issue.
In remarks to reporters Sunday, Albanian Prime
Minister Sali Berisha said Serbia's approach to the
Kosovo status negotiations has been unrealistic. He
said that with Kosovo Albanians and Serbs taking
opposite positions, the United Nations may have to
impose a solution.
Mr. Berisha said the Serbian opposition must not be
allowed to stand in the way of a settlement. The six
major powers guiding the Kosovo talks have given U.N.
negotiator Martti Ahtisaari a green light to propose
his own settlement proposal and try to resolve the
status of the Serbian province by the end of the year.
Nearly seven months of U.N. negotiations in Vienna
have failed to bridge the gap between Serbs who oppose
independence and the Kosovo Albanians who insist on
it. The U.N. has administered Kosovo since 1999 after
NATO drove out...Serbian forces....
Meanwhile, Serbian Foreign Minister Vuk Draskovic has
told a Pristina newspaper that independence for Kosovo
without Serb approval could spark trouble not only in
Kosovo but in neighboring Bosnia, Montenegro and
Macedonia.
Draskovic says Kosovo is a spiritual as well as a
territorial issue for Serbs.
Although Kosovo has held an important symbolic place
for Serbs since the middle ages, the province today
has a 90-percent ethnic-Albanian population.
U.N. negotiator Ahtisaari is expected within the next
month to propose some form of conditional independence
for Kosovo with strong safeguards for the Serb
minority.
Government spokesmen in Belgrade have repeated their
complaint that Ahtisaari is biased in favor of the
Albanians and should resign his position.
Ahtisaari has said that while he has no fixed deadline
he does intend to move ahead swiftly.
He says that if Kosovo does become independent it
would not set a precedent for other nations.
Russia, a member of the six nation Contact Group, has
said that if Kosovo is permitted to secede from
Serbia, that would be a precedent that could apply
elsewhere.
---
IN GRECIA SI TEME UNA SITUAZIONE DI TIPO "PALESTINESE" IN KOSOVO
http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n96511
Palestinian Model for Kosovo
Focus News Agency (Bulgaria) - September 25, 2006
Athens - The countdown for the solving of the ‘tricky’
issue of Kosovo’s future status has begun, an article
headed ‘Palestinian Model for Kosovo’ published in
Greek Kathimerini reads.
The tension is rising dangerously along the hot
Pristina-Belgrade axis.
The Albanians and the Serbs are ready for action as
according to the plans of the international community
the talks should finish by the end of 2006, the
article’s author comments.
The Albanians are threatening violence if Kosovo does
not receive full independence while Belgrade warns
that if that happens it would announce Kosovo as an
occupied part of Serbia.
The two countries remain staunch in their positions,
the author notes, and points out that the Albanians
are not yielding an inch from the idea of independence
and the only thing the Serbs reject is this exact
independence.
---
"AHTISAARI VATTENE"
http://www.vor.ru/index_eng.phtml?view=news_eng&id=12188
Serbia urges UN Kosovo envoy to leave the talks
Voice of Russia - September 25, 2006
Serbia’s government has urged the UN Special Envoy to
Kosovo’s status process to leave the talks.
This is what the head of the government service for
cooperation with mass media Srðan Ðuriæ said.
He says that Serbia’s leadership has no doubt that
Ahtisaari wants to organize a dialogue about the
future status of the Kosovo Province because he
decided to take the side of the Albanian separatists.
Ðuriæ also said that it is of great importance for
Serbia that in the issue concerning Kosovo’s status
Russia defends international law standards, showing
that that is its principled stand.
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=25&nav_id=36944
Belgrade to Ahtisaari: Best step down
B92 (serbia) - September 25, 2006
BELGRADE - Ahtisaari's accusations of insufficient
cooperation prompt the Government to say it would be
fair of him to do step down.
Government’s Media Office chief Srðan Ðuriæ says UN
Special Envoy for Kosovo should step down rather than
favor the Albanian side.
“It is doubtful whether Ahtisaari will adhere to his
mandate and organize serious talks on the province’s
future, or if he will simply side with Albanian
separatists.
"Even if Ahtisaari is in such a hurry and cannot
dedicate himself to the thorough preparation of the
negotiations, he must be aware this is about our
lives, our destiny, which is of much greater
importance than someone’s hurry or anxiety. It would
be fair of him to step down, rather than side with the
separatists in front of the whole world”, Ðuriæ said.
State Kosovo team coordinator Slobodan Samardžiæ
believes someone with a different mandate and a
different style ought to take over the mediation and
the conducting of the negotiations. Only after the end
of Ahtisaari’s mandate and his can there be any
serious negotiating process, Samardžiæ believes.
...
---
FUCILATE CONTRO "RITORNANTI" SERBI
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=26&nav_id=36962
Shots fired at Serbian returnees’ home
B92 (Serbia) - September 26, 2006
ISTOK - Unknown attackers fired shots at a home in
Istok in which 15 Serbian returnees live.
According to Istok Municipal Coordinator Radoš Vuliæ,
there were 15 people in the home, owned by Aleksa
Ljušiæ, at the time of the attack.
Witnesses said that they heard an unclear phone
conversation between unknown persons in the wooded
area near the home.
Returnee Miloš Nedeljkoviæ said that the shots were
fired from very close.
No one was hurt in the attack, though minor damage was
done to the home.
KFOR, UNMIK and the Kosovo Police Service were
informed of the attack and conducted an investigation
of the scene.
Nedeljkoviæ said that the returnees were shaken by the
incident and are asking for an increased presence of
police and KFOR troops in their community.
---
RESTA CHIUSO IL PONTE DI MITROVICA
http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?
yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=26&nav_id=36959
Kosovska Mitrovica bridge remains closed
B92 (Serbia) - September 26, 2006
KOSOVSKA MITROVICA - The bridge over the Ibar river in
Kosovska Mitrovica will remain closed after last
night’s attack on Aleksandar Æurèiæ.
UNMIK deputy chief met with Serb representatives in
town, saying the decision whether to reopen the bridge
will be postponed for until after the talks with KFOR
and representatives from the south part of the town.
Meanwhile, Kosovo police service detained eight
persons after last night’s attack by several Albanians
on Aleskandar Æurèiæ. They were interviewed and later
released.
The incident occurred when three underaged Albanians
crossed the bridge and started a brawl with a group of
people gathered on the north side of the bridge. The
verbal conflict turned into a fight, inflicting light
injuries on a Kosovo Serb.
Serb National Council chairman Milan Ivanoviæ said
that in his talks with the international community
representatives he repeated the Serb demand to keep
the bridge closed until the end of the Kosovo status
negotiations.
“They said they would decide in a few days, until then
the bridge remains closed and they take responsibility
for whatever happens, meaning whether or not the
bridge opens.”
UNMIK Police spokesman told B92 that contrary to
previous reports, UNMIK police did intervene. “They
reacted at the very start of the fight to protect the
victims from sustaining serious injuries”, Larry
Miller said.
The bridge on the Ibar river was opened yesterday,
after being closed on August 26, when a bomb was
thrown on a café in the Serb part of the town,
wounding nine people.
Due to the latest incidents around the bridge in
Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbs there will hold a protest
rally on October 2.
Fight near Kosovska Mitrovica bridge
A group of Albanians and Serbs got into a fight last
night near the bridge which separates them in Kosovska
Mitrovica.
Eyewitnesses told Beta that a group of about 15 youths
from the southern, Albanian part of the city crossed
the bridge to the Serbian part and began to provoke
Serbs to fight. A group of young men who regularly
hang out near the bridge on the northern side
confronted the group of Albanians and a fight broke
out.
According to the most recent reports, there were no
injuries in the scuffle. Eyewitnesses say that UNMIK
and Kosovo Police Service officials intervened very
quickly, separated the two groups and made them leave
the scene of the fight.
Following the fight, about one hundred Serbian
citizens of Kosovska Mitrovica gather at the north
side of the bridge and covered the path around it with
barbed wire. They are protesting and are asking for
the bridge to be closed down again, stating that this
incident shows that t<br/><br/>(Message over 64 KB, truncated)
Segnaliamo questo articolo di P. Cacucci che, benchè un po' datato,
riassume molto efficacemente alcune delle principali problematiche
riguardo alla disinformazione che ha accompagnato la aggressione NATO
alla RFJ nel 1999 e la successiva occupazione coloniale del Kosovo.
Benchè viziato da alcune pregiudiziali ideologiche (che portano
Cacucci ad es. a mettere sullo stesso piano comunismo e fascismo,
cosa per noi inaccettabile) l'articolo è ricco di informazioni e
mostra una corretta conoscenza dei fatti degli ultimi anni. (a cura
di IS)
http://www.feltrinelli.it/BlogItem?item_id=338
Pino Cacucci: blog per viandanti
riassume molto efficacemente alcune delle principali problematiche
riguardo alla disinformazione che ha accompagnato la aggressione NATO
alla RFJ nel 1999 e la successiva occupazione coloniale del Kosovo.
Benchè viziato da alcune pregiudiziali ideologiche (che portano
Cacucci ad es. a mettere sullo stesso piano comunismo e fascismo,
cosa per noi inaccettabile) l'articolo è ricco di informazioni e
mostra una corretta conoscenza dei fatti degli ultimi anni. (a cura
di IS)
http://www.feltrinelli.it/BlogItem?item_id=338
Pino Cacucci: blog per viandanti
STIMATA ARCHEOLOGA BULGARA RINCHIUSA NEL CPT DI RAGUSA
> From: "Riccardo Vedovato"
> Date: September 26, 2006 11:06:43 AM GMT+02:00
> Subject: Stranieri in Italia al tempo dell'Unione....
>
> Allucinante caso accaduto in questi giorni a un'accademica
> bulgara... (in ALLEGATO).
>
> Da notare che dal 1 gennaio 2007 la Bulgaria sarà parte integrante
> della CE..
>
> Una domandina.. ma dopo tutte le roboanti promesse elettorali di
> riforme dell'Unione, qulacuno ha visto qualche cambiamento in
> qualcosa con il governo Prodi? I famosi primi "100 giorni" di
> governo sono (ampiamente) già passati...
> ***************************************
http://lanazione.quotidiano.net/chan/cronaca:5437722:/2006/09/25:
LEGGE BOSSI-FINI
Stimata archeologa bulgara rinchiusa nel cpt di Ragusa
Nel suo paese è una stimata professionista laureata in storia e vice
direttore del museo di Varna, in questo momento va e viene dalla
Francia perchè sta allestendo una mostra. Ma è in Italia e per lei
risultata non in regola sono scattate le sbarre dei centri di
permanenza temporanea
Ragusa, 25 settembre 2006 - In Bulgaria è una stimata professionista,
laureata in storia con specializzazione in archeologia, ed è
vicedirettore di un museo a Varna, località balneare sul mar Nero.
Per l'Italia è una clandestina con 'diritto di soggiorno' nel poco
esclusivo centro di prima accoglienza di Ragusa. Brutta storia quella
di Marianna Doncheva, 47 anni, cittadina bulgara, incappata nelle
maglie della Bossi-Fini.
Dopo tre giorni trascorsi nel cpt ibleo, non ce la fa più e chiede di
essere al più presto espulsa dal Belpaese: "Io voglio solo andarmene.
Qui mi sento come in carcere e mi vergogno pure di tutta questa storia".
Un finale così, proprio non se l'aspettava la studiosa, bloccata
durante un controllo dei carabinieri della provincia di Grosseto,
dove era per visitare il fidanzato bulgaro in attesa di un intervento
chirurgico. Non avendo permesso di soggiorno, ha ricevuto il decreto
diespulsione e in attesa è stata spedita a Ragusa, dove c'è uno dei
pochi cpt per donne.
Così, ora si sfoga: "Mi sento cittadina europa e mi sono sempre
spostata senza preoccuparmi dei permessi. Sto curando una mostra in
Francia dove nessuno mi ha chiesto nulla. Ho persino aperto un conto
in banca e ricevo tranquillamente la corrispondenza. Se ho sbagliato
e vogliono cacciarmi, per lo meno lo facciano al più presto".
In Italia, invece, non è passata inosservata, perchè, anche se manca
poco all'ingresso della Bulgaria nell'Unione europea, per la legge
Marianna è una clandestina da fermare e mandare via. Dice di essere
trattata "benissimo", ma le condizioni sono "difficili: siamo una
cinquantina e dormiamo in grandi camerate. Sono ragazze di ogni tipo,
molte prostitute. All'inizio credevo d'impazzire".
L'avvocato Maria Platania ha chiesto l'applicazione del trattato di
Schengen, tenendo conto della precedente permanenza in Francia :
"Chiederò comunque al prefetto - dice il legale - che almeno
l'espulsione avvenga al più presto".
> From: "Riccardo Vedovato"
> Date: September 26, 2006 11:06:43 AM GMT+02:00
> Subject: Stranieri in Italia al tempo dell'Unione....
>
> Allucinante caso accaduto in questi giorni a un'accademica
> bulgara... (in ALLEGATO).
>
> Da notare che dal 1 gennaio 2007 la Bulgaria sarà parte integrante
> della CE..
>
> Una domandina.. ma dopo tutte le roboanti promesse elettorali di
> riforme dell'Unione, qulacuno ha visto qualche cambiamento in
> qualcosa con il governo Prodi? I famosi primi "100 giorni" di
> governo sono (ampiamente) già passati...
> ***************************************
http://lanazione.quotidiano.net/chan/cronaca:5437722:/2006/09/25:
LEGGE BOSSI-FINI
Stimata archeologa bulgara rinchiusa nel cpt di Ragusa
Nel suo paese è una stimata professionista laureata in storia e vice
direttore del museo di Varna, in questo momento va e viene dalla
Francia perchè sta allestendo una mostra. Ma è in Italia e per lei
risultata non in regola sono scattate le sbarre dei centri di
permanenza temporanea
Ragusa, 25 settembre 2006 - In Bulgaria è una stimata professionista,
laureata in storia con specializzazione in archeologia, ed è
vicedirettore di un museo a Varna, località balneare sul mar Nero.
Per l'Italia è una clandestina con 'diritto di soggiorno' nel poco
esclusivo centro di prima accoglienza di Ragusa. Brutta storia quella
di Marianna Doncheva, 47 anni, cittadina bulgara, incappata nelle
maglie della Bossi-Fini.
Dopo tre giorni trascorsi nel cpt ibleo, non ce la fa più e chiede di
essere al più presto espulsa dal Belpaese: "Io voglio solo andarmene.
Qui mi sento come in carcere e mi vergogno pure di tutta questa storia".
Un finale così, proprio non se l'aspettava la studiosa, bloccata
durante un controllo dei carabinieri della provincia di Grosseto,
dove era per visitare il fidanzato bulgaro in attesa di un intervento
chirurgico. Non avendo permesso di soggiorno, ha ricevuto il decreto
diespulsione e in attesa è stata spedita a Ragusa, dove c'è uno dei
pochi cpt per donne.
Così, ora si sfoga: "Mi sento cittadina europa e mi sono sempre
spostata senza preoccuparmi dei permessi. Sto curando una mostra in
Francia dove nessuno mi ha chiesto nulla. Ho persino aperto un conto
in banca e ricevo tranquillamente la corrispondenza. Se ho sbagliato
e vogliono cacciarmi, per lo meno lo facciano al più presto".
In Italia, invece, non è passata inosservata, perchè, anche se manca
poco all'ingresso della Bulgaria nell'Unione europea, per la legge
Marianna è una clandestina da fermare e mandare via. Dice di essere
trattata "benissimo", ma le condizioni sono "difficili: siamo una
cinquantina e dormiamo in grandi camerate. Sono ragazze di ogni tipo,
molte prostitute. All'inizio credevo d'impazzire".
L'avvocato Maria Platania ha chiesto l'applicazione del trattato di
Schengen, tenendo conto della precedente permanenza in Francia :
"Chiederò comunque al prefetto - dice il legale - che almeno
l'espulsione avvenga al più presto".
il manifesto
23 Settembre 2006
Kosovo
D'Alema: «Siamo a favore dell'indipendenza»
«In Kosovo la spinta è verso un processo graduale di indipendenza ma
devono essere adottate una serie di misure tali da evitare
lacerazioni e instabilità. Questa è la tesi che sosterrò stasera
nella riunione del G8 dove sarò relatore proprio sulla questione dei
Balcani e del Kosovo». Lo ha detto il ministro degli Esteri Massimo
D'Alema parlando con i giornalisti a margine dei lavori
dell'Assemblea generale dell'Onu a New York.
il manifesto
24 Settembre 2006
Balcani, i troppi non-detto di Massimo D'Alema
Tommaso Di Francesco
Ai margini dell'Assemblea generale dell'Onu, il ministro degli esteri
italiano Massimo D'Alema ha parlato di Kosovo, rompendo un silenzio
che durava da troppo tempo. A fronte di una comunità internazionale
erede della guerra «umanitaria» del 1999 - Usa, amministrazione Onu e
Nato in testa - che ora vuole a tutti i costi l'indipendenza del
Kosovo entro la fine dell'anno, D'Alema ha confermato la sciagurata
scelta dell'indipendenza, ma ha proposto un «approccio regionale» che
tenga conto del pericolo che una forzatura improvvisa
sull'indipendenza provocherebbe nell'area balcanica in particolare in
Bosnia (e, aggiungiamo noi in Macedonia) ma soprattutto senza un
«atteggiamento discriminatorio verso la Serbia, il cui isolamento
porterebbe rischi in altri paesi dove ci sono minoranze serbe»,
auspicando una «integrazione dei Balcani occidentali nell'Unione
europea e nella Nato» e concludendo in favore di un «processo verso
l'indipendenza graduale» del Kosovo.
Ci troviamo di fronte a un atteggiamento ambiguo, un immobilismo
sull'orlo di un precipizio, che dice e non dice, e soprattutto
rimanda a una gradualità quello che è proprio impossibile realizzare,
non solo immediatamente, pena «nuovi elementi di conflittualità», ma
concretamente e nel futuro, pena una nuova guerra - «umanitaria»,
s'intende. Il fatto è che la conflittualità non è un rischio, c'è già
nei Balcani. Intorno alle enclave dei pochi serbi rimasti in Kosovo
soffia la minaccia di una rivolta che viene annunciata perfino
dall'alto delle istituzioni etniche - solo kosovaro-albanesi - come
ha fatto in questi giorni il presidente del 'parlamento' Kol Berisha,
rivolto all'Occidente, alle famiglie serbe asserragliate in pochi
bantustan protetti, e ai contingenti della Kfor-Nato, compresi quelli
italiani di Djacovica che ben ricordano la rivolta, le stragi e la
caccia al serbo del marzo 2004.
E nella sempre più fragile Bosnia Erzegovina a una settimana da
incerte elezioni, come in Macedonia dove i partiti albanesi
«aspettano» solo lo status di un Kosovo indipendente per decidere se
restare al governo con gli slavomacedoni che hanno vinto le elezioni
o attivare quella Grande Albania nata come ideologia proprio a
Tetovo. Dunque, forse varrebbe di più essere chiari, perché ai
Balcani non servono né la fumosità né il fallimento di una nuova
Bicamerale.
Perché D'Alema non dice che in Kosovo non c'è alcuna condizione per
l'indipendenza, alcuno standard democratico o garanzia dei diritti
delle minoranze richiesti? Perché non racconta quel che è accaduto in
questi sei anni di Amministrazione Onu e occupazione militare Kfor-
Nato e non spiega che cosa rischia di accadere nelle settimane che ci
separano dalla fine dell'anno? E non trae qualche conclusione sui
risultati della guerra del 1999 che lo hanno visto protagonista?
Allora, a conclusione di 78 giorni di bombardamenti «umanitari» su
tutta l'ex Jugoslavia, Kosovo compreso, e con troppi «effetti
collaterali» (delitti deliberati, scrisse Amnesty in un rapporto dal
titolo eguale a quello sulla recente guerra del Libano) i profughi
albanesi, fuggiti come poi ammesso dalla stessa magistratura e media
di Pristina in gran parte per il timore dei bombardamenti e di quel
che sarebbe accaduto a seguito della scelta di guerra occidentale,
sono tutti tornati a casa. E' però cominciata nel terrore la nuova
pulizia etnica dei miliziani dell'alleato Uck, ex Uck, e delle
popolazioni albanesi, contro serbi, rom, goranji, ebrei. Sotto gli
occhi 'vigili' della Nato e dell'Unmik si è consumato un crimine nel
silenzio del mondo: dall'ingresso delle truppe Nato a oggi, 200.000
serbi sono fuggiti e altrettanti rom, 1194 serbi e 593 membri di
altre minoranze sono stati uccisi, 1300 persone - tra cui albanesi
considerati moderati - sono desaparecidos, 1400 le persone invalidate
per avere subito aggressioni. Eppure negli accordi di Kumanovo il
ritiro delle truppe di Belgrado era condizionato alla protezione
delle minoranze, e a patto che dopo sei anni, alla fine
dell'Amministrazione Unmik, la regione sarebbe tornata sotto
amministrazione serba.
Resta sospesa una domanda: quella guerra, motivata allora da D'Alema
«per salvare i profughi e fermare la pulizia etnica di Milosevic»,
non aveva invece lo scopo di separare con un'avventura bellica un
territorio costitutivo dell'integrità territoriale e dell'identità di
un popolo e di un paese, la Serbia? A questa intenzione sciagurata fa
pensare ora la soluzione dell'indipendenza. Ed è bene riconoscerlo.
Perché sarebbe davvero un precedente, tornerebbe «utile» dal Medio
Oriente al Kurdistan turco, fino al Caucaso e non solo.
Ma non è necessario andare così lontano, visto che sempre nei Balcani
a poche centinaia di chilometri dal Kosovo, nella Bosnia Erzegovina
(suddivisa in due entità statali, Federazione croato-musulmana e
Repubblica Srpska dagli accordi di Dayton del '95) la comunità
internazionale sta avviando di fatto la cancellazione dell'entità
serba, perché ci deve essere una sola Bosnia Erzegovina, sostiene
l'attuale Alto commissario tedesco Swarz -Shilling, esattamente come
il precedente Paddy Ashdown. Non parliamo nemmeno delle tensioni
della croata Erzegovina a staccarsi. Ma ora i serbi cominciano a
rispondere e chiedono l'indipendenza con il leader Milorad Dodik, il
meno nazionalista che ci sia mai stato in quella terra martoriata,
apprezzato per la sua moderazione perfino dal Tribunale dell'Aja e
perdipiù nemico giurato del ricercato Radovan Karadzic. E' il segno
che i serbi non ne possono più di essere «brutti, sporchi e cattivi»,
considerati troppo spesso come unici responsabili della mattanza
balcanica di questi anni. E soprattutto, se D'Alema avverte davvero
il pericolo che può venire dal continuo «isolamento della Serbia»,
com'è possibile accettare due pesi e due misure: favorire, magari in
modo graduale, un' indipendenza etnica in Kosovo e negarla ai serbi
in Bosnia?
Se D'Alema rispondesse a queste domande saremmo tutti più consapevoli
non solo del ruolo del nuovo governo di centrosinistra in politica
estera, ma dell'intero destino del sud-est europeo.
Settimana d'attentati
Feriti 4 serbi profughi-rientrati
S è concluso lunedì scorso con un fallimento il vertice di Vienna tra
serbi e kosovaro-albanesi sullo status definitivo della provincia
ancora formalmente serba e che la maggioranza albanese vuole
indipendente. E la violenza 'etnica' contro le minoranze serbe e rom
e contro i moderati albanesi è ripresa alla grande. E' stata una
settimana di fuoco. Venerdì 15 una violenta esplosione ha fatto
saltare l'auto del ministro degli interni Fatmir Rexhepi a Gnjilane,
forse in relazione all'annuncio di arresti di kosovaro-albanesi
responsabili degli eccidi e delle devastazioni del marzo 2004 - e
ieri alla fine ci sono stati sette arresti, più volte sollecitati
dalla polizia internazionale. Domenica 17 sempre a Gnjilane un altro
attentato ha danneggiato quattro automobili di esponenti politici.
Martedì 19 una bomba è stata lanciata nell'appartamento di Milorad
Pavlovic, ferito con altre tre donne della sua famiglia; il fatto è
particolarmente grave perché la famiglia faceva parte di un piccolo
gruppo di rifugiati serbi da poco rientrati e «protetti» dalla Nato.
Il 19 giugno a Klina in circostanze analoghe era stato ucciso il
contadino rifugiato-rientrato Dragan Popovic.
23 Settembre 2006
Kosovo
D'Alema: «Siamo a favore dell'indipendenza»
«In Kosovo la spinta è verso un processo graduale di indipendenza ma
devono essere adottate una serie di misure tali da evitare
lacerazioni e instabilità. Questa è la tesi che sosterrò stasera
nella riunione del G8 dove sarò relatore proprio sulla questione dei
Balcani e del Kosovo». Lo ha detto il ministro degli Esteri Massimo
D'Alema parlando con i giornalisti a margine dei lavori
dell'Assemblea generale dell'Onu a New York.
il manifesto
24 Settembre 2006
Balcani, i troppi non-detto di Massimo D'Alema
Tommaso Di Francesco
Ai margini dell'Assemblea generale dell'Onu, il ministro degli esteri
italiano Massimo D'Alema ha parlato di Kosovo, rompendo un silenzio
che durava da troppo tempo. A fronte di una comunità internazionale
erede della guerra «umanitaria» del 1999 - Usa, amministrazione Onu e
Nato in testa - che ora vuole a tutti i costi l'indipendenza del
Kosovo entro la fine dell'anno, D'Alema ha confermato la sciagurata
scelta dell'indipendenza, ma ha proposto un «approccio regionale» che
tenga conto del pericolo che una forzatura improvvisa
sull'indipendenza provocherebbe nell'area balcanica in particolare in
Bosnia (e, aggiungiamo noi in Macedonia) ma soprattutto senza un
«atteggiamento discriminatorio verso la Serbia, il cui isolamento
porterebbe rischi in altri paesi dove ci sono minoranze serbe»,
auspicando una «integrazione dei Balcani occidentali nell'Unione
europea e nella Nato» e concludendo in favore di un «processo verso
l'indipendenza graduale» del Kosovo.
Ci troviamo di fronte a un atteggiamento ambiguo, un immobilismo
sull'orlo di un precipizio, che dice e non dice, e soprattutto
rimanda a una gradualità quello che è proprio impossibile realizzare,
non solo immediatamente, pena «nuovi elementi di conflittualità», ma
concretamente e nel futuro, pena una nuova guerra - «umanitaria»,
s'intende. Il fatto è che la conflittualità non è un rischio, c'è già
nei Balcani. Intorno alle enclave dei pochi serbi rimasti in Kosovo
soffia la minaccia di una rivolta che viene annunciata perfino
dall'alto delle istituzioni etniche - solo kosovaro-albanesi - come
ha fatto in questi giorni il presidente del 'parlamento' Kol Berisha,
rivolto all'Occidente, alle famiglie serbe asserragliate in pochi
bantustan protetti, e ai contingenti della Kfor-Nato, compresi quelli
italiani di Djacovica che ben ricordano la rivolta, le stragi e la
caccia al serbo del marzo 2004.
E nella sempre più fragile Bosnia Erzegovina a una settimana da
incerte elezioni, come in Macedonia dove i partiti albanesi
«aspettano» solo lo status di un Kosovo indipendente per decidere se
restare al governo con gli slavomacedoni che hanno vinto le elezioni
o attivare quella Grande Albania nata come ideologia proprio a
Tetovo. Dunque, forse varrebbe di più essere chiari, perché ai
Balcani non servono né la fumosità né il fallimento di una nuova
Bicamerale.
Perché D'Alema non dice che in Kosovo non c'è alcuna condizione per
l'indipendenza, alcuno standard democratico o garanzia dei diritti
delle minoranze richiesti? Perché non racconta quel che è accaduto in
questi sei anni di Amministrazione Onu e occupazione militare Kfor-
Nato e non spiega che cosa rischia di accadere nelle settimane che ci
separano dalla fine dell'anno? E non trae qualche conclusione sui
risultati della guerra del 1999 che lo hanno visto protagonista?
Allora, a conclusione di 78 giorni di bombardamenti «umanitari» su
tutta l'ex Jugoslavia, Kosovo compreso, e con troppi «effetti
collaterali» (delitti deliberati, scrisse Amnesty in un rapporto dal
titolo eguale a quello sulla recente guerra del Libano) i profughi
albanesi, fuggiti come poi ammesso dalla stessa magistratura e media
di Pristina in gran parte per il timore dei bombardamenti e di quel
che sarebbe accaduto a seguito della scelta di guerra occidentale,
sono tutti tornati a casa. E' però cominciata nel terrore la nuova
pulizia etnica dei miliziani dell'alleato Uck, ex Uck, e delle
popolazioni albanesi, contro serbi, rom, goranji, ebrei. Sotto gli
occhi 'vigili' della Nato e dell'Unmik si è consumato un crimine nel
silenzio del mondo: dall'ingresso delle truppe Nato a oggi, 200.000
serbi sono fuggiti e altrettanti rom, 1194 serbi e 593 membri di
altre minoranze sono stati uccisi, 1300 persone - tra cui albanesi
considerati moderati - sono desaparecidos, 1400 le persone invalidate
per avere subito aggressioni. Eppure negli accordi di Kumanovo il
ritiro delle truppe di Belgrado era condizionato alla protezione
delle minoranze, e a patto che dopo sei anni, alla fine
dell'Amministrazione Unmik, la regione sarebbe tornata sotto
amministrazione serba.
Resta sospesa una domanda: quella guerra, motivata allora da D'Alema
«per salvare i profughi e fermare la pulizia etnica di Milosevic»,
non aveva invece lo scopo di separare con un'avventura bellica un
territorio costitutivo dell'integrità territoriale e dell'identità di
un popolo e di un paese, la Serbia? A questa intenzione sciagurata fa
pensare ora la soluzione dell'indipendenza. Ed è bene riconoscerlo.
Perché sarebbe davvero un precedente, tornerebbe «utile» dal Medio
Oriente al Kurdistan turco, fino al Caucaso e non solo.
Ma non è necessario andare così lontano, visto che sempre nei Balcani
a poche centinaia di chilometri dal Kosovo, nella Bosnia Erzegovina
(suddivisa in due entità statali, Federazione croato-musulmana e
Repubblica Srpska dagli accordi di Dayton del '95) la comunità
internazionale sta avviando di fatto la cancellazione dell'entità
serba, perché ci deve essere una sola Bosnia Erzegovina, sostiene
l'attuale Alto commissario tedesco Swarz -Shilling, esattamente come
il precedente Paddy Ashdown. Non parliamo nemmeno delle tensioni
della croata Erzegovina a staccarsi. Ma ora i serbi cominciano a
rispondere e chiedono l'indipendenza con il leader Milorad Dodik, il
meno nazionalista che ci sia mai stato in quella terra martoriata,
apprezzato per la sua moderazione perfino dal Tribunale dell'Aja e
perdipiù nemico giurato del ricercato Radovan Karadzic. E' il segno
che i serbi non ne possono più di essere «brutti, sporchi e cattivi»,
considerati troppo spesso come unici responsabili della mattanza
balcanica di questi anni. E soprattutto, se D'Alema avverte davvero
il pericolo che può venire dal continuo «isolamento della Serbia»,
com'è possibile accettare due pesi e due misure: favorire, magari in
modo graduale, un' indipendenza etnica in Kosovo e negarla ai serbi
in Bosnia?
Se D'Alema rispondesse a queste domande saremmo tutti più consapevoli
non solo del ruolo del nuovo governo di centrosinistra in politica
estera, ma dell'intero destino del sud-est europeo.
Settimana d'attentati
Feriti 4 serbi profughi-rientrati
S è concluso lunedì scorso con un fallimento il vertice di Vienna tra
serbi e kosovaro-albanesi sullo status definitivo della provincia
ancora formalmente serba e che la maggioranza albanese vuole
indipendente. E la violenza 'etnica' contro le minoranze serbe e rom
e contro i moderati albanesi è ripresa alla grande. E' stata una
settimana di fuoco. Venerdì 15 una violenta esplosione ha fatto
saltare l'auto del ministro degli interni Fatmir Rexhepi a Gnjilane,
forse in relazione all'annuncio di arresti di kosovaro-albanesi
responsabili degli eccidi e delle devastazioni del marzo 2004 - e
ieri alla fine ci sono stati sette arresti, più volte sollecitati
dalla polizia internazionale. Domenica 17 sempre a Gnjilane un altro
attentato ha danneggiato quattro automobili di esponenti politici.
Martedì 19 una bomba è stata lanciata nell'appartamento di Milorad
Pavlovic, ferito con altre tre donne della sua famiglia; il fatto è
particolarmente grave perché la famiglia faceva parte di un piccolo
gruppo di rifugiati serbi da poco rientrati e «protetti» dalla Nato.
Il 19 giugno a Klina in circostanze analoghe era stato ucciso il
contadino rifugiato-rientrato Dragan Popovic.
(castellano / francais / deutsch / english / italiano)
London, Bosnia (3)
Dai jihadisti dell'MI6 (7/7/2005) al terrorismo mediatico delle "bombe liquide"(11/8/2006)
# italiano: "Londra, 10 agosto. Quando le menzogne vengono a galla"
Giulietto Chiesa, 30 agosto 2006 (da Galatea)
# english: LINKS
# deutsch: LINKS
# francais: LIENS
# castellano: LINKS
(in boldface we stress those articles which are most relevant or directly related to the Balkans' questions)
VEDI ANCHE / SEE ALSO in our archive
London, Bosnia (1)
JUGOINFO September 18, 2005
Kristallnacht in London
JUGOINFO August 3, 2005
London: Strategy of Tension Continues
JUGOINFO July 29, 2005
Visnjica broj 501
JUGOINFO July 17, 2005
Visnjica broj 501 BIS
JUGOINFO July 22, 2005
London, Bosnia (2)
JUGOINFO January 25, 2006
=== ITALIANO ===
Invio un interessante articolo di Giulietto Chiesa che riprende alcune notizie sul "Proactive Preemptive Operations Group" (P2OG) aggiungendo solo che il gruppo [un centinaio di persone] possiede un budget annuale di "100 milioni di dollari" [più o meno lo stessa cifra che le 23 nazioni più ricche al mondo hanno stanziato per combattere la malaria nel terzo mondo] e che il primo articolo su giornale che ne riporta notizia è del 27 Ottobre 2002 ["Los Angeles Times" a firma di William Arkin http://www.commondreams.org/views02/1028-11.htm ].
Edoardo Magnone (fonte: mailing list ScienzaePace )
_____________________________________________________
"Londra, 10 agosto. Quando le menzogne vengono a galla"
Giulietto Chiesa, 30 agosto 2006 (da Galatea)
Sono in molti a chiedersi che cosa ci fosse, davvero, sotto l'ormai famoso “complotto del terrore” aereo, “scoperto” con grande clamore mediatico, grande paura planetaria, grandi contromisure mondiali, il 10 di agosto 2006. Per inciso: mentre Israele bombardava senza tregua il Libano e la striscia di Gaza, attirandosi addosso l'esecrazione di una larga maggioranza di cittadini di ogni latitudine.
Comincerei da lontano: dal programma del Pentagono denominato P2OG. La sigla sta per Proactive Preemptive Operations Group . L'esistenza di questo programma, la cui data di nascita è sconosciuta, emerse dai fondali nell'agosto 2002, perché notizie che lo riguardavano vennero pubblicate dal Comitato Scientifico di Difesa del Pentagono. Non è escluso, ma non è sicuro, che un tale programma fosse esistente da più tempo. Per esempio da prima dell'11 settembre. Ma, in sostanza cosa c'è nella scatola? Operazioni clandestine di elevata sofisticatezza realizzate dai servizi segreti per “stimolare reazioni” nei gruppi terroristici. Cioè: penetrazione nei gruppi con agenti provocatori, per spingerli ad azioni errate che permettono, dopo essere state “scoperte”, di sgominarli o di ricattarli.
Non è un'idea originale? Il fatto è che Seymour Hersh, Dio lo benedica per la sua tenacia, ci ha informato, nel gennaio del 2005, con un articolo sul New Yorker, che il P2OG è stato rimesso in funzione. “Mi è stato riferito (da fonti del servizi americani, ndr) che agenti militari sarebbero stati preparati per fingersi uomini d'affari corrotti, che cercano di comprare pezzi che possano essere usati per costruire bombe atomiche. In certi casi cittadini locali (cioè non americani, ndr) potrebbero essere reclutati per entrare a far parte di gruppi guerriglieri o terroristici. Con il compito potenziale di organizzare ed eseguire operazioni di combattimento, o perfino attività terroristiche” (il corsivo è mio).
Adesso torniamo al complotto “globale” del 10 agosto. Da dove sono venute le informazioni? Dai servizi segreti militari del Pakistan, l'ISI. Cioè i signori che crearono dal nulla, tra il 1994 e il 1996, il regime dei taliban in Afghanistan. I quali avrebbero catturato Rashid Rauf, la cosiddetta “mente” dell'intera operazione che avrebbe dovuto far saltare per aria una decina di aerei diretti da Londra verso gli Stati Uniti. E insieme a Rashid, un discreto gruppetto di complici.
Ma quando gli attentati? Non certo in prossimità del 10 agosto, perché a quella data i sospetti, cioè i 24 arrestati, non avevano ancora nemmeno comprato i biglietti aerei. E molti di loro non avevano nemmeno i passaporti per andare negli Stati Uniti. Questa notizia è stata data alla NBC News da una fonte ufficiale britannica. Un'altra fonte dei servizi britannici ha riferito inoltre che molti dei sospetti erano sotto stretta sorveglianza da più d'un anno, cioè da prima degli attentati del luglio 2005. Ma, se erano sotto vigilanza, da dove viene la sorpresa e il clamore? E perché spiattellare tutto proprio alla vigilia del 10 agosto? Sempre NBC News rivela che la decisione di arrestarli subito, sebbene non ci fosse nessuna evidenza di pericolo immediato, “fu imposta dai funzionari di Washington”.
Ma cosa era accaduto, nel frattempo? Che, a Islamabad, Rashid Rauf aveva confessato. Perfino i giornali pakistani riferiscono che il giovanotto “è crollato” sotto gl'interrogatori. E tutti noi capiamo come vengano condotti gl'interrogatori della polizia politica pakistana. In altri termini: tortura. Il fatto che gli agenti americani e britannici non abbiano mosso ciglio di fronte a una confessione sotto tortura non deve destare stupore: è quello che loro stessi hanno fatto – o hanno permesso che si facesse a Guantanamo Bay, in Uzbekistan (rivelazioni molto dettagliate dell'ex ambasciatore britannico a Tashkent, Craig Murray), ad Abu Ghraib, a Damasco, al Cairo, a Kabul, etc.
In quelle condizioni si confessa qualsiasi cosa, ovviamente. E Rashid Rauf non poteva fare eccezione. Confessa anche, ad esempio, che gli aerei li avrebbero fatti saltare in aria fabbricando, sempre in aria, un esplosivo denominato TATP. Cioè perossido di idrogeno, acetone e acido solforico. Secondo la versione fornita dagl'inquirenti, i terroristi sarebbero saliti a bordo con questi tre elementi separati, tutti e tre liquidi, per sfuggire ai controlli dell'aeroporto. I componenti sarebbero poi stati mescolati insieme in una toilette dell'aereo, per produrre il micidiale esplosivo.
Sfortunatamente questa storia è totalmente impossibile, come hanno clamorosamente dimostrato gli esperti di esplosivi e come ha, con grande spirito umoristico, raccontato il giornalista americano Thomas C. Greene. Perché mettere insieme perossido di idrogeno (nella dovuta concentrazione, altamente infiammabile), con acetone, si può fare, ma richiede obbligatoriamente una temperatura inferiore ai 10 gradi centigradi , altrimenti il liquido risultante s'incendia subito. E l'incendio può ustionare il portatore, o i suoi vicini di sedile, ma non è un'esplosione e non può far cadere l'aereo. D'altro canto tenere sotto controllo una tale soluzione per diverse ore, in aereo, implica un sistema di refrigerazione molto preciso e anche molto ingombrante. Da portare, per giunta, nella toilette insieme ad alambicchi vari. Perché adesso viene in bello. Cioè il versamento dell'acido solforico nella data soluzione.
La qual cosa richiede, come minimo e preliminarmente, una maschera antigas e un paio di occhiali da subacqueo, perché il gas che ne fuoriesce è altamente corrosivo per gli occhi e letale se inspirato. Non solo, ma l'intera operazione, per raggiungere la quantità di esplosivo necessaria, richiede parecchie ore. E poi comporta altre due ore e mezzo circa di attesa affinché il composto chimico riesca a seccare, trasformandosi in piccolissimi cristalli simili a neve, prima di poter essere fatto detonare con un impulso elettrico.
Tutto questo, com'è evidente, richiede che, nel corso dell'intero volo, nessun passeggero venga a bussare alla porta della toilette; che nessun membro dell'equipaggio si insospettisca vedendo un passeggero entrare nella toilette con ingombranti apparecchiature, e poi assistendo, dall'esterno a una tale prolungata diarrea; che i fumi del gas letale, dall'odore caratteristico di acido solforico, non escano dalla toilette, soffocando i passeggeri dei sedili situati in prossimità della detta toilette.
Il mondo intero – come ha scritto Green – “è stato raggirato con un mito hollywoodiano di liquidi esplosivi binari, che ha guidato interi governi e determinato politiche. Cioè noi abbiamo reagito a un complotto cinematografico”. Pura fiction, evidentemente di grande successo.
Chi l'ha prodotta? Ecco, non sarebbe male ora tornare a bomba, come si usa dire, al progetto P2OG. Ce ne sono i motivi. Secondo la dettagliata analisi di Nafeez Mossadeq Ahmed (1), che cita a sua volta il capo del bureau pakistano di Asia Times, Syed Shahzad, i cittadini britannici di origine pakistana arrestati a Lahore e Karachi in connessione con il complotto, erano tutti membri attivi del gruppo islamico britannico clandestino Al Muhajiroun, il cui capo è Omar Bakri Mohammed. Costui è ora in Libano, dove è stato “esiliato” dalle autorità britanniche sebbene figuri tra i sospettati per le esplosioni del 7 luglio 2005 a Londra. Non vi sembra strano che, avendolo in mano, gl'inglesi se lo siano fatto scappare? Risulterà meno strano quando si sappia che Omar Bakri Mohammed era un agente dell'MI6 britannico, reclutato alla metà degli anni '90 per reclutare, a sua volta, combattenti islamici per il Kosovo. Sempre secondo la stessa fonte sia la CIA che l'MI6 avrebbero da tempo loro agenti infiltrati all'interno del gruppo Al Muhajiroun.
Il tutto appare straordinariamente simile alla mission del gruppo P2OG: organizzare finti o veri attentati terroristici, penetrare all'interno dei gruppi terroristici per usarli a proprio piacimento. Ecco da dove viene la fiction nella quale tutti i media principali hanno immediatamente creduto, rivendendocela come realtà effettuale, contribuendo a organizzare la diversione.
Poi che succede? Che le prove non ci sono, che la “mente” del complotto, torturato a dovere, non viene neppure estradato in Inghilterra, forse perché non lo si può far vedere in pubblico. E succede anche che dei 23 arrestati solo 11 vengono formalmente incriminati, con accuse molto generiche di possesso di elementi atti a costruire bombe e possesso di video estremisti inneggianti al martirio. Due sono rimessi addirittura in libertà, gli altri 11 sono trattenuti in base alla legge antiterrorismo che prevede 28 giorni di detenzione anche senza un'accusa formale. Il ministro dell'interno britannico, John Reid, sta cercando di far passare un piccolo Patriot Act d'oltre Manica, per prolungare il fermo fino a 90 giorni, ma non risulta abbia chiesto l'estradizione di Rashid Rauf.
Ma ciascuno di noi dovrebbe sapere che è possibile, teoricamente, la sua incriminazione per terrorismo. Infatti potrebbe avere dell'acetone in bagno, per sciogliere lo smalto sulle unghie, e dell'acido solforico per sturare i lavandini, e del decolorante per capelli, che contiene, insieme al 97% di acqua, anche del perossido d'idrogeno. Infine tutti abbiamo un telefonino, potenzialmente adatto a innescare l'esplosivo risultante.
Resta una domanda, che spesso mi viene fatta quando cerco di spiegare che anche l'11 settembre è una colossale menzogna: “ma possibile che chi organizza questi spettacoli sia così stupido da lasciarsi dietro tante incongruenze?” La domanda è legittima, ma ingenua. Le incongruenze sono evidenti, ma le conosceranno in pochi. Quello che passa è la versione ufficiale, che crea l'ondata di panico opportuna per l'uso da parte dei poteri. Chi organizza queste cose non è affatto stupido: conosce il funzionamento dei media meglio di noi e anche meglio di molti direttori di giornali e di telegiornali.
29-8-06
Comincerei da lontano: dal programma del Pentagono denominato P2OG. La sigla sta per Proactive Preemptive Operations Group . L'esistenza di questo programma, la cui data di nascita è sconosciuta, emerse dai fondali nell'agosto 2002, perché notizie che lo riguardavano vennero pubblicate dal Comitato Scientifico di Difesa del Pentagono. Non è escluso, ma non è sicuro, che un tale programma fosse esistente da più tempo. Per esempio da prima dell'11 settembre. Ma, in sostanza cosa c'è nella scatola? Operazioni clandestine di elevata sofisticatezza realizzate dai servizi segreti per “stimolare reazioni” nei gruppi terroristici. Cioè: penetrazione nei gruppi con agenti provocatori, per spingerli ad azioni errate che permettono, dopo essere state “scoperte”, di sgominarli o di ricattarli.
Non è un'idea originale? Il fatto è che Seymour Hersh, Dio lo benedica per la sua tenacia, ci ha informato, nel gennaio del 2005, con un articolo sul New Yorker, che il P2OG è stato rimesso in funzione. “Mi è stato riferito (da fonti del servizi americani, ndr) che agenti militari sarebbero stati preparati per fingersi uomini d'affari corrotti, che cercano di comprare pezzi che possano essere usati per costruire bombe atomiche. In certi casi cittadini locali (cioè non americani, ndr) potrebbero essere reclutati per entrare a far parte di gruppi guerriglieri o terroristici. Con il compito potenziale di organizzare ed eseguire operazioni di combattimento, o perfino attività terroristiche” (il corsivo è mio).
Adesso torniamo al complotto “globale” del 10 agosto. Da dove sono venute le informazioni? Dai servizi segreti militari del Pakistan, l'ISI. Cioè i signori che crearono dal nulla, tra il 1994 e il 1996, il regime dei taliban in Afghanistan. I quali avrebbero catturato Rashid Rauf, la cosiddetta “mente” dell'intera operazione che avrebbe dovuto far saltare per aria una decina di aerei diretti da Londra verso gli Stati Uniti. E insieme a Rashid, un discreto gruppetto di complici.
Ma quando gli attentati? Non certo in prossimità del 10 agosto, perché a quella data i sospetti, cioè i 24 arrestati, non avevano ancora nemmeno comprato i biglietti aerei. E molti di loro non avevano nemmeno i passaporti per andare negli Stati Uniti. Questa notizia è stata data alla NBC News da una fonte ufficiale britannica. Un'altra fonte dei servizi britannici ha riferito inoltre che molti dei sospetti erano sotto stretta sorveglianza da più d'un anno, cioè da prima degli attentati del luglio 2005. Ma, se erano sotto vigilanza, da dove viene la sorpresa e il clamore? E perché spiattellare tutto proprio alla vigilia del 10 agosto? Sempre NBC News rivela che la decisione di arrestarli subito, sebbene non ci fosse nessuna evidenza di pericolo immediato, “fu imposta dai funzionari di Washington”.
Ma cosa era accaduto, nel frattempo? Che, a Islamabad, Rashid Rauf aveva confessato. Perfino i giornali pakistani riferiscono che il giovanotto “è crollato” sotto gl'interrogatori. E tutti noi capiamo come vengano condotti gl'interrogatori della polizia politica pakistana. In altri termini: tortura. Il fatto che gli agenti americani e britannici non abbiano mosso ciglio di fronte a una confessione sotto tortura non deve destare stupore: è quello che loro stessi hanno fatto – o hanno permesso che si facesse a Guantanamo Bay, in Uzbekistan (rivelazioni molto dettagliate dell'ex ambasciatore britannico a Tashkent, Craig Murray), ad Abu Ghraib, a Damasco, al Cairo, a Kabul, etc.
In quelle condizioni si confessa qualsiasi cosa, ovviamente. E Rashid Rauf non poteva fare eccezione. Confessa anche, ad esempio, che gli aerei li avrebbero fatti saltare in aria fabbricando, sempre in aria, un esplosivo denominato TATP. Cioè perossido di idrogeno, acetone e acido solforico. Secondo la versione fornita dagl'inquirenti, i terroristi sarebbero saliti a bordo con questi tre elementi separati, tutti e tre liquidi, per sfuggire ai controlli dell'aeroporto. I componenti sarebbero poi stati mescolati insieme in una toilette dell'aereo, per produrre il micidiale esplosivo.
Sfortunatamente questa storia è totalmente impossibile, come hanno clamorosamente dimostrato gli esperti di esplosivi e come ha, con grande spirito umoristico, raccontato il giornalista americano Thomas C. Greene. Perché mettere insieme perossido di idrogeno (nella dovuta concentrazione, altamente infiammabile), con acetone, si può fare, ma richiede obbligatoriamente una temperatura inferiore ai 10 gradi centigradi , altrimenti il liquido risultante s'incendia subito. E l'incendio può ustionare il portatore, o i suoi vicini di sedile, ma non è un'esplosione e non può far cadere l'aereo. D'altro canto tenere sotto controllo una tale soluzione per diverse ore, in aereo, implica un sistema di refrigerazione molto preciso e anche molto ingombrante. Da portare, per giunta, nella toilette insieme ad alambicchi vari. Perché adesso viene in bello. Cioè il versamento dell'acido solforico nella data soluzione.
La qual cosa richiede, come minimo e preliminarmente, una maschera antigas e un paio di occhiali da subacqueo, perché il gas che ne fuoriesce è altamente corrosivo per gli occhi e letale se inspirato. Non solo, ma l'intera operazione, per raggiungere la quantità di esplosivo necessaria, richiede parecchie ore. E poi comporta altre due ore e mezzo circa di attesa affinché il composto chimico riesca a seccare, trasformandosi in piccolissimi cristalli simili a neve, prima di poter essere fatto detonare con un impulso elettrico.
Tutto questo, com'è evidente, richiede che, nel corso dell'intero volo, nessun passeggero venga a bussare alla porta della toilette; che nessun membro dell'equipaggio si insospettisca vedendo un passeggero entrare nella toilette con ingombranti apparecchiature, e poi assistendo, dall'esterno a una tale prolungata diarrea; che i fumi del gas letale, dall'odore caratteristico di acido solforico, non escano dalla toilette, soffocando i passeggeri dei sedili situati in prossimità della detta toilette.
Il mondo intero – come ha scritto Green – “è stato raggirato con un mito hollywoodiano di liquidi esplosivi binari, che ha guidato interi governi e determinato politiche. Cioè noi abbiamo reagito a un complotto cinematografico”. Pura fiction, evidentemente di grande successo.
Chi l'ha prodotta? Ecco, non sarebbe male ora tornare a bomba, come si usa dire, al progetto P2OG. Ce ne sono i motivi. Secondo la dettagliata analisi di Nafeez Mossadeq Ahmed (1), che cita a sua volta il capo del bureau pakistano di Asia Times, Syed Shahzad, i cittadini britannici di origine pakistana arrestati a Lahore e Karachi in connessione con il complotto, erano tutti membri attivi del gruppo islamico britannico clandestino Al Muhajiroun, il cui capo è Omar Bakri Mohammed. Costui è ora in Libano, dove è stato “esiliato” dalle autorità britanniche sebbene figuri tra i sospettati per le esplosioni del 7 luglio 2005 a Londra. Non vi sembra strano che, avendolo in mano, gl'inglesi se lo siano fatto scappare? Risulterà meno strano quando si sappia che Omar Bakri Mohammed era un agente dell'MI6 britannico, reclutato alla metà degli anni '90 per reclutare, a sua volta, combattenti islamici per il Kosovo. Sempre secondo la stessa fonte sia la CIA che l'MI6 avrebbero da tempo loro agenti infiltrati all'interno del gruppo Al Muhajiroun.
Il tutto appare straordinariamente simile alla mission del gruppo P2OG: organizzare finti o veri attentati terroristici, penetrare all'interno dei gruppi terroristici per usarli a proprio piacimento. Ecco da dove viene la fiction nella quale tutti i media principali hanno immediatamente creduto, rivendendocela come realtà effettuale, contribuendo a organizzare la diversione.
Poi che succede? Che le prove non ci sono, che la “mente” del complotto, torturato a dovere, non viene neppure estradato in Inghilterra, forse perché non lo si può far vedere in pubblico. E succede anche che dei 23 arrestati solo 11 vengono formalmente incriminati, con accuse molto generiche di possesso di elementi atti a costruire bombe e possesso di video estremisti inneggianti al martirio. Due sono rimessi addirittura in libertà, gli altri 11 sono trattenuti in base alla legge antiterrorismo che prevede 28 giorni di detenzione anche senza un'accusa formale. Il ministro dell'interno britannico, John Reid, sta cercando di far passare un piccolo Patriot Act d'oltre Manica, per prolungare il fermo fino a 90 giorni, ma non risulta abbia chiesto l'estradizione di Rashid Rauf.
Ma ciascuno di noi dovrebbe sapere che è possibile, teoricamente, la sua incriminazione per terrorismo. Infatti potrebbe avere dell'acetone in bagno, per sciogliere lo smalto sulle unghie, e dell'acido solforico per sturare i lavandini, e del decolorante per capelli, che contiene, insieme al 97% di acqua, anche del perossido d'idrogeno. Infine tutti abbiamo un telefonino, potenzialmente adatto a innescare l'esplosivo risultante.
Resta una domanda, che spesso mi viene fatta quando cerco di spiegare che anche l'11 settembre è una colossale menzogna: “ma possibile che chi organizza questi spettacoli sia così stupido da lasciarsi dietro tante incongruenze?” La domanda è legittima, ma ingenua. Le incongruenze sono evidenti, ma le conosceranno in pochi. Quello che passa è la versione ufficiale, che crea l'ondata di panico opportuna per l'uso da parte dei poteri. Chi organizza queste cose non è affatto stupido: conosce il funzionamento dei media meglio di noi e anche meglio di molti direttori di giornali e di telegiornali.
29-8-06
NOTE
=== ENGLISH ===
Terror hunt for 7/7 bomber's relative in Bosnian mosque
Mail on Sunday (London) - February 12, 2006 Sunday - By: NICK PISA
BRITAIN'S war on Muslim terror has switched to Sarajevo after claims that hundreds of second generation Pakistani and Afghan youths from the UK are being radicalised at the city's mosque... Chief among their concerns was evidence that has emerged about links between last year's July 7 bombers and another group plotting an attack on western embassies in Bosnia...
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The Bosnian Jihad
By Vojin Joksimovich, February 20, 2006
... The Clinton administration transported Al Qaeda’s mujahideen from Central Asia to Bosnia; encouraged the Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to send a unit to Bosnia, which included British Pakistani involved in the 7/7 London bombings; gave a green light for transportation of Iranian arms to Bosnia; recruited mujahideen to fight the Serbs in Kosovo, etc...
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A Balkan Base for Al Qaeda?
By Julia Gorin | FRONT PAGE MAGAZINE | (USA), March 20, 2006
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The secret tapes and the strategy of tension in London
(Xymphora)
There is now even more evidence that the London bombers were connected to the British security establishment, just as the Madrid bombers were connected to the Spanish security establishment. MI5 had secret tape recordings of one of the bombers discussing the building of a bomb, failed to properly monitor him, and then hid the existence of such tapes from the parliamentary intelligence and security committee, which investigated the attacks. It wasn’t just that the MI5 innocently let the bombers slip through their hands by failing to know the importance of specific people. They knew exactly what was going on, and let it happen...
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BLAIR GOVERNMENT LIED TO CONCEAL BALKAN LINKS TO LONDON TERROR BOMBING
Defense & Foreign Affairs Special Analysis - May 17, 2006
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London Bombings - The Facts Speak For Themselves
(Joe Quinn, Signs of the Times)
...The facts are clear: there is no such thing as Islamic terrorism in terms of there being a world wide network of terrorists who want to "hurt civilised people everywhere". Any such suggestions should be seen for the clear Nazi party-style government propaganda that they are. All of this may sound like a joke, albeit a rather sick one, that the US, British and Israeli governments are perpetrating against the global population, but make no mistake, from their point of view, this is no joke - the 200,000 Iraqi civilians and the growing number of Palestinian civilians that have been butchered in the name of the 'war on Islamic terror' is a stark testimony to that fact. It's time (again) to wake up and stop blithely swallowing government lies and manipulations. Unnecessary and brutal war is being waged in your name and, until now, with your support. How long the killing continues is entirely - 100% - up to you...
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New UK Look at Bosnia Terror
Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy. Alexandria: 2006.Vol.34, Iss. 1; pg. 3, 1 pgs
The UK Government made a major policy breakthrough by sending a team of investigators, to Sarajevo during the week of January 15-22, 2006, to investigate a "Bosnian link" to the London terrorist bombings of July 7, 2005, which killed 52 people...
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The London Plot
Something is Rotten in the State of Denmark
(Anwaar Hussain, Fountainhead)
A huge 'terror plot’ has just been uncovered in London. "This was intended to be mass murder on an unimaginable scale" say the London Metropolitan police. Britain's terror alert, accordingly, has been ratcheted up to its highest-ever level with security services, military and police now on "severe specific" alert. Not to be left behind, even though the list of unanswered questions, irregularities, and discrepancies continues to grow with each passing hour, the obedient Western media jumped at the occasion ensuring a spate of spectacular cover stories and anti-Muslim tirade. As usual, though the facts are still coming in, the media is dutifully following the open-ended cues provided by the US and British governments, and reproducing the handed-down script without a pause for the facts to emerge fully...
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The latest "terror plot"
(Eli Stephens, Left I on the News)
There isn't enough information yet to know if the latest "terror plot" was a real one, or yet another agent provocateur -induced, hyped-up phony. I just want to focus on one detail of the hype, which I have heard from several sources, because it comes straight from the U.K. police so it's being widely repeated: <i>UK police said they could have caused "mass murder on an unimaginable scale".</i> "Unimaginable"? Really? Blowing up nine planes is truly horrific, but the dead might total, what, 2000-3000? That's about the number that were killed in Iraq in just the last month, and pales before the number of Iraqis that have died since the U.S./British invasion...
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Britain’s airline terror plot: Questions that need to be answered
(World Socialist Web Site Editorial Board)
The claim that American and British security forces have thwarted a terrorist plot to blow up commercial flights between Britain and the United States should not be accepted uncritically. It is impossible to determine at this point whether or not such an attack was in the offing, although the mass media have, as usual, reported the assertions of the British and American governments as indisputable fact, without bothering to ask for any specific information that would substantiate the official story. The British police statement that the alleged plotters aimed to "create mass murder on an unimaginable scale" by blowing up mid-flight an unspecified number of aircraft is chilling. The far-reaching security measures that have been implemented—including the shutdown of London’s Heathrow Airport and an indefinite ban on carry-on luggage—add to the climate of fear and apprehension...
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The Pentagon's "Second 911"
"Another [9/11] attack could create both a justification and an opportunity to retaliate against some known targets"
(MICHEL CHOSSUDOVSKY, Global Research)
One essential feature of "defense" in the case of a second major attack on America, is "offense", according to Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff: "Homeland security is one piece of a broader strategy [which] brings the battle to the enemy."(DHS, Transcript of complete March 2005 speech of Secr. Michael Chertoff) In the month following last year's 7/7 London bombings, Vice President Dick Cheney is reported to have instructed USSTRATCOM to draw up a contingency plan "to be employed in response to another 9/11-type terrorist attack on the United States". Implied in the contingency plan was the certainty that Iran would be behind a Second 9/11. This "contingency plan" used the pretext of a "Second 9/11", which has not yet happened, to prepare for a major military operation against Iran, while pressure was also exerted on Tehran in relation to its (non-existent) nuclear weapons program...
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The UK Terror plot: what's really going on?
(Craig Murray)
I have been reading very carefully through all the Sunday newspapers to try and analyse the truth from all the scores of pages claiming to detail the so-called bomb plot. Unlike the great herd of so-called security experts doing the media analysis, I have the advantage of having had the very highest security clearances myself, having done a huge amount of professional intelligence analysis, and having been inside the spin machine. So this, I believe, is the true story. None of the alleged terrorists had made a bomb. None had bought a plane ticket. Many did not even have passports, which given the efficiency of the UK Passport Agency would mean they couldn't be a plane bomber for quite some time...
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It’s that’s time again – for another ‘terror plot’
(William Bowles , I'n'I)
"Sometimes we may have to modify some of our own freedoms in the short term in order to prevent their misuse and abuse by those who oppose our fundamental values and would destroy all of our freedoms in the modern world." – Home secretary, John Reid
It’s amazing really that nobody sees the paradox of Reid calling for the abolition of what’s left of our civil rights in order to preserve them but then there’s nothing logical about the 'war on terror’, it is itself a contradiction of terms. As to Reid’s notion of his "fundamental values" well, one assumes these include the wholesale destruction of societies and their peoples and standing by whilst his allies do the same...
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The Anglo-American empire’s “next 9/11” will set up final war; “foiled” UK terror plot a propaganda dry run
(Larry Chin, Online Journal Associate Editor)
The August 10 report of a spectacular foiled UK-based super-terror plot, an alleged Operation Bojinka variation, has sparked an unprecedented round of 9/11-style fear and panic mongering throughout the world. This is a new attempt, at the highest levels of the Bush and Blair administrations, in concert with Pakistan’s ISI and Israel, to fabricate the justification for an escalation in the "war on terrorism" across the Middle East. This escalation will include an attack on Iran and Syria as early as October, and with even greater geostrategic violence to follow. Proof that Bush administration planning the next 9/11. Dick Cheney recently declared: "The enemy that struck on 9/11 is fractured and weakened, yet still lethal, still determined to hit us again." That is a concise description of Cheney’s own administration, and its intentions. And he knows it...
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The Foiled UK Terror Plot and the "Pakistani Connection"
(Michel Chossudovsky, GlobalResearch.ca)
The announcement by the British Home Office of a foiled terror plot to simultaneously blow up as many as ten airplanes on transatlantic flights, conveys the impression that it is the Western World rather than the Middle East which is under attack. Had the terrorist plot gone ahead as planned, it would have resulted in "the loss of life on an unprecedented scale", said Home Secretary John Reid. (BBC, 10 August 2006). "We are confident we have disrupted a plan by terrorists to cause untold death and destruction.... Put simply, this was intended to be mass murder on an unimaginable scale", said Deputy Commissioner of the Metropolitan police, Paul Stephenson. (Complete statement, 10 August 2006) The London terror warning has served to divert World public attention from the war in Lebanon and the atrocities committed by coalition forces in the Middle East...
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Bomb Plot “Key Player” a CIA-ISI Asset
(Kurt Nimmo)
Leave it up to the corporate media to ignore the obvious and continue to push the original Brothers Grimm fairy tale about liquid bombers taking out jetliners because they hate our freedoms. For instance, the chief patsy in the supposed terror plot—a plot sans any compelling evidence, or for that matter any evidence, period—Rashid Rauf, "is a close relative of Jaish-e-Mohammed leader Masood Azhar," according to NDTV. Not mentioned here is the fact Jaish-e-Mohammed is a creature of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), that is to say the CIA...
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The politics of the latest terror scare
Neither the British nor the US government has produced facts to substantiate their claims
(Barry Grey, World Socialist Web Site)
Five days after UK authorities arrested 24 British-born Muslims and announced that they and their American counterparts had thwarted a plot to blow up trans-Atlantic flights from London to the US, neither the British nor the American government has produced any facts to substantiate their dire claims. No details of the supposed plot have been provided, and no hard evidence that would justify the arrest of so many people or the imposition of chilling security measures that had wreaked havoc at airports in the US and Britain...
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Cave Dwelling Muslim Behind Liquid Bomb Non-Plot
(Kurt Nimmo)
Never mind that "liquid bombs" are fantastical nonsense, or there is no evidence those arrested—more accurately, disappeared—in Britain plotted to blow up planes (no bombs, no airline tickets, no passports), the corporate media, having established the now widely believed Brothers Grimm story of Muslim perfidy by way of household chemicals, has moved to the next level. "An al-Qaeda operative who masterminded the alleged plot to blow up airliners over the Atlantic is hiding in mountainous terrain in north-eastern Afghanistan, a Pakistan intelligence official has claimed," reports the Scotsman...
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Mass murder in the skies: was the plot feasible?
(Thomas C Greene)
Binary liquid explosives are a sexy staple of Hollywood thrillers. It would be tedious to enumerate the movie terrorists who've employed relatively harmless liquids that, when mixed, immediately rain destruction upon an innocent populace, like the seven angels of God's wrath pouring out their bowls full of pestilence and pain. The funny thing about these movies is, we never learn just which two chemicals can be handled safely when separate, yet instantly blow us all to kingdom come when combined. Nevertheless, we maintain a great eagerness to believe in these substances, chiefly because action movies wouldn't be as much fun if we didn't. Now we have news of the recent, supposedly real-world, terrorist plot to destroy commercial airplanes by smuggling onboard the benign precursors to a deadly explosive, and mixing up a batch of liquid death in the lavatories...
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"More Propaganda Than Plot" - Former British Ambassador on Alleged UK Terror Plot
(Democracy Now!)
...A judge in Britain has ruled police have until next week to continue to hold 23 suspects arrested in the alleged plot to blow up airplanes bound for the United States. British police arrested 24 people in raids last week. One person has since been released. No one has been charged with a crime. Questions have been raised over whether British authorities were pressured by the United States to make the arrests. A senior British official told NBC News that British police were planning to continue to run surveillance for at least another week to try to obtain more evidence. The British official suggested the attack was not imminent, saying the suspects had not yet purchased any airline tickets. Some did not even have passports. Now, a former British ambassador is suggesting that the timing of the arrests has been deeply political and should be viewed with skepticism. Craig Murray is Britain's former ambassador to Uzbekistan. He was removed from the post two years ago in part because of his outspoken criticism of Uzbekistan's human rights record...
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Flying without liquids
(Xymphora)
...We will continue to be fooled by the politicians as long as they need to hide behind the 'war on terror’ in order to stay in power. In this case, we have upcoming American elections coupled with Tony’s pressing problem of unpopular support for Israel’s massacre of Lebanese civilians. Therefore, everyone else gets to pay with increasing inconvenience at the airports. The joke is that the inconvenience stays at its highest levels until the airline executives manage to get their phone calls through to the politicians, when suddenly the terrorist threat is reduced a shade or two, just in time to save the airlines from bankruptcy. This political scam can continue as long as we agree to put up with it...
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The British Terrorist Plot: Stage Two of the October Surprise
(Hassan El-Najjar)
...The announcement yesterday of a British terrorist plot to destroy ten US aircraft using liquid bombs can be considered the second stage of an October surprise. It aims at keeping the US voters in tense conditions, making them feel that the world is not safe around them. This, purportedly, may push them back towards the War Party, which has the reputation of being "strong on security." The timing of the announcement of such a terrorist plot should be received with skepticism and scrutiny, particularly because the pro-war corporate media have adopted the story and fully propagated it to death. The following are some points to be taken into consideration in scrutinizing the story. First, the announcement came just one day after the earthquake of defeating the symbol of war in the Democratic Party, Joe Lieberman, representing a determination among American voters to fire proponents of war in Congress, Republicans and Democrats alike. The announcement of the terrorist plot would serve as the Bush administration counterattack against the peace camp...
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Fake Terror Obfuscates Lebanon and Iraq Failures
(Kurt Nimmo)
Unable to window dress the obvious failure to eradicate growing resistance in Lebanon, Iraq, and Afghanistan—even with the mighty propaganda power of a complaisant media—the neocon intelligence apparatus has staged yet another terrorist event, or would be terrorist event. "The 21 terrorist suspects arrested in the U.K. overnight had a 'well-advanced plan’ to detonate electronic devices or liquid explosives disguised as beverages or onboard U.S.-bound aircraft, a sophisticated plot suggestive of al-Qaeda, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff said," reports Bloomberg. "The attacks were aimed at U.S.-bound planes of United Airlines, American Airlines and Continental Airlines at London’s Heathrow Airport, the Associated Press reported, citing unidentified [undoubtedly neocon] U.S. counter-terrorism officials in Washington."...
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LIQUID TERROR: Training People To Act Like Subservient Slaves
Terrorists planned to mix liquids so why are they all being poured into airport bins?
(Steve Watson / Infowars.net A)
The latest terror plot facade is nothing more than an exercise to assess how subservient the general population has become and a primer to making permanent the panicked and ridiculous freedom crushing security measures we are seeing being rushed into implementation at the moment. Whilst the government is saying there is no going back on these measures and that they will become permanent, the media is bleating about rushing in biometric retina scanners and Orwellian behaviour sensing technology. This is the only way they can do these things without backlash and protest, just have a major terror alert and rush them through. How is it that people can still deny that our governments are forwarding a big brother control agenda? ID cards, Biometric databases, retina scanners, face scanning cameras, behaviour sensing machines. The list goes on. It has been proven over and over that these measures will not help prevent terrorism, the government itself has even admitted this, so why do they relentlessly push them?...
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Liquid Bombing the Constitution
(Kurt Nimmo)
Michael Chertoff, the Federalist Society gremlin and current bossman of the Ministry of Homeland Security, has it out for the Constitution. "We have to make sure our legal system allows us" to trash the Bill of Rights, Chertoff told the Associated Press. "It’s not like the 20th century, where you had time to get warrants." In order to create the proper environment for chucking the Constitution, the neocons are pushing hard on the latest incident of fake terrorism, a hyped non-attack led by a pregnant woman and a pizza delivery driver...
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Crying Wolf: Terror Alerts based on Fabricated Intelligence
(MICHEL CHOSSUDOVSKY, Global Research)
The British Home Office announced (August 10) that a "foiled terror plot" to simultaneously blow up as many as ten airplanes on transatlantic flights had been uncovered. So far Scotland Yard has not presented documentary evidence of this carefully coordinated suicide bombing operation. Confirmed by media reports, there is no evidence that the arrested suspects had actually purchased plane tickets which would have enabled them to undertake this operation. Several of the suspects did not even possess a passport. (Craig Murray, 14 August 2006). Meanwhile, the feasibility of the plot ( at a technical-scientific level) has been questioned. No chemical labs were discovered, which might have confirmed that the suspects had the prior knowledge or skills to manufacture a triacetone triperoxide ( TATP) bomb, let alone their ability to appropriately mix the deadly liquid chemicals on board a transatlantic flight...
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Fade to Black: Another Terror Plot Unravels
(Chris Floyd)
Pakistanis find no evidence against 'terror mastermind’
From the Daily Mail:
Rashid Rauf, whose detention in Pakistan was the trigger for the arrest of 23 suspects in Britain, has been accused of taking orders from Al Qaeda’s 'No3’ in Afghanistan and sending money back to the UK to allow the alleged bombers to buy plane tickets. But after two weeks of interrogation, an inch-by-inch search of his house and analysis of his home computer, officials are now saying that his extradition is 'a way down the track’ if it happens at all. It comes amid wider suspicions that the plot may not have been as serious, or as far advanced, as the authorities initially claimed. Analysts suspect Pakistani authorities exaggerated Rauf’s role to appear 'tough on terrorism’ and impress Britain and America. A spokesman for Pakistan’s Interior Ministry last night admitted that 'extradition at this time is not under consideration’.
Wow, who would have thought it? You mean there might be less than meets the eye about the Great London Bomb Plot, when George W. Bush singlehandedly foiled the imminent death of thousands of people by using his super-president powers of warrantless wiretapping?...
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Pakistan's ISI assists Scotland Yard, while also supporting the terror network
(MICHEL CHOSSUDOVSKY, Global Research)
According to The Senate Foreign Relations Committee (July 2004 Hearings), Pakistan's Military intelligence has played a key role in developing the Islamic terror network with financial assistance provided by Saudi Arabia. (Committee on Senate Foreign Relations, Hearings, July 14, 2004). More recently, The Nixon Center (July 2005) has confirmed that the ISI still supports the main Kashmiri Islamic groups including Lashkar-e-Tiaba and Jaish-e-Muhammad. Recent Indian Press reports provide concrete evidence and details regarding the ISI's links to Lashkar e Taiba, which is suspected of having played a key role in the foiled UK terror plot:. Reports suggest that LeT operational commander had meetings with ISI's top brass...
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The Liquid Bomb Hoax: The Larger Implications
(James Petras, www.dissidentvoice.org)
The charges leveled by the British, US and Pakistani regimes that they uncovered a major bomb plot directed against nine US airlines is based on the flimsiest of evidence, which would be thrown out of any court, worthy of its name. An analysis of the current state of the investigation raises a series of questions regarding the governments’ claims of a bomb plot concocted by 24 Brits of Pakistani origin. The arrests were followed by the search for evidence, as the August 12, 2006 Financial Times states: "The police set about the mammoth task of gathering evidence of the alleged terrorist bomb plot yesterday." (FT, August 12/, 2006) In other words, the arrests and charges took place without sufficient evidence -- a peculiar method of operation -- which reverses normal investigatory procedures in which arrests follow the "monumental task of gathering evidence." If the arrests were made without prior accumulation of evidence, what were the bases of the arrests?...
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Apocalypse Now or Pack of Lies?
UK Airport Terror Plot
(Felicity Arbuthnot**)
On September 11, 2001, when Prime Minister Blair announced, in the wake of the disaster of the Twin Towers — apparently without discussing Britain's stance with his Cabinet and with no debate in Parliament — that Britain stood "shoulder to shoulder" with the United States, the refrain on the street, on the bus, among friends was broadly "thanks a bunch, Tony, we are all targets now." Inspite of the outpouring of sympathy for innocent lives lost, people were mindful of possible reasons, such as the 21 countries attacked or destabilized by America since 1945. Yet when London's bombings of July 7, 2005, took place, grief and sadness were accompanied by huge doses of cynicism...
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The truth about the "Terror Plot".... and the new "pseudo-terrorism"
(Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, Online Journal Contributing Writer)
I am disappointed to say that so far there has been very little serious critical discussion, grounded in factual analysis, of the alleged "Terror Plot" foiled on the morning of Wednesday, 10th August 2006. Except for a few noteworthy comment pieces, such as Craig Murray’s critical speculations published by the Guardian 18th August., the mainstream media has largely subserviently parroted the official claims of the British and American governments. This is a shame, because inspection of the facts raises serious problems for the 10/8 official narrative...
=== DEUTSCH ===
Die Balkan-Spur
Der mutmaßliche Drahtzieher der Terroranschläge vom 7. Juli 2005 in London war für den britischen Geheimdienst MI 6 im Kosovo aktiv
Von Jürgen Elsässer - junge Welt 28.04.2006 / Thema / Seite 10
... Der Sprengstoff wird vor allem in den USA hergestellt, aber es gibt Beweise, daß militärischer Sprengstoff von Terroristengruppen auch aus Quellen in Kroatien und anderswo auf dem Balkan besorgt worden ist.« Nach Gesprächen mit britischen Kollegen gab auch Christophe Chaboud, Leiter einer französischen Koordinationsstelle zur Terrorbekämpfung, einen entsprechenden Hinweis auf »Schmuggel, zum Beispiel vom Balkan«...
# Vorabdruck eines Kapitels, um das Jürgen Elsässers Buch »Wie der Dschihad nach Europa kam. Gotteskrieger und Geheimdienste auf dem Balkan« in der französischen Fassung ergänzt wird. »Comment le Djihad est arrivé en Europe« (Editions Xenia) wird am 2. Mai auf der Genfer Buchmesse vorgestellt (11.30 Uhr, Club suisse de la presse, 106 route de Ferney, Genève). Das deutsche Buch kann über den jW-Shop, die französische sowie die serbische Ausgabe direkt über den Autor (info@...) bezogen werden.
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Augenzeugen, die kein Gehör finden sollen
Jürgen Elsässer, jW 07.07.2006
Sprengladungen unter den Zügen? Berichte von 7/7-Überlebenden widersprechen der offiziellen Theorie ... « In seinem Bericht, der dann auf der Website des Guardian erschien, berichtete Honigsbaum folgerichtig, daß es eine Explosion »unter dem Zug« gegeben habe und daß einige Passagiere ihm erzählt hatten, »wie die Bodenplatten, der Fußboden des Zuges in die Luft flog, hochgehoben wurde«...
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Man ließ es geschehen
Jürgen Elsässer, jW 07.07.2006
Die regierungsoffiziellen Untersuchungsberichte zu den Londoner Anschlägen am 7. Juli 2005 verschweigen, daß der Haupttäter lange vorher überwacht wurde ... Ahmed weist in seinem Buch nach, daß die Verwicklung des mutmaßlichen Anführers der Selbstmordbomber Mohamed Sidique Khan »in einen Terrorplan, der einen möglichen (kurz bevorstehenden) Anschlag auf das Untergrundnetz einschloß, der CIA, dem FBI, dem MI-5 und dem MI-6 bekannt waren«. MI-5 und MI-6 sind der britische Inlands- bzw. Auslandsgeheimdienst... Ein gewisser Haroon Rashid Aswat, ein Brite pakistanischer Herkunft, der in den neunziger Jahren Moslems von der Insel für den bosnischen Dschihad rekrutiert und später im Auftrag des MI-6 Unterstützung für die kosovoalbanische Terrorbewegung UCK organisiert hat. Aswat reiste zwei
Wochen vor 7/7 in Großbritannien ein und wenige Stunden vor dem Inferno
wieder aus...
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Fiktiver Terror, realer Krieg
Jürgen Elsässer, jW 15.08.2006
... Wie der Londoner Guardian in seiner Ausgabe vom 13.August meldete, hatte kein einziger der Festgenommenen irgendwelche Flugtickets bestellt oder gekauft. Was machte sie also verdächtig? Einzig Telefonanrufe und E-Mails. Kleine Kostprobe: »Sie benutzten unverfängliche Codewörter, blumige Begriffe wie ›Korinthen‹, die in der arabischen Sprache oft als Synonyme für Sprengstoff verwandt werden.« (Spiegel) So wie Korinthenkacker in der deutschen als Synonym für pingelige Kleinscheißer, die ihren Arsch für jeden verkaufen? ...
=== FRANCAIS ===
11 JUILLET 2006
Attentats de Londres : Tony Blair s’oppose à toute enquête judiciaire
Alors que le Royaume-Uni célèbre dans la douleur le 1er anniversaire des attentats qui endeuillèrent Londres ( http://www.voltairenet.org/article17478.html ) les 7 et 22 juillet 2005, le Premier ministre Tony Blair a réaffirmé son opposition à l’ouverture d’une enquête judiciaire sur ces événements.
M. Blair et son ministre de l’Intérieur s’étaient déjà exprimé en ce sens en décembre ( http://www.voltairenet.org/article132499.html ) , mais il leur faut faire face à la pression grandissante des familles de victimes et des associations musulmanes. Selon Tony Blair une telle enquête serait coûteuse et inutile car elle « nous dira ce que nous savons déjà : 4 individus sont venus et ont commis ce crime ».
« Il n’y avait pas de surveillance de la CIA sur Mohammed Sidique Khan [l’un des présumés kamikazes] pour l’empêcher d’aller aux États-unis ; il n’y avait pas d’appareil de surveillance caché dans sa voiture avant les attentats ; il n’y a pas eu d’informations données à la police avant le 7 juillet leur disant ce à quoi il devait s’attendre. Chacun de ces arguments sont tout simplement faux », s’est-il justifié.
Cependant ce n’est pas sur ces éléments que portent les objections des chercheurs, tel que les présente Nafeez Mosaddecq Ahmed dans The London Bombings : An Independent Inquiry. ( http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0715635832/026-3760938-8086001?v=glance&n=266239 )
La seule enquête de police réalisée sur les faits ( http://www.voltairenet.org/article137794.html ) a montré que les personnes soupçonnées d’être les terroristes n’étaient pas liées à un réseau international, mettant à bas toute la rhétorique du gouvernement Blair.
En outre, les investigations conduites par le Conseil de l’Europe sur « les vols secrets de la CIA » ont montré que le MI6 britannique a enlevé en Grèce et fait disparaître une cinquantaine d’immigrés pakistanais qui étaient soupçonnés détenir des informations sur les attentats de Londres.
Il n’y aura donc pas d’enquête et il n’y a plus de témoins.
http://www.voltairenet.org/article141695.html
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Fabriquez vous-mêmes votre bombe au TATP
par Thomas C. Greene | Washington DC (États-Unis) | Controverses | Le complot terroriste déjoué le 10 août 2006 par le gouvernement Blair n’a guère de crédibilité. Non sans humour, le romancier Tom Greene imagine les difficultés d’un jihadiste pour embarquer discrétement son matériel à bord d’un avion de ligne et s’isoler trois heures dans les toilettes pour fabriquer son explosif...
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L’alerte terroriste inquiète les Britanniques, sauf Tony Blair
... Le premier ministre Tony Blair n’a pas cédé à l’hystérie collective ... Il n’a
(Message over 64 KB, truncated)
http://www.michelcollon.info/articles.php?dateaccess=2006-09-20%
2019:27:10&log=lautrehistoire
La longue tradition esclavagiste et génocidaire de l'Europe
Rosa Amelia Plummelle-Uribe
De la barbarie coloniale à la politique nazie d’extermination
L’auteur de «La Férocité blanche» [Albin Michel, 2001], déploie une
argumentation originale et pertinente, que Césaire avait bien sentie
dans son «Discours sur le colonialisme», le lien entre les politiques
d’anéantissement colonial, l’ensauvagement des sociétés européennes
et le choc en retour du nazisme sur ces mêmes sociétés. Afrikara
publie le texte d’une communication de cette militante
afrodescentante, présenté le 15 juin à Berlin dans le cadre du Forum
de Dialogue organisé par la section européenne de la Fondation
AfricAvenir.
http://www.afrikara.com/index.php?page=contenu&art=1386
Nous sommes réunis ici pour analyser ensemble le lien historique qui,
comme un fil conducteur conduit de la barbarie coloniale à la
politique nazie d’extermination. Il s’agit d’un effort visant à
détecter au moins la plupart des facteurs qui, de manière directe ou
indirecte, auraient favorisé le développement politique et
l’épanouissement idéologique d’une entreprise de déshumanisation
comme la barbarie nazi en Allemagne et au-delà de ses frontières.
Cette contribution est utile à toute démarche qui voudrait mettre fin
à toute sorte de discrimination d’où qu’elle vienne ; à commencer par
cette discrimination qui consiste à trier parmi les crimes pour
ensuite, suivant l’identité des victimes ou parfois l’identité des
bourreaux, sélectionner le crime qu’il faut condamner. Cette
hiérarchisation des crimes et donc de leur condamnation, demeure un
handicap majeur dans la lutte pour la prévention des crimes contre
l’humanité dont le crime de génocide.
Esclavage et trafic d’esclaves
Il convient de préciser tout de suite que, les guerres de conquête et
les crimes liés à la domination coloniale, ainsi que la réduction
d’êtres humains en esclavage, étaient déjà une réalité dans les temps
anciens. Par exemple, lorsque la domination des Musulmans arabes
s’étend vers l’Europe, le commerce d’êtres humains est une activité
millénaire parmi les Européens. Le règne de l’islam en Espagne, de
711 à 1492, a simplement dynamisé la traite d’esclaves intra
européenne.1 faisant du continent un important fournisseur
d’esclaves, femmes et hommes, expédies vers les pays de l’islam.
Les prisonniers, majoritairement slaves, alimentaient le commerce
d’hommes entre Venise et l’empire arabo-musulman du sud de la
Méditerranée. C’est ainsi que dans les langues occidentales, le mot «
esclave » ou « slave » se substitue au latin «servus» pour désigner
les travailleurs privés de liberté. Autrement dit, pendant plusieurs
siècles, des Chrétiens européens vendent d’autres Européens à des
commerçants Juifs spécialisés dans la fabrication d’eunuques.2,
lesquels étaient une marchandise très prisée et fort sollicitée dans
les pays de l’empire musulman.
Des chercheurs, spécialistes de l’esclavage en Europe au Moyen Âge,
ont vu dans le système d’asservissement inauguré en Amérique par la
domination coloniale, un lien de continuité avec les institutions
esclavagistes de l’Europe. Jacques Heers dit que «C’est le mérite
incontestable de Charles Verlinden, sur ce point véritable pionnier,
que d’avoir remarqué que la conquête et l’exploitation coloniales des
Amériques s’étaient largement inspirées de certaines expériences
toutes récentes en Méditerranée et s’inscrivaient en droite ligne
dans une continuité ininterrompue de précédentes médiévaux.3».
J’ai néanmoins choisi d’aborder cette analyse, à partir de 1492 lors
de l’arrivée des Européens dans le continent américain. Et j’ai fait
ce choix parce que, malgré ce qui vient d’être dit, la destruction
des peuples indigènes d’Amérique, l’instauration de la domination
coloniale et le système de déshumanisation des Noirs sur ce
continent, n’avaient pas de précédent dans l’histoire. Et surtout,
parce que la prolongation de cette expérience pendant plus de trois
siècles, a largement conditionné la systématisation théorique des
inégalités y compris l’inégalité raciale dont les conséquences
restent d’actualité.
Premier génocide des temps modernes
Des historiens du 20ème siècle, travaillant sur la conquête de
l’Amérique, sont parvenus à se mettre plus ou moins d’accord pour
estimer le nombre d’habitants du continent américain à la veille de
l’invasion. Il a donc été retenu qu’à la veille du 1500, environ 80
millions de personnes habitent dans le continent américain. Ces
chiffres furent comparés à ceux obtenus cinquante ans plus tard à
partir des recensements espagnols.4.
Il en ressort que vers 1550, des 80 millions d’Indigènes ne restent
que 10 millions. C'est-à-dire, en termes relatifs une destruction de
l’ordre de 90% de la population. Une véritable hécatombe car en
termes absolus il s’agit d’une diminution de 70 millions d’êtres
humains. Et encore, il importe de savoir que ces dernières années,
des historiens sud-américains sont parvenus à la conclusion qu’en
réalité, à la veille de la conquête il y avait en Amérique plus de
100 millions d’habitants. D’un point de vue européen, ces estimations
sont inacceptables, et pour cause ! Si cela était vrai, nous serions
devant une diminution de 90 millions d’êtres humains.
Mais, au-delà du nombre d’Indigènes exterminés, le comportement
collectivement adopté par les conquérants chrétiens a eu des
conséquences qui perdurent. Par exemple, la justification postérieure
de ce génocide a conditionné l’évolution culturelle, idéologique et
politique de la suprématie blanche à l’égard d’autres peuples non
Européens, et finalement à l’intérieur même d’Europe.
La situation d’impunité dont bénéficiaient les conquistadores devait,
fatalement, favoriser l’apparition très rapide de pratiques assez
inquiétantes. Ainsi, la mauvaise habitude de nourrir les chiens avec
des Indigènes et parfois avec des nourrissons arrachés à leur mère et
jetés en pâture à des chiens affamés. Ou la tendance à s’amuser en
faisant brûler vifs des Indigènes jetés dans des bûcher allumés pour
les faire rôtir5. Ce désastre fut la première conséquence directe de
ce que les manuels d’histoire continuent à appeler ‘la découverte de
l’Amérique’.
La solution africaine
Après avoir vidé le continent américain de sa population, les
puissances occidentales naissantes ont fait de l’Afrique noire, une
pourvoyeuse d’esclaves pour l’Amérique. Cette entreprise a désagrégé
l’économie des pays africains et vidé le continent d’une partie de sa
population dans ce qui demeure, la déportation d’êtres humains la
plus gigantesque que l’histoire de l’humanité ait connue. Ici, il
convient de rappeler la situation des pays africains au moment où ils
sont abordés par les Européens.
C’est un fait que, même si le mode de production en Afrique n’était
pas fondamentalement esclavagiste, les sociétés y connaissaient
certaines formes de servitude. Comme nous l’avons dit, au Moyen âge,
l’esclavage ainsi que la vente d’êtres humains, était une pratique
très généralisée et l’Afrique n’a pas été une exception. Depuis le
7ème siècle, l’Afrique noire, tout comme l’Europe depuis le 8ème
siècle, approvisionne en esclaves les pays de l’empire arabo-musulman.
Il semblerait qu’à l’époque, la dimension et les modalités du trafic
d’esclaves n’auraient pas été incompatibles avec la croissance de
l’économie dans les pays concernés par ce commerce d’êtres humains.
Il est d’ailleurs couramment admis que c’est sous le règne de l’islam
en Espagne que l’Europe a commencé à sortir des ténèbres du Moyen
âge. Concernant l’Afrique, on notera qu’au 15ème siècle, malgré la
ponction faite par la traite négrière arabo-musulmane, les pays de ce
continent jouissaient d’un bon niveau de bien être social.
Le dépeuplement du continent ainsi que la misère et l’indigence de
ses habitants malades et affamés, décrits par les voyageurs qui
abordèrent l’Afrique noire au 19ème siècle, contrastent avec les pays
densément peuplés, l’économie fleurissante, l’agriculture abondante,
l’artisanat diversifié, le commerce intense et surtout, avec le
niveau de bien être social décrits par les voyageurs, géographes et
navigateurs ayant abordé l’Afrique noire entre le 8ème et le 17ème
siècle, et dont nous connaissons maintenant les témoignages grâce aux
diverses recherches, entre autres celles de Diop Maes.6.
Entre le 16ème et le 19ème siècle, les guerres et razzias en chaîne,
provoquées par les négriers pour se procurer les captifs, ont conduit
à la destruction quasiment irréversible de l’économie, du tissu
social et de la démographie des peuples africains. Le cumul des
traites, arabe et européenne, au moyen d’armes à feu, le caractère
massif, voire industriel, de la traite négrière transatlantique en
accroissement constant, a causé en trois siècles, des ravages que le
continent n’avait jamais connus jusque là. Ce nouveau désastre fut la
deuxième conséquence de la colonisation d’Amérique.
Une entreprise de déshumanisation
Dans le cadre de la domination coloniale sur le continent américain,
les survivants indigènes, dépouillés de leurs terres furent refoulés
et parqués dans des réserves. Dans le même temps, des millions de
femmes, d’enfants et d’hommes Africains arrachés de chez eux et
déportés dans l’Amérique, furent systématiquement expulsés hors de
l’espèce humaine et réduits à la catégorie de bien meuble ou de sous-
homme. L’infériorité raciale des non-Blancs et sa sœur jumelle, la
supériorité de la race blanche, furent inscrits dans la loi,
consacrées par le christianisme et renforcées dans les faits.
Les puissances coloniales, Espagne, Portugal, France, Angleterre,
Hollande, légiféraient pour se doter du cadre juridique à l’intérieur
duquel la déshumanisation des Noirs devenait légale. En conséquence,
chaque métropole avait un arsenal juridique pour réglementer sa
politique génocidaire dans l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique. A
cet égard, la codification la plus achevée aura été le code noir
français7. Promulgué en 1685, cette monstruosité juridique est restée
en vigueur jusqu’à 1848 lors de la seconde abolition de l’esclavage
dans les colonies françaises.
Il est significatif que, au moins pendant les 16ème et 17ème siècles,
pour autant que nous sachions, il n y eut pas une seule voix
autorisée pour dénoncer et condamner l’expulsion légale des Noirs
hors de l’espèce humaine. Même au 18ème siècle qui était pourtant le
siècle des Lumières, aucun de ces grands philosophes n’a,
formellement, exigé des autorités compétentes la suppression
immédiate, réelle, sans atermoiements, des lois qui réglaient ces
crimes.8.
Une idéologie unanimement partagée
On a l’habitude d’ignorer que grâce à la racialisation de l’esclavage
dans l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique, la supériorité de la
race blanche et l’infériorité des Noirs sont devenues un axiome
profondément enraciné dans la culture occidentale. Il faut savoir que
cet héritage pernicieux de la domination coloniale européenne,
combiné aux effets néfastes de la manie des Lumières de tout
ordonner, hiérarchiser, classifier, a stimulé l’émergence d’une
culture plus ou moins favorable à l’extermination des groupes
considérés inférieurs.
Entre le 15ème et le 19ème siècle, toute la production littéraire et
scientifique concernant les peuples indigènes d’Amérique, visait à
justifier leur extermination passé et à venir. Après trois longs
siècles de barbarie coloniale sous contrôle chrétien, un des
principes validés par les catholiques espagnols, est la certitude que
tuer des Indiens n’est pas un pêché.9. Cette conscience fut renforcée
par les protestants anglophones, convaincus qu’un bon Indien est un
Indien mort. Aussi, toute la littérature concernant la bestialisation
des Noir dans l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique, était une
véritable propagande en faveur de la traite négrière et de
l’esclavage des Noirs présentés comme un progrès de la civilisation.
Lorsque finalement eut lieu le démantèlement de l’univers
concentrationnaire d’Amérique, le changement provoqué par les
abolitions de l’esclavage eut une portée assez limitée. D’abord parce
que l’essentiel des structures et des rapports sociaux et économiques
mis en place par la barbarie institutionnalisée, sont restés
quasiment inchangés. Et aussi, parce que le triomphe de la pensée
scientifique sur la foi religieuse a donné à la race des seigneurs et
aux valeurs de la civilisation occidentale, une crédibilité dont la
religion ne bénéficiait plus auprès des esprits éclairés. Désormais,
la colonisation et les actes de barbarie qui lui sont
consubstantiels, par exemple l’extermination de groupes considérés
inférieurs, se feront ayant comme support un discours scientifique.
Une culture d’extermination
Il serait utile une étude très serrée concernant le rôle des
scientifiques occidentaux dans le développement de la culture
d’extermination qui a prévalu au 19ème et au début du 20ème siècle
dans les pays colonisateurs. Malgré son rapport étroit avec notre
analyse, cela n’est pas le sujet central de cette communication.
Mais, nous pouvons néanmoins dégager quelques pistes pour ceux qui
voudraient reprendre le sujet et se renseigner davantage.
Au milieu du 19ème siècle, les Associations scientifiques les plus
prestigieuses semblent avoir été la Geographical Society et
l’Anthropological Society à Londres et aussi, la Société de Géologie
à Paris. Le 19 janvier 1864, eut lieu une table ronde organisée par
l’Anthropological Society sur « l’extinction des races inférieures ».
Il y fut question du droit des races supérieures à coloniser les
espaces territoriaux considérés vitaux pour leurs intérêts.
Dans le “journal of the Anthropological Society of London, vol. 165,
1864” fut publié un compte rendu des débats de la Conférence. Il
s’agissait de savoir si dans tous les cas de colonisation il serait
inévitable l’extinction des races inférieures, ou si jamais il serait
possible qu’elles puissent coexister avec la race supérieure sans
être éliminées.10. A l’époque, l’Angleterre avait déjà commis, outre
le génocide des Indigènes en Amérique du Nord, celui des Aborigènes
d’Australie dont les Tasmaniens.
En France, Albert Sarraut, tenant discours aux élèves de l’Ecole
coloniale affirmait : « il serait puéril d’opposer aux entreprises
européennes de colonisation un prétendu droit d’occupation [...] qui
pérenniserait en des mains incapables la vaine possession de
richesses sans emploi. »11. De son côté, le sociologue français
Georges Vacher de Lapouge, soutenait qu’il n’y avait rien de plus
normal que la réduction en esclavage des races inférieures et
plaidait pour une seule race supérieure, nivelée par la sélection.
Des scientifiques réticents
On remarquera que la plupart des anthropologues allemands, même
convaincus de leur supériorité raciale, ne partagent pas avec leurs
collègues britanniques, nord-américains et français, la conviction
que les races inférieures doivent nécessairement disparaître au
contact de la civilisation. Le professeur Théodore Waitz par exemple,
développe entre 1859-1862 un travail pour contester le bien fondé des
théories propagées par ses collègues occidentaux, engagés dans la
justification scientifique des exterminations commises par leurs pays.
Par la suite, son élève George Gerland fait en 1868 une étude sur
l’extermination des races inférieures. Il dénonce la violence
physique exercée par les colonisateurs comme étant le facteur
d’extermination le plus tangible. Et affirme qu’il n’existe aucune
loi naturelle qui dit que les peuples primitifs doivent disparaître
pour que la civilisation avance. Le plaidoyer de ce scientifique
allemand pour le droit à la vie des races dites inférieures est un
fait rarissime dans cette période de l’histoire.
En 1891 le professeur allemand Friedrich Ratzel publie son livre «
Anthropogeographie » et dans le dixième chapitre sous-titré « Le
déclin des peuples de cultures inférieures au contact avec la culture
», il exprime son hostilité concernant la destruction des peuples
indigènes : « C’est devenu une règle déplorable, que des peuples
faiblement avancés meurent au contact avec des peuples hautement
cultivés. Cela s’applique à la vaste majorité des Australiens, des
Polynésiens, des Asiatiques du Nord, des Américains du Nord et des
nombreux peuples d’Afrique du Sud et d’Amérique du Sud.
(...) Les Indigènes sont tués, chassés, prolétarisés et l’on détruit
leur organisation sociale. La caractéristique principale de la
politique des Blancs est l’usage de la violence par les forts sur les
faibles. Le but est de s’emparer de leurs terres. Ce phénomène a pris
sa forme la plus intense en Amérique du Nord. Des Blancs assoiffés de
terres s’entassent entre des peuplements indiens faibles et
partiellement désintégrés »12. Ce serait le dernier discours dans
lequel le professeur Ratzel exprimerait un point de vue aussi peu
favorable à l’extinction des peuples inférieurs.
Une évolution malheureuse
Les anciennes puissances négrières réunies à Berlin en 1884-1885,
officialisent le dépècement de l’Afrique. L’Allemagne s’assure le
contrôle du Sud-Ouest africain (c'est-à-dire la Namibie), de l’Est
africain (correspondant aux territoires actuels de la Tanzanie, du
Burundi et du Rwanda) et aussi le contrôle sur le Togo et le Cameroun.
L’entrée de l’Allemagne dans l’entreprise coloniale marque un hiatus
sensible entre le discours des scientifiques allemands avant les
années 1890 et celui qu’ils auront après les années de 1890 sur le
même sujet : l’extermination des races inférieures ou leur
asservissement suivant les besoins des conquistadores et le progrès
de la civilisation.
En effet, en 1897 le professeur Ratzel publie son ouvrage «Géographie
politique» dans lequel, l’auteur prend fait et cause pour
l’extermination des races inférieures. Il affirme qu’un peuple en
développement qui a besoin de plus de terres doit donc en conquérir
«lesquelles, par la mort et le déplacement de leurs habitants, sont
transformées en terres inhabitées»13.
La domination économique combinée à des méthodes racistes, a donné
naissance à la suprématie blanche chrétienne. Son idéologie
hégémonique règne sans partage sur la planète et connaît toute sa
splendeur entre la seconde moitié du 19ème et la première moitié du
20ème siècle. Même dans les anciens pays colonisés, l’extermination
des races inférieures tenait lieu de politique officielle.
Une idéologie triomphante
La plupart des pays d’Amérique sont devenus indépendants au 19ème
siècle. Les classes dirigeantes de ces pays, se croient blanches
parce qu’elles sont issues des aventuriers européens qui souvent
violaient les femmes indigènes. Arrivées au pouvoir suite aux guerres
d’indépendance, ces élites se sont toujours identifiées à leur
ancêtre blanc. De fait, elles adoptèrent les méthodes d’extermination
des Indigènes hérités de la colonisation.
En avril 1834, les autorités d’Argentine, pays indépendant depuis
peu, déclenchent la « Campaña del Desierto » (Campagne du Désert),
dont le but est l’extermination des survivants Indigènes qui occupent
la pampa. Dirigée par Juan Manuel de Rosas, devenu Président
d’Argentine à partir de 1835, cette campagne fut coordonnée avec le
gouvernement du Chili. Le premier gouvernement constitutionnel
d’Uruguay, dirigé par Fructuoso Rivera, s’est aussi joint à la
Campagne qui devait transformer ces terres en espaces inhabités.
Malgré la violence extrême de la ‘Campagne’, tous les Indigènes ne
sont pas morts, au grand dam du président Rosas pour qui les Indiens
se reproduisaient comme des insectes. Pour remédier à cet échec, en
1878, par initiative du Ministre de la Guerre Julio Argentino Roca,
le Congrès National argentin vote et approuve la loi « de expansión
de las fronteras hasta el Rio Negro » (expansion des frontières).
C’est le point de départ de la seconde « Campagne du Désert » qui
doit définitivement vider la Pampa de sa population indigène pour
faire avancer la civilisation.
Un espace vital avant la lettre
La « Campagne » a lieu au moment où les survivants Indigènes sont
traqués partout dans le continent. En Amérique du Nord ils sont
massacrés et refoulés afin de libérer un espace devenu vital pour
l’installation de familles civilisées, c'est-à-dire blanches. En
Argentine, l’objectif avoué de la « Campagne » était le même :
Remplacement de la population locale par une population civilisée
pouvant garantir l’incorporation effective de la Pampa et la
Patagonie à la nation de l’Etat Argentin.
Quelques décennies plus tard, Heinrich Himmler défendrait le même
principe de remplacement des populations lorsqu’il affirmait : « Le
seul moyen de résoudre le problème social, c’est pour un groupe, de
tuer les autres et de s’emparer de leur pays »14. Mais, pour le
moment, cela se passait en Amérique et au détriment de populations
non-Européennes. Le Ministre Roca, qui est à l’origine de la seconde
«Campagne du Désert», a même gagné les élections en 1880 et est
devenu Président de l’Argentine.
Bien sûr, quelques voix se levèrent pour critiquer la barbarie des
atrocités commises pendant la Campagne. Mais, dans l’ensemble,
l’infériorité des victimes n’était pas contestée et le gouvernement
de Julio Roca appelé le conquistador du Désert, est perçu comme le
fondateur de l’Argentine moderne. L’histoire de ce pays a retenu
surtout, que c’est sous la Présidence de Roca que le pays a avancé
vers la séparation de l’église et l’Etat, le mariage civil, le
registre civil des naissances et l’éducation laïque. Une des plus
grandes villes de la Patagonie porte le nom de Roca.
Il n’y a pas longtemps, l’historien Félix Luna affirmait sans rire :
« Roca a incarné le progrès, il a intégré l’Argentine dans le monde :
je me suis mis à sa place pour comprendre ce qui impliquait
d’exterminer quelques centaines d’indiens pour pouvoir gouverner. Il
faut considérer le contexte de l’époque où l’on vivait une atmosphère
darwiniste qui favorisait la survie du plus fort et la supériorité de
la race blanche (...) Avec des erreurs, des abus, avec un coût Roca
fit l’Argentine dont nous jouissons aujourd’hui : les parcs, les
édifices, le palais des Œuvres Sanitaires, celui des Tribunaux, la
Case du Gouvernement »15.
Exterminables parce qu’inférieurs
On remarquera que depuis le premier génocide des temps modernes,
commis par les chrétiens en Amérique à partir de 1492, la situation
des peuples non Européens en général et des Noirs en particulier se
trouve rythmée par les exigences de la suprématie blanche. Dans
l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique, le Noir expulsé hors de
l’espèce humaine en tant que sous-homme ou bien meuble, ne fut jamais
réintégré ou réinstallé dans son humanité. Et les survivants
indigènes étaient massivement massacrés pour rendre inhabitées leurs
terres.
En Afrique le peuple congolais, sous l’administration de ce bourreau
que fut le Roi Léopold, est soumis à des formes d’asservissement
causant la destruction de la moitié de la population qui est passée
de vingt millions à 10 millions d’habitants.16. Dans ce même
continent, l’Allemagne aussi, comme d’autres avant elle, appliquera
les bons principes de la colonisation. Entre 1904 et 1906, soit en
l’espace de deux ans, les Allemands exterminèrent les trois quarts du
peuple Herero. Sans compter les morts des Nama, Baster, Hottentots,
etc.17.
Dans le cadre de la domination coloniale allemande en Namibie, le
professeur Eugen Fischer va étudier en 1908, chez les Baster
installés à Rehoboth « le problème de la bâtardisation chez l’être
humain ». Les recommandations du chercheur sont sans détour. On lit
dans son traité à propos des métis : « Qu’on leur garantisse donc le
degré précis de protection qui leur est nécessaire en tant que race
inférieure à la nôtre, rien de plus, et uniquement tant qu’ils nous
sont utiles –autrement, que joue la libre concurrence, c'est-à-dire,
selon moi, qu’ils disparaissent.18 »
Ce travail dans lequel le professeur Fischer considérait avoir
démontré scientifiquement l’infériorité des Noirs, fit la gloire de
son auteur dont le prestige alla au-delà des frontières du pays. Des
années plus tard, lorsqu’en 1933 Adolf Hitler arrive au pouvoir en
Allemagne, tout naturellement, le professeur Fischer mettra au
service de la politique raciale du nouvel Etat le prestige et
l’autorité que lui conférait sa condition de scientifique de renommée
mondiale. En fait, ce fut le cas de l’establishment scientifique dans
l’ensemble.19.
Le danger d’être classé inférieur
C’est un fait vérifiable, à la fin du 19ème et pendant les premières
décennies du 20ème siècle, l’extermination d’êtres inférieurs ou la
programmation de leur disparition, était une réalité qui ne soulevait
pas de grandes vagues de solidarité à l’égard des victimes. C’est
pourquoi les dirigeants nazis s’appliquèrent à convaincre les
Allemands que les Juifs, ainsi que les Slaves et autres groupes,
étaient différents et en conséquence étaient inférieurs.
C’est dans ce contexte si favorable à l’extermination des inférieurs,
que les conseillers scientifiques du plan quadriennal chargé de
planifier l’économie de l’Allemagne nazie, poussant la logique de
l’anéantissement plus loin que leurs prédécesseurs, et dans une
combinaison aussi terrible que sinistre entre les facteurs
idéologiques et les motivations utilitaires, ont programmé
l’extermination à l’Est, de 30 millions d’êtres humains.
Dans leur essai « Les architectes de l’extermination », Susanne Heim
et Götz Aly soulignent que les planificateurs de l’économie, choisis
non pas en fonction de leur militance politique mais de leur
compétence professionnelle, fondaient leur dossier sur des
considérations purement économiques et géopolitiques, sans la moindre
référence à l’idéologie raciale. Ils rapportent le procès-verbal
d’une réunion pendant laquelle, les conseillers économiques ont
expliqué en présence de Goebbels leur plan d’approvisionnement
alimentaire.
Ce dernier nota dans son journal le 2 mai 1941 : «La guerre ne peut
se poursuivre que si la Russie fournit des vivres à toutes les forces
armées allemandes durant la troisième année de la guerre. Des
millions de personnes mourront certainement de faim si les vivres qui
nous sont nécessaires sont enlevés au pays.20 » En effet, ce plan
devait faire mourir environ 30 millions de Slaves dans un premier
temps. Mais cela devait assurer l’approvisionnement des vivres
pendant une année et en plus, rendre inhabitées des terres où des
familles allemandes seraient installées.
Une tradition sinistre
Ainsi, Hermann Göring, dont le père fut le premier gouverneur
allemand en Namibie, pouvait dire en 1941 à son compère le ministre
italien des Affaires étrangères, le comte Ciano : « Cette année, 20 à
30 millions de personnes mourront de faim en Russie. Peut-être est-ce
pour le mieux, puisque certaines nations doivent être décimées.21 »
Ceux qui, dans une association extrême de l’idéologie raciste et la
motivation utilitaire, programmaient l’extermination de 30 millions
de Slaves, pouvaient programmer sans état d’âme, l’extermination d’un
autre groupe considéré aussi inférieur, dans l’occurrence les Juifs.
Ce n’est pas par hasard que le Professeur Wolfang Abel : «Chargé par
le haut commandement des forces armées de réaliser des études
anthropologiques sur les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques, proposa
entre autres options la liquidation du peuple russe.22» Le professeur
Abel fut l’élève du Professeur Fischer avant de devenir son
assistant. Ensemble, ils formèrent les premiers experts scientifiques
chargés de sélectionner ceux qui, coupables de ne pas être Aryens
devaient être exterminés à Auschwitz ou ailleurs.23.
Quant aux Soviétiques : « Au 1er février 1942, sur les 3,3 millions
de soldats de l’Armée rouge fait prisonniers, 2 millions étaient déjà
morts dans les camps allemands et au cours des transports, soit 60%.
Si l’on enlève les trois premières semaines de guerre, au cours
desquelles les premiers prisonniers purent puiser dans leurs réserves
corporelles, ce chiffre correspondait à un taux de mortalité de 10
000 hommes par jour.24 »
La tragédie des uns et le profit des autres
La très grande majorité des Allemands, heureuse de se trouver du bon
côté, accepta le fait accompli, c'est-à-dire l’exclusion des non-
Aryens, et en retira tout le bénéfice possible. Il va sans dire qu’à
l’époque, la solidarité à l’égard des groupes considérés inférieurs
ne faisait pas vraiment recette dans la culture dominante. Plusieurs
siècles de matraquage idéologique pour justifier l’écrasement des
peuples colonisés et asservis, n’avaient pas certainement favorisé
l’humanité de ceux qui en profitaient.25.
Comme le dit si bien Aly : « Le gouvernement nazi suscita le rêve
d’une voiture populaire, introduisit le concept de vacances
pratiquement inconnu jusqu’alors, doubla le nombre des jours fériés
et se mit à développer le tourisme de masse dont nous sommes
aujourd’hui familiers. (...) Ainsi, l’exonération fiscale des primes
pour le travail de nuit, les dimanches et les jours fériés accordés
après la victoire sur la France, et considérée, jusqu’à sa remise en
cause récente comme un acquis social. (...)Hitler a épargné les
Aryens moyens aux dépens du minimum vital d’autres catégories.26.»
L’argent spolié aux Juifs d’Europe et aux pays sous occupation
allemande a bien servi au gouvernement nazi pour financer sa
politique sociale visant à favoriser le niveau de vie de la
population aryenne. On comprend qu’après la guerre, tant d’Allemands
pouvaient admettre en privé, avoir vécu la période la plus prospère
de leur vie sous le gouvernement nazi y compris pendant la guerre...
Conclusion
La domination coloniale sur d’autres peuples a toujours fourni les
conditions indispensables pour la mise en place de systèmes
d’asservissement et déshumanisation froidement réglés. Ce fut le cas
dans l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique, où les puissances
coloniales ont inventé un système juridique à l’intérieur duquel, la
bestialisation des Noirs parce que Noirs, se faisait en toute
légalité. Au 19ème siècle, la colonisation britannique en Australie a
renoué avec le génocide commis en Amérique du Nord.
En Afrique, les peuples congolais ont souffert leur Adolf Hitler
incarné par le Roi des Belges qui non satisfait de faire mourir la
moitié des populations, faisait couper la main à ceux qui
chercheraient à fuir les travaux forcés.27. En Namibie, l’Allemagne
coloniale a commis son premier génocide et, je peux continuer mais je
peux aussi m’arrêter. Il y a assez pour comprendre que l’entreprise
nazie de déshumanisation, s’inscrit dans une continuité, jalonnée
sans interruption par la barbarie coloniale.
A la fin de la guerre, les puissances coloniales, victorieuses, ont
décrété que le nazisme était incompréhensible et effroyable parce que
derrière ses atrocités il n’y avait aucune rationalité économique. La
motivation utilitaire ayant toujours servi à cautionner les
entreprises de déshumanisation menées contre d’autres peuples non-
Européens, il fallait absolument que l’entreprise nazie de
déshumanisation soit dépourvue de toute motivation utilitaire. De là,
cette approche réductionniste qui a historiquement isolé le nazisme,
et focalisé l’attention sur les atrocités commises par les nazis, en
faisant abstraction des facteurs sans lesquels, chacun devrait le
savoir, ce désastre effrayant n’aurait jamais atteint la
disproportion que nous savons.
1 A ce sujet, voir Charles Verlinden, L’esclavage dans l’Europe
médiévale, Tome 1 Péninsule Ibérique, France 1955 ; Tome 2 Italie
Colonies italiennes du Levant latin Empire Byzantin, 1977.
2 Verlinden, L’esclavage dans l’Europe médiévale, Tome 2, notamment
dans le chapitre II La traite vénitienne et la traite juive, p. 115
et suivantes, et aussi dans le chapitre III La traite des eunuques,
p. 981 et suivantes. Ce livre, devenu introuvable en librairie, peut
être consulté à la bibliothèque du Centre Pompidou et aussi à celle
de la Sorbonne.
3 Jacques Heers, Esclaves et domestiques au Moyen Âge dans le monde
méditerranéen, Paris, 1981, p. 12.
4 A ce sujet, voir Tzvetan Todorov, La conqête de l’Amérique. La
question de l’autre, Paris, 1982.
5 Voir Bartolomé de Las Casas, Brevísima relación de la destrucción
de las Indias, Buenos Aires, 1966 et aussi Historia de las Indias,
México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1951.
6 Le lecteur consultera profitablement l’œuvre pionnière de Louise
Marie Diop Maes, Afrique Noire Démographie Sol et Histoire, Paris, 1996.
7 Louis Sala-Molins, Le code noir ou le calvaire de Canaan, Paris, 1987.
8 Louis Sala-Molins, Les Misères des Lumières. Sous la Raison,
l’outrage, Paris, 1992
9 En 1972, en Colombie, un groupe de paysans analphabètes a dû
répondre devant le tribunal pour le massacre, avec préméditation, de
dix huit Indigènes hommes, femmes et enfants confondus. Les accusés
ont été acquittés par un jury populaire car ils ne savaient pas que
tuer des Indiens était un pêché et encore moins un délit. Voir à ce
sujet Rosa Amelia Plumelle-Uribe, La férocité blanche Des non-Blancs
aux non-Aryens Génocides occultés de 1492 à nos jours, Paris, 2001.
10 Sven Lindqvist, Exterminez toutes ces brutes. L’odysée d’un homme
au cœur de la nuit et les origines du génocide européen, Paris, 1999.
11 Aimé Césaire, Discours sur le colonialisme, Paris, 1955.
12 Lindqvist, op. cit., p. 189-190.
13 Ibid, p. 192.
14 Götz Aly et Susanne Heim, Les architectes de l’extermination
Auschwitz et la logique de l’anéantissement, Paris, 2006, p. 25-26
15 Consulter Diana Lenton, La cuestion de los Indios y el ge,ocidio
en los tiempos de Roca : sus repercusiones en la prensa y la
politica, SAAP- Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Politico
www.saap.org.ar/esp/page Voir aussi Osvaldo Bayer, le journal
argentin Página/12, Sábado, 22 de octubre 2005.
16 Adam Hochschild, Les fantômes du roi Léopold II. Un holocauste
oublié, Paris, 1998.
17 Ingol Diener, Apartheid ! La cassure, Paris, 1986.
18 Benno Muller-Hill, Science nazie, science de mort, Paris, 1989, p.
194.
19 Consulter Muller-Hill
20 Aly et Heim, op. cit., p. 271-272.
21 Ibid, p. 267.
22 Ibid, p. 289.
23 Muller-Hill, op. cit.
24 Götz Aly, Comment Hitler a acheté les Allemands, Paris, 2005, p. 172.
25 Voir Plumelle-Uribe, op. cit.
26 Götz Aly, Comment Hitler a acheté les Allemands, p. 9, 28.
27 Hochschild, op. cit.
Afrikara
2019:27:10&log=lautrehistoire
La longue tradition esclavagiste et génocidaire de l'Europe
Rosa Amelia Plummelle-Uribe
De la barbarie coloniale à la politique nazie d’extermination
L’auteur de «La Férocité blanche» [Albin Michel, 2001], déploie une
argumentation originale et pertinente, que Césaire avait bien sentie
dans son «Discours sur le colonialisme», le lien entre les politiques
d’anéantissement colonial, l’ensauvagement des sociétés européennes
et le choc en retour du nazisme sur ces mêmes sociétés. Afrikara
publie le texte d’une communication de cette militante
afrodescentante, présenté le 15 juin à Berlin dans le cadre du Forum
de Dialogue organisé par la section européenne de la Fondation
AfricAvenir.
http://www.afrikara.com/index.php?page=contenu&art=1386
Nous sommes réunis ici pour analyser ensemble le lien historique qui,
comme un fil conducteur conduit de la barbarie coloniale à la
politique nazie d’extermination. Il s’agit d’un effort visant à
détecter au moins la plupart des facteurs qui, de manière directe ou
indirecte, auraient favorisé le développement politique et
l’épanouissement idéologique d’une entreprise de déshumanisation
comme la barbarie nazi en Allemagne et au-delà de ses frontières.
Cette contribution est utile à toute démarche qui voudrait mettre fin
à toute sorte de discrimination d’où qu’elle vienne ; à commencer par
cette discrimination qui consiste à trier parmi les crimes pour
ensuite, suivant l’identité des victimes ou parfois l’identité des
bourreaux, sélectionner le crime qu’il faut condamner. Cette
hiérarchisation des crimes et donc de leur condamnation, demeure un
handicap majeur dans la lutte pour la prévention des crimes contre
l’humanité dont le crime de génocide.
Esclavage et trafic d’esclaves
Il convient de préciser tout de suite que, les guerres de conquête et
les crimes liés à la domination coloniale, ainsi que la réduction
d’êtres humains en esclavage, étaient déjà une réalité dans les temps
anciens. Par exemple, lorsque la domination des Musulmans arabes
s’étend vers l’Europe, le commerce d’êtres humains est une activité
millénaire parmi les Européens. Le règne de l’islam en Espagne, de
711 à 1492, a simplement dynamisé la traite d’esclaves intra
européenne.1 faisant du continent un important fournisseur
d’esclaves, femmes et hommes, expédies vers les pays de l’islam.
Les prisonniers, majoritairement slaves, alimentaient le commerce
d’hommes entre Venise et l’empire arabo-musulman du sud de la
Méditerranée. C’est ainsi que dans les langues occidentales, le mot «
esclave » ou « slave » se substitue au latin «servus» pour désigner
les travailleurs privés de liberté. Autrement dit, pendant plusieurs
siècles, des Chrétiens européens vendent d’autres Européens à des
commerçants Juifs spécialisés dans la fabrication d’eunuques.2,
lesquels étaient une marchandise très prisée et fort sollicitée dans
les pays de l’empire musulman.
Des chercheurs, spécialistes de l’esclavage en Europe au Moyen Âge,
ont vu dans le système d’asservissement inauguré en Amérique par la
domination coloniale, un lien de continuité avec les institutions
esclavagistes de l’Europe. Jacques Heers dit que «C’est le mérite
incontestable de Charles Verlinden, sur ce point véritable pionnier,
que d’avoir remarqué que la conquête et l’exploitation coloniales des
Amériques s’étaient largement inspirées de certaines expériences
toutes récentes en Méditerranée et s’inscrivaient en droite ligne
dans une continuité ininterrompue de précédentes médiévaux.3».
J’ai néanmoins choisi d’aborder cette analyse, à partir de 1492 lors
de l’arrivée des Européens dans le continent américain. Et j’ai fait
ce choix parce que, malgré ce qui vient d’être dit, la destruction
des peuples indigènes d’Amérique, l’instauration de la domination
coloniale et le système de déshumanisation des Noirs sur ce
continent, n’avaient pas de précédent dans l’histoire. Et surtout,
parce que la prolongation de cette expérience pendant plus de trois
siècles, a largement conditionné la systématisation théorique des
inégalités y compris l’inégalité raciale dont les conséquences
restent d’actualité.
Premier génocide des temps modernes
Des historiens du 20ème siècle, travaillant sur la conquête de
l’Amérique, sont parvenus à se mettre plus ou moins d’accord pour
estimer le nombre d’habitants du continent américain à la veille de
l’invasion. Il a donc été retenu qu’à la veille du 1500, environ 80
millions de personnes habitent dans le continent américain. Ces
chiffres furent comparés à ceux obtenus cinquante ans plus tard à
partir des recensements espagnols.4.
Il en ressort que vers 1550, des 80 millions d’Indigènes ne restent
que 10 millions. C'est-à-dire, en termes relatifs une destruction de
l’ordre de 90% de la population. Une véritable hécatombe car en
termes absolus il s’agit d’une diminution de 70 millions d’êtres
humains. Et encore, il importe de savoir que ces dernières années,
des historiens sud-américains sont parvenus à la conclusion qu’en
réalité, à la veille de la conquête il y avait en Amérique plus de
100 millions d’habitants. D’un point de vue européen, ces estimations
sont inacceptables, et pour cause ! Si cela était vrai, nous serions
devant une diminution de 90 millions d’êtres humains.
Mais, au-delà du nombre d’Indigènes exterminés, le comportement
collectivement adopté par les conquérants chrétiens a eu des
conséquences qui perdurent. Par exemple, la justification postérieure
de ce génocide a conditionné l’évolution culturelle, idéologique et
politique de la suprématie blanche à l’égard d’autres peuples non
Européens, et finalement à l’intérieur même d’Europe.
La situation d’impunité dont bénéficiaient les conquistadores devait,
fatalement, favoriser l’apparition très rapide de pratiques assez
inquiétantes. Ainsi, la mauvaise habitude de nourrir les chiens avec
des Indigènes et parfois avec des nourrissons arrachés à leur mère et
jetés en pâture à des chiens affamés. Ou la tendance à s’amuser en
faisant brûler vifs des Indigènes jetés dans des bûcher allumés pour
les faire rôtir5. Ce désastre fut la première conséquence directe de
ce que les manuels d’histoire continuent à appeler ‘la découverte de
l’Amérique’.
La solution africaine
Après avoir vidé le continent américain de sa population, les
puissances occidentales naissantes ont fait de l’Afrique noire, une
pourvoyeuse d’esclaves pour l’Amérique. Cette entreprise a désagrégé
l’économie des pays africains et vidé le continent d’une partie de sa
population dans ce qui demeure, la déportation d’êtres humains la
plus gigantesque que l’histoire de l’humanité ait connue. Ici, il
convient de rappeler la situation des pays africains au moment où ils
sont abordés par les Européens.
C’est un fait que, même si le mode de production en Afrique n’était
pas fondamentalement esclavagiste, les sociétés y connaissaient
certaines formes de servitude. Comme nous l’avons dit, au Moyen âge,
l’esclavage ainsi que la vente d’êtres humains, était une pratique
très généralisée et l’Afrique n’a pas été une exception. Depuis le
7ème siècle, l’Afrique noire, tout comme l’Europe depuis le 8ème
siècle, approvisionne en esclaves les pays de l’empire arabo-musulman.
Il semblerait qu’à l’époque, la dimension et les modalités du trafic
d’esclaves n’auraient pas été incompatibles avec la croissance de
l’économie dans les pays concernés par ce commerce d’êtres humains.
Il est d’ailleurs couramment admis que c’est sous le règne de l’islam
en Espagne que l’Europe a commencé à sortir des ténèbres du Moyen
âge. Concernant l’Afrique, on notera qu’au 15ème siècle, malgré la
ponction faite par la traite négrière arabo-musulmane, les pays de ce
continent jouissaient d’un bon niveau de bien être social.
Le dépeuplement du continent ainsi que la misère et l’indigence de
ses habitants malades et affamés, décrits par les voyageurs qui
abordèrent l’Afrique noire au 19ème siècle, contrastent avec les pays
densément peuplés, l’économie fleurissante, l’agriculture abondante,
l’artisanat diversifié, le commerce intense et surtout, avec le
niveau de bien être social décrits par les voyageurs, géographes et
navigateurs ayant abordé l’Afrique noire entre le 8ème et le 17ème
siècle, et dont nous connaissons maintenant les témoignages grâce aux
diverses recherches, entre autres celles de Diop Maes.6.
Entre le 16ème et le 19ème siècle, les guerres et razzias en chaîne,
provoquées par les négriers pour se procurer les captifs, ont conduit
à la destruction quasiment irréversible de l’économie, du tissu
social et de la démographie des peuples africains. Le cumul des
traites, arabe et européenne, au moyen d’armes à feu, le caractère
massif, voire industriel, de la traite négrière transatlantique en
accroissement constant, a causé en trois siècles, des ravages que le
continent n’avait jamais connus jusque là. Ce nouveau désastre fut la
deuxième conséquence de la colonisation d’Amérique.
Une entreprise de déshumanisation
Dans le cadre de la domination coloniale sur le continent américain,
les survivants indigènes, dépouillés de leurs terres furent refoulés
et parqués dans des réserves. Dans le même temps, des millions de
femmes, d’enfants et d’hommes Africains arrachés de chez eux et
déportés dans l’Amérique, furent systématiquement expulsés hors de
l’espèce humaine et réduits à la catégorie de bien meuble ou de sous-
homme. L’infériorité raciale des non-Blancs et sa sœur jumelle, la
supériorité de la race blanche, furent inscrits dans la loi,
consacrées par le christianisme et renforcées dans les faits.
Les puissances coloniales, Espagne, Portugal, France, Angleterre,
Hollande, légiféraient pour se doter du cadre juridique à l’intérieur
duquel la déshumanisation des Noirs devenait légale. En conséquence,
chaque métropole avait un arsenal juridique pour réglementer sa
politique génocidaire dans l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique. A
cet égard, la codification la plus achevée aura été le code noir
français7. Promulgué en 1685, cette monstruosité juridique est restée
en vigueur jusqu’à 1848 lors de la seconde abolition de l’esclavage
dans les colonies françaises.
Il est significatif que, au moins pendant les 16ème et 17ème siècles,
pour autant que nous sachions, il n y eut pas une seule voix
autorisée pour dénoncer et condamner l’expulsion légale des Noirs
hors de l’espèce humaine. Même au 18ème siècle qui était pourtant le
siècle des Lumières, aucun de ces grands philosophes n’a,
formellement, exigé des autorités compétentes la suppression
immédiate, réelle, sans atermoiements, des lois qui réglaient ces
crimes.8.
Une idéologie unanimement partagée
On a l’habitude d’ignorer que grâce à la racialisation de l’esclavage
dans l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique, la supériorité de la
race blanche et l’infériorité des Noirs sont devenues un axiome
profondément enraciné dans la culture occidentale. Il faut savoir que
cet héritage pernicieux de la domination coloniale européenne,
combiné aux effets néfastes de la manie des Lumières de tout
ordonner, hiérarchiser, classifier, a stimulé l’émergence d’une
culture plus ou moins favorable à l’extermination des groupes
considérés inférieurs.
Entre le 15ème et le 19ème siècle, toute la production littéraire et
scientifique concernant les peuples indigènes d’Amérique, visait à
justifier leur extermination passé et à venir. Après trois longs
siècles de barbarie coloniale sous contrôle chrétien, un des
principes validés par les catholiques espagnols, est la certitude que
tuer des Indiens n’est pas un pêché.9. Cette conscience fut renforcée
par les protestants anglophones, convaincus qu’un bon Indien est un
Indien mort. Aussi, toute la littérature concernant la bestialisation
des Noir dans l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique, était une
véritable propagande en faveur de la traite négrière et de
l’esclavage des Noirs présentés comme un progrès de la civilisation.
Lorsque finalement eut lieu le démantèlement de l’univers
concentrationnaire d’Amérique, le changement provoqué par les
abolitions de l’esclavage eut une portée assez limitée. D’abord parce
que l’essentiel des structures et des rapports sociaux et économiques
mis en place par la barbarie institutionnalisée, sont restés
quasiment inchangés. Et aussi, parce que le triomphe de la pensée
scientifique sur la foi religieuse a donné à la race des seigneurs et
aux valeurs de la civilisation occidentale, une crédibilité dont la
religion ne bénéficiait plus auprès des esprits éclairés. Désormais,
la colonisation et les actes de barbarie qui lui sont
consubstantiels, par exemple l’extermination de groupes considérés
inférieurs, se feront ayant comme support un discours scientifique.
Une culture d’extermination
Il serait utile une étude très serrée concernant le rôle des
scientifiques occidentaux dans le développement de la culture
d’extermination qui a prévalu au 19ème et au début du 20ème siècle
dans les pays colonisateurs. Malgré son rapport étroit avec notre
analyse, cela n’est pas le sujet central de cette communication.
Mais, nous pouvons néanmoins dégager quelques pistes pour ceux qui
voudraient reprendre le sujet et se renseigner davantage.
Au milieu du 19ème siècle, les Associations scientifiques les plus
prestigieuses semblent avoir été la Geographical Society et
l’Anthropological Society à Londres et aussi, la Société de Géologie
à Paris. Le 19 janvier 1864, eut lieu une table ronde organisée par
l’Anthropological Society sur « l’extinction des races inférieures ».
Il y fut question du droit des races supérieures à coloniser les
espaces territoriaux considérés vitaux pour leurs intérêts.
Dans le “journal of the Anthropological Society of London, vol. 165,
1864” fut publié un compte rendu des débats de la Conférence. Il
s’agissait de savoir si dans tous les cas de colonisation il serait
inévitable l’extinction des races inférieures, ou si jamais il serait
possible qu’elles puissent coexister avec la race supérieure sans
être éliminées.10. A l’époque, l’Angleterre avait déjà commis, outre
le génocide des Indigènes en Amérique du Nord, celui des Aborigènes
d’Australie dont les Tasmaniens.
En France, Albert Sarraut, tenant discours aux élèves de l’Ecole
coloniale affirmait : « il serait puéril d’opposer aux entreprises
européennes de colonisation un prétendu droit d’occupation [...] qui
pérenniserait en des mains incapables la vaine possession de
richesses sans emploi. »11. De son côté, le sociologue français
Georges Vacher de Lapouge, soutenait qu’il n’y avait rien de plus
normal que la réduction en esclavage des races inférieures et
plaidait pour une seule race supérieure, nivelée par la sélection.
Des scientifiques réticents
On remarquera que la plupart des anthropologues allemands, même
convaincus de leur supériorité raciale, ne partagent pas avec leurs
collègues britanniques, nord-américains et français, la conviction
que les races inférieures doivent nécessairement disparaître au
contact de la civilisation. Le professeur Théodore Waitz par exemple,
développe entre 1859-1862 un travail pour contester le bien fondé des
théories propagées par ses collègues occidentaux, engagés dans la
justification scientifique des exterminations commises par leurs pays.
Par la suite, son élève George Gerland fait en 1868 une étude sur
l’extermination des races inférieures. Il dénonce la violence
physique exercée par les colonisateurs comme étant le facteur
d’extermination le plus tangible. Et affirme qu’il n’existe aucune
loi naturelle qui dit que les peuples primitifs doivent disparaître
pour que la civilisation avance. Le plaidoyer de ce scientifique
allemand pour le droit à la vie des races dites inférieures est un
fait rarissime dans cette période de l’histoire.
En 1891 le professeur allemand Friedrich Ratzel publie son livre «
Anthropogeographie » et dans le dixième chapitre sous-titré « Le
déclin des peuples de cultures inférieures au contact avec la culture
», il exprime son hostilité concernant la destruction des peuples
indigènes : « C’est devenu une règle déplorable, que des peuples
faiblement avancés meurent au contact avec des peuples hautement
cultivés. Cela s’applique à la vaste majorité des Australiens, des
Polynésiens, des Asiatiques du Nord, des Américains du Nord et des
nombreux peuples d’Afrique du Sud et d’Amérique du Sud.
(...) Les Indigènes sont tués, chassés, prolétarisés et l’on détruit
leur organisation sociale. La caractéristique principale de la
politique des Blancs est l’usage de la violence par les forts sur les
faibles. Le but est de s’emparer de leurs terres. Ce phénomène a pris
sa forme la plus intense en Amérique du Nord. Des Blancs assoiffés de
terres s’entassent entre des peuplements indiens faibles et
partiellement désintégrés »12. Ce serait le dernier discours dans
lequel le professeur Ratzel exprimerait un point de vue aussi peu
favorable à l’extinction des peuples inférieurs.
Une évolution malheureuse
Les anciennes puissances négrières réunies à Berlin en 1884-1885,
officialisent le dépècement de l’Afrique. L’Allemagne s’assure le
contrôle du Sud-Ouest africain (c'est-à-dire la Namibie), de l’Est
africain (correspondant aux territoires actuels de la Tanzanie, du
Burundi et du Rwanda) et aussi le contrôle sur le Togo et le Cameroun.
L’entrée de l’Allemagne dans l’entreprise coloniale marque un hiatus
sensible entre le discours des scientifiques allemands avant les
années 1890 et celui qu’ils auront après les années de 1890 sur le
même sujet : l’extermination des races inférieures ou leur
asservissement suivant les besoins des conquistadores et le progrès
de la civilisation.
En effet, en 1897 le professeur Ratzel publie son ouvrage «Géographie
politique» dans lequel, l’auteur prend fait et cause pour
l’extermination des races inférieures. Il affirme qu’un peuple en
développement qui a besoin de plus de terres doit donc en conquérir
«lesquelles, par la mort et le déplacement de leurs habitants, sont
transformées en terres inhabitées»13.
La domination économique combinée à des méthodes racistes, a donné
naissance à la suprématie blanche chrétienne. Son idéologie
hégémonique règne sans partage sur la planète et connaît toute sa
splendeur entre la seconde moitié du 19ème et la première moitié du
20ème siècle. Même dans les anciens pays colonisés, l’extermination
des races inférieures tenait lieu de politique officielle.
Une idéologie triomphante
La plupart des pays d’Amérique sont devenus indépendants au 19ème
siècle. Les classes dirigeantes de ces pays, se croient blanches
parce qu’elles sont issues des aventuriers européens qui souvent
violaient les femmes indigènes. Arrivées au pouvoir suite aux guerres
d’indépendance, ces élites se sont toujours identifiées à leur
ancêtre blanc. De fait, elles adoptèrent les méthodes d’extermination
des Indigènes hérités de la colonisation.
En avril 1834, les autorités d’Argentine, pays indépendant depuis
peu, déclenchent la « Campaña del Desierto » (Campagne du Désert),
dont le but est l’extermination des survivants Indigènes qui occupent
la pampa. Dirigée par Juan Manuel de Rosas, devenu Président
d’Argentine à partir de 1835, cette campagne fut coordonnée avec le
gouvernement du Chili. Le premier gouvernement constitutionnel
d’Uruguay, dirigé par Fructuoso Rivera, s’est aussi joint à la
Campagne qui devait transformer ces terres en espaces inhabités.
Malgré la violence extrême de la ‘Campagne’, tous les Indigènes ne
sont pas morts, au grand dam du président Rosas pour qui les Indiens
se reproduisaient comme des insectes. Pour remédier à cet échec, en
1878, par initiative du Ministre de la Guerre Julio Argentino Roca,
le Congrès National argentin vote et approuve la loi « de expansión
de las fronteras hasta el Rio Negro » (expansion des frontières).
C’est le point de départ de la seconde « Campagne du Désert » qui
doit définitivement vider la Pampa de sa population indigène pour
faire avancer la civilisation.
Un espace vital avant la lettre
La « Campagne » a lieu au moment où les survivants Indigènes sont
traqués partout dans le continent. En Amérique du Nord ils sont
massacrés et refoulés afin de libérer un espace devenu vital pour
l’installation de familles civilisées, c'est-à-dire blanches. En
Argentine, l’objectif avoué de la « Campagne » était le même :
Remplacement de la population locale par une population civilisée
pouvant garantir l’incorporation effective de la Pampa et la
Patagonie à la nation de l’Etat Argentin.
Quelques décennies plus tard, Heinrich Himmler défendrait le même
principe de remplacement des populations lorsqu’il affirmait : « Le
seul moyen de résoudre le problème social, c’est pour un groupe, de
tuer les autres et de s’emparer de leur pays »14. Mais, pour le
moment, cela se passait en Amérique et au détriment de populations
non-Européennes. Le Ministre Roca, qui est à l’origine de la seconde
«Campagne du Désert», a même gagné les élections en 1880 et est
devenu Président de l’Argentine.
Bien sûr, quelques voix se levèrent pour critiquer la barbarie des
atrocités commises pendant la Campagne. Mais, dans l’ensemble,
l’infériorité des victimes n’était pas contestée et le gouvernement
de Julio Roca appelé le conquistador du Désert, est perçu comme le
fondateur de l’Argentine moderne. L’histoire de ce pays a retenu
surtout, que c’est sous la Présidence de Roca que le pays a avancé
vers la séparation de l’église et l’Etat, le mariage civil, le
registre civil des naissances et l’éducation laïque. Une des plus
grandes villes de la Patagonie porte le nom de Roca.
Il n’y a pas longtemps, l’historien Félix Luna affirmait sans rire :
« Roca a incarné le progrès, il a intégré l’Argentine dans le monde :
je me suis mis à sa place pour comprendre ce qui impliquait
d’exterminer quelques centaines d’indiens pour pouvoir gouverner. Il
faut considérer le contexte de l’époque où l’on vivait une atmosphère
darwiniste qui favorisait la survie du plus fort et la supériorité de
la race blanche (...) Avec des erreurs, des abus, avec un coût Roca
fit l’Argentine dont nous jouissons aujourd’hui : les parcs, les
édifices, le palais des Œuvres Sanitaires, celui des Tribunaux, la
Case du Gouvernement »15.
Exterminables parce qu’inférieurs
On remarquera que depuis le premier génocide des temps modernes,
commis par les chrétiens en Amérique à partir de 1492, la situation
des peuples non Européens en général et des Noirs en particulier se
trouve rythmée par les exigences de la suprématie blanche. Dans
l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique, le Noir expulsé hors de
l’espèce humaine en tant que sous-homme ou bien meuble, ne fut jamais
réintégré ou réinstallé dans son humanité. Et les survivants
indigènes étaient massivement massacrés pour rendre inhabitées leurs
terres.
En Afrique le peuple congolais, sous l’administration de ce bourreau
que fut le Roi Léopold, est soumis à des formes d’asservissement
causant la destruction de la moitié de la population qui est passée
de vingt millions à 10 millions d’habitants.16. Dans ce même
continent, l’Allemagne aussi, comme d’autres avant elle, appliquera
les bons principes de la colonisation. Entre 1904 et 1906, soit en
l’espace de deux ans, les Allemands exterminèrent les trois quarts du
peuple Herero. Sans compter les morts des Nama, Baster, Hottentots,
etc.17.
Dans le cadre de la domination coloniale allemande en Namibie, le
professeur Eugen Fischer va étudier en 1908, chez les Baster
installés à Rehoboth « le problème de la bâtardisation chez l’être
humain ». Les recommandations du chercheur sont sans détour. On lit
dans son traité à propos des métis : « Qu’on leur garantisse donc le
degré précis de protection qui leur est nécessaire en tant que race
inférieure à la nôtre, rien de plus, et uniquement tant qu’ils nous
sont utiles –autrement, que joue la libre concurrence, c'est-à-dire,
selon moi, qu’ils disparaissent.18 »
Ce travail dans lequel le professeur Fischer considérait avoir
démontré scientifiquement l’infériorité des Noirs, fit la gloire de
son auteur dont le prestige alla au-delà des frontières du pays. Des
années plus tard, lorsqu’en 1933 Adolf Hitler arrive au pouvoir en
Allemagne, tout naturellement, le professeur Fischer mettra au
service de la politique raciale du nouvel Etat le prestige et
l’autorité que lui conférait sa condition de scientifique de renommée
mondiale. En fait, ce fut le cas de l’establishment scientifique dans
l’ensemble.19.
Le danger d’être classé inférieur
C’est un fait vérifiable, à la fin du 19ème et pendant les premières
décennies du 20ème siècle, l’extermination d’êtres inférieurs ou la
programmation de leur disparition, était une réalité qui ne soulevait
pas de grandes vagues de solidarité à l’égard des victimes. C’est
pourquoi les dirigeants nazis s’appliquèrent à convaincre les
Allemands que les Juifs, ainsi que les Slaves et autres groupes,
étaient différents et en conséquence étaient inférieurs.
C’est dans ce contexte si favorable à l’extermination des inférieurs,
que les conseillers scientifiques du plan quadriennal chargé de
planifier l’économie de l’Allemagne nazie, poussant la logique de
l’anéantissement plus loin que leurs prédécesseurs, et dans une
combinaison aussi terrible que sinistre entre les facteurs
idéologiques et les motivations utilitaires, ont programmé
l’extermination à l’Est, de 30 millions d’êtres humains.
Dans leur essai « Les architectes de l’extermination », Susanne Heim
et Götz Aly soulignent que les planificateurs de l’économie, choisis
non pas en fonction de leur militance politique mais de leur
compétence professionnelle, fondaient leur dossier sur des
considérations purement économiques et géopolitiques, sans la moindre
référence à l’idéologie raciale. Ils rapportent le procès-verbal
d’une réunion pendant laquelle, les conseillers économiques ont
expliqué en présence de Goebbels leur plan d’approvisionnement
alimentaire.
Ce dernier nota dans son journal le 2 mai 1941 : «La guerre ne peut
se poursuivre que si la Russie fournit des vivres à toutes les forces
armées allemandes durant la troisième année de la guerre. Des
millions de personnes mourront certainement de faim si les vivres qui
nous sont nécessaires sont enlevés au pays.20 » En effet, ce plan
devait faire mourir environ 30 millions de Slaves dans un premier
temps. Mais cela devait assurer l’approvisionnement des vivres
pendant une année et en plus, rendre inhabitées des terres où des
familles allemandes seraient installées.
Une tradition sinistre
Ainsi, Hermann Göring, dont le père fut le premier gouverneur
allemand en Namibie, pouvait dire en 1941 à son compère le ministre
italien des Affaires étrangères, le comte Ciano : « Cette année, 20 à
30 millions de personnes mourront de faim en Russie. Peut-être est-ce
pour le mieux, puisque certaines nations doivent être décimées.21 »
Ceux qui, dans une association extrême de l’idéologie raciste et la
motivation utilitaire, programmaient l’extermination de 30 millions
de Slaves, pouvaient programmer sans état d’âme, l’extermination d’un
autre groupe considéré aussi inférieur, dans l’occurrence les Juifs.
Ce n’est pas par hasard que le Professeur Wolfang Abel : «Chargé par
le haut commandement des forces armées de réaliser des études
anthropologiques sur les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques, proposa
entre autres options la liquidation du peuple russe.22» Le professeur
Abel fut l’élève du Professeur Fischer avant de devenir son
assistant. Ensemble, ils formèrent les premiers experts scientifiques
chargés de sélectionner ceux qui, coupables de ne pas être Aryens
devaient être exterminés à Auschwitz ou ailleurs.23.
Quant aux Soviétiques : « Au 1er février 1942, sur les 3,3 millions
de soldats de l’Armée rouge fait prisonniers, 2 millions étaient déjà
morts dans les camps allemands et au cours des transports, soit 60%.
Si l’on enlève les trois premières semaines de guerre, au cours
desquelles les premiers prisonniers purent puiser dans leurs réserves
corporelles, ce chiffre correspondait à un taux de mortalité de 10
000 hommes par jour.24 »
La tragédie des uns et le profit des autres
La très grande majorité des Allemands, heureuse de se trouver du bon
côté, accepta le fait accompli, c'est-à-dire l’exclusion des non-
Aryens, et en retira tout le bénéfice possible. Il va sans dire qu’à
l’époque, la solidarité à l’égard des groupes considérés inférieurs
ne faisait pas vraiment recette dans la culture dominante. Plusieurs
siècles de matraquage idéologique pour justifier l’écrasement des
peuples colonisés et asservis, n’avaient pas certainement favorisé
l’humanité de ceux qui en profitaient.25.
Comme le dit si bien Aly : « Le gouvernement nazi suscita le rêve
d’une voiture populaire, introduisit le concept de vacances
pratiquement inconnu jusqu’alors, doubla le nombre des jours fériés
et se mit à développer le tourisme de masse dont nous sommes
aujourd’hui familiers. (...) Ainsi, l’exonération fiscale des primes
pour le travail de nuit, les dimanches et les jours fériés accordés
après la victoire sur la France, et considérée, jusqu’à sa remise en
cause récente comme un acquis social. (...)Hitler a épargné les
Aryens moyens aux dépens du minimum vital d’autres catégories.26.»
L’argent spolié aux Juifs d’Europe et aux pays sous occupation
allemande a bien servi au gouvernement nazi pour financer sa
politique sociale visant à favoriser le niveau de vie de la
population aryenne. On comprend qu’après la guerre, tant d’Allemands
pouvaient admettre en privé, avoir vécu la période la plus prospère
de leur vie sous le gouvernement nazi y compris pendant la guerre...
Conclusion
La domination coloniale sur d’autres peuples a toujours fourni les
conditions indispensables pour la mise en place de systèmes
d’asservissement et déshumanisation froidement réglés. Ce fut le cas
dans l’univers concentrationnaire d’Amérique, où les puissances
coloniales ont inventé un système juridique à l’intérieur duquel, la
bestialisation des Noirs parce que Noirs, se faisait en toute
légalité. Au 19ème siècle, la colonisation britannique en Australie a
renoué avec le génocide commis en Amérique du Nord.
En Afrique, les peuples congolais ont souffert leur Adolf Hitler
incarné par le Roi des Belges qui non satisfait de faire mourir la
moitié des populations, faisait couper la main à ceux qui
chercheraient à fuir les travaux forcés.27. En Namibie, l’Allemagne
coloniale a commis son premier génocide et, je peux continuer mais je
peux aussi m’arrêter. Il y a assez pour comprendre que l’entreprise
nazie de déshumanisation, s’inscrit dans une continuité, jalonnée
sans interruption par la barbarie coloniale.
A la fin de la guerre, les puissances coloniales, victorieuses, ont
décrété que le nazisme était incompréhensible et effroyable parce que
derrière ses atrocités il n’y avait aucune rationalité économique. La
motivation utilitaire ayant toujours servi à cautionner les
entreprises de déshumanisation menées contre d’autres peuples non-
Européens, il fallait absolument que l’entreprise nazie de
déshumanisation soit dépourvue de toute motivation utilitaire. De là,
cette approche réductionniste qui a historiquement isolé le nazisme,
et focalisé l’attention sur les atrocités commises par les nazis, en
faisant abstraction des facteurs sans lesquels, chacun devrait le
savoir, ce désastre effrayant n’aurait jamais atteint la
disproportion que nous savons.
1 A ce sujet, voir Charles Verlinden, L’esclavage dans l’Europe
médiévale, Tome 1 Péninsule Ibérique, France 1955 ; Tome 2 Italie
Colonies italiennes du Levant latin Empire Byzantin, 1977.
2 Verlinden, L’esclavage dans l’Europe médiévale, Tome 2, notamment
dans le chapitre II La traite vénitienne et la traite juive, p. 115
et suivantes, et aussi dans le chapitre III La traite des eunuques,
p. 981 et suivantes. Ce livre, devenu introuvable en librairie, peut
être consulté à la bibliothèque du Centre Pompidou et aussi à celle
de la Sorbonne.
3 Jacques Heers, Esclaves et domestiques au Moyen Âge dans le monde
méditerranéen, Paris, 1981, p. 12.
4 A ce sujet, voir Tzvetan Todorov, La conqête de l’Amérique. La
question de l’autre, Paris, 1982.
5 Voir Bartolomé de Las Casas, Brevísima relación de la destrucción
de las Indias, Buenos Aires, 1966 et aussi Historia de las Indias,
México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1951.
6 Le lecteur consultera profitablement l’œuvre pionnière de Louise
Marie Diop Maes, Afrique Noire Démographie Sol et Histoire, Paris, 1996.
7 Louis Sala-Molins, Le code noir ou le calvaire de Canaan, Paris, 1987.
8 Louis Sala-Molins, Les Misères des Lumières. Sous la Raison,
l’outrage, Paris, 1992
9 En 1972, en Colombie, un groupe de paysans analphabètes a dû
répondre devant le tribunal pour le massacre, avec préméditation, de
dix huit Indigènes hommes, femmes et enfants confondus. Les accusés
ont été acquittés par un jury populaire car ils ne savaient pas que
tuer des Indiens était un pêché et encore moins un délit. Voir à ce
sujet Rosa Amelia Plumelle-Uribe, La férocité blanche Des non-Blancs
aux non-Aryens Génocides occultés de 1492 à nos jours, Paris, 2001.
10 Sven Lindqvist, Exterminez toutes ces brutes. L’odysée d’un homme
au cœur de la nuit et les origines du génocide européen, Paris, 1999.
11 Aimé Césaire, Discours sur le colonialisme, Paris, 1955.
12 Lindqvist, op. cit., p. 189-190.
13 Ibid, p. 192.
14 Götz Aly et Susanne Heim, Les architectes de l’extermination
Auschwitz et la logique de l’anéantissement, Paris, 2006, p. 25-26
15 Consulter Diana Lenton, La cuestion de los Indios y el ge,ocidio
en los tiempos de Roca : sus repercusiones en la prensa y la
politica, SAAP- Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Politico
www.saap.org.ar/esp/page Voir aussi Osvaldo Bayer, le journal
argentin Página/12, Sábado, 22 de octubre 2005.
16 Adam Hochschild, Les fantômes du roi Léopold II. Un holocauste
oublié, Paris, 1998.
17 Ingol Diener, Apartheid ! La cassure, Paris, 1986.
18 Benno Muller-Hill, Science nazie, science de mort, Paris, 1989, p.
194.
19 Consulter Muller-Hill
20 Aly et Heim, op. cit., p. 271-272.
21 Ibid, p. 267.
22 Ibid, p. 289.
23 Muller-Hill, op. cit.
24 Götz Aly, Comment Hitler a acheté les Allemands, Paris, 2005, p. 172.
25 Voir Plumelle-Uribe, op. cit.
26 Götz Aly, Comment Hitler a acheté les Allemands, p. 9, 28.
27 Hochschild, op. cit.
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